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Die Mordserie des Nationalsozialistischen Untergrunds (NSU) hat eine beispiellose Reihe von Skandalen deutscher Sicherheitsbehörden öffentlich gemacht. In der vergangenen Woche hat ein Artikel in der Welt am Sonntag von den Journalisten Stefan Aust, Dirk Laabs und Per Hinrichs ein neues Kapitel in die Geschichte des NSU-Komplex eingefügt. ...
"Betriegliche Apparentzen" : Techniken der Imaginationssteuerung in Andreas Gryphius' "Leo Armenius"
(2015)
Ausgangspunkt der folgenden Untersuchung ist die Geisterbeschwörung im zweiten Eingang der vierten Abhandlung von Gryphius' "Leo Armenius". Die Analyse wird deutlich machen, dass diese Szene weniger ein teuflischer Ritus denn eine Inszenierung ist, welche auf den Mitteln der zeitgenössischen Optik und Katoptrik beruht. In einem zweiten Schritt soll die Theatertechnik analysiert werden, die es ermöglicht, den Zuschauer glauben zu machen, die teuflische Beschwörung sei bei näherem Hinsehen technisch erzeugt. Zum Schluss erfolgt die Rekonstruktion der theologischen Bedingungen dieser in sich gedoppelten Darstellung. Es wird zu zeigen sein, dass sich bei Gryphius medial evozierte Illusion und göttliche Botschaft keinesfalls ausschließen. Vielmehr gehen sie eine bemerkenswerte Allianz ein, die das Wort Gottes jedoch nicht nur sichtbarer, sondern zugleich auch unkenntlicher werden lässt.
In seinem unlängst erschienenen Buch „Citizen Science“ untersucht der Wissenschaftstheoretiker Peter Finke die Rolle von Laiinnen und Laien für die Wissenschaft. Sein Anliegen ist es, ihre Bedeutung für den Erkenntnisfortschritt wie auch für ein praxisbezogenes bürgerschaftliches Engagement darzulegen. Aus zahlreichen Blickwinkeln variiert Finke den Grundgedanken einer Kontinuität des Handelns von Laiinnen und Laien zu dem von Fachwissenschaftlerinnen und Fachwissenschaftlern, die durch die institutionalisierten Erscheinungsformen der Wissenschaft verschleiert wird. Demgegenüber sollen im vorliegenden Beitrag Aspekte der Diskontinuität hervorgehoben werden, die es zu berücksichtigen gilt, gerade wenn man von der Wichtigkeit einer Etablierung und Förderung von „Citizen Science“ überzeugt ist.
Else LaskerSchüler (1869-1945), among the significant expressionist woman writers, did not only suffer from being both a woman and author, but also had to struggle under difficulties of being a hebrew. In this paper, especially the letter novel titled "Der Malik : Eine Kaisergeschichte" has been handled in the light of Homi K. Bhabha's 'Third Space Theory'. In regard to this, the "Third Space", which is defined by postcolonial theoretician Homi K. Bhabha as an extra place where minorities and outcast groups can express themselves in his work "The Location of Culture", is adapted to the literary "Orient" and defined once again in Else Lasker-Schüler's novel as it was never approached and interpreted before. In this sense, this supports the relevance to analyze her mentioned works in terms of the "Third Space Theory". Else Lasker-Schüler constructed a new world for herself through literature; her works were her life and her life was her works.
This study attempts to determine what methodological approach is suitable for studying speeches about Germanness that were written in Germany in the 1980s. The corpus of the speeches was chosen to cover multiple areas and disciplines. It includes literary, political and historiographical speeches authored by G. Grass ('Geschenkte Freiheit'), M. Walser ('Über Deutschland reden'), R. von Weizsäcker ('Der 8. Mai 1945'), E. Nolte ('Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will') and H. Lübbe ('Der Nationalsozialismus im Bewußtsein der deutschen Gegenwart'). The study illustrates the limitations of the ideological and purely disciplinary methodological approach. Instead it seeks a starting point for an analysis which proceeds in an intertextual and interdisciplinary manner.
"Du bist nur Bild" – diese Worte setzen das Signal für eine mediologische Lektüre nicht nur des Dramas, dem sie entnommen sind – Goethes Egmont –, sondern nicht minder für eine solche von Friedrich Schillers Maria Stuart, jenem "Trauerspiel", das am 14. Juni 1800 am Weimarer Hoftheater uraufgeführt wird und zur Ostermesse 1801 beim Tübinger Verleger Cotta in einer Auflage von 4000 Exemplaren im Druck erscheint.
Wenn nämlich Marin im fünft en Aufzug verkündet, "auf meinem Weg zum Himmel" zu sein, dann ist mit dieser Wendung auf einer Metaebene der epistemische Bruch aufgerufen, den Michel Foucault in Die Ordnung der Dinge als den Übergang von der frühneuzeitlichen Lehre von den Ähnlichkeiten zur klassischen Wissensformation rekonstruiert und dessen Durchsetzung Friedrich Schiller gemeinsam mit Johann Wolfgang Goethe mittels ihrer Weimarer Theaterreform betreibt. Einer mediologischen Lektüre stellen sich die politischen Konsequenzen der Entweltlichung der Wahrheit, durch die Foucault die klassische Episteme bestimmt sieht, als das zentrale Thema von Schillers "Maria Stuart" dar.
"Die Strahlen der Sonne vertreiben die Nacht" : Licht und Schatten im (Musik-)Theater der Vormoderne
(2015)
Bis zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts waren Akteure und Zuschauer in einem geschlossenen Theaterraum gleich stark beleuchtet, wenn auch nur mit Kerzen und Öllampen. Erst danach geriet die Bühne – nicht ohne Protest der Besucher – ins Zentrum der Beleuchtung. Auf der Opernbühne führte der Einsatz der Kohlenbogenlampe, auch "Prophetensonne" genannt, im 19. Jahrhundert zu einem radikalen Umbruch: Endlich konnten Übergänge vom Dunkel zum Licht musikalisch und szenisch realisiert werden.
Dass das Mittelalter "dunkel", gar "finster" gewesen sei, kann als handelsüblicher Topos gelten. Der stillschweigende Verweis etwa auf Autoritäten der Geistesgeschichte wie Luther, Voltaire oder Heine erübrigt jeglichen Beleg. Doch professionelle Mediävisten wagen, ein anderes Mittelalterbild zu zeichnen und werfen gleichzeitig ein Licht darauf, wie es zu diesem falschen Verständnis kam.
This paper tries to present Ernst Jüngerʼs perception of „the enemy“ in his first publication, the novellike, personal report on his experiences in WW I, „Storm of Steel“, published for the first time in 1920. Interestingly his characterization of the French, English, Scottish – and a squad of Indian – Soldiers varies in the different editions of this work, which suffered six to seven revisons (the last one for editing the opera omnia in 1978). While especially the 1924 edition had a nationalistic bias, as Jünger for example mocked on French civilization, such passages were eliminated during a revison in 1934. Generally, also in the earlier editions, Jüngerʼs approach towards describing the enemy is distinguished by high respect and an outmoded chevalersque ethos of a warrioar-caste, which was in WW I already part of the historical past. Only some traces of every-day racism, typical for the German imperial age, found its way also in the last editions: the description of colonial military forces (Moroccans, Indians).
Das Konzept "Heimat" besitzt für die Identitätsstiftung eine große Bedeutung, in jüngerer Vergangenheit sogar in zunehmendem Maße. Dies wird durch den Rechtsextremismus aufgegriffen und für den Transport der eigenen xenophoben Ideologie genutzt. Dabei wird auch an die Ausdeutung des Themas im Nationalsozialismus angeknüpft. Heimat wird dabei zu einem bedrohten Wert erklärt, den es vor dem Fremden zu schützen gilt. Aus diesen Gründen spielen Heimatdiskurse schon seit langem eine wichtige Rolle im deutschen Rechtsextremismus. Wesentliche identitätsstiftende Momente von Heimat sind das Brauchtum und die Sprache, durch deren Besonderheiten Zugehörigkeit signalisiert und erkannt wird. Zugleich bieten diese Spezifika die Möglichkeit, sich von anderen abzugrenzen. Lässt man das Brauchtum im Hinblick auf die sprachwissenschaftliche Ausrichtung des Beitrages unberücksichtigt, so ist es die Sprache, genauer die Verwendung von Dialekt oder doch zumindest eines Regiolektes oder einer landschaftlichen Färbung, die landläufig ebenfalls als Marker für die regionale bzw. lokale Identität gilt [...]. Dementsprechend liegt die Frage nahe, ob dialektale bzw. regiolektale Elemente auch in rechtsextremer Kommunikation irgendeine Rolle bei der Konstituierung des Heimatbezuges spielen.
"Jedes einzelne Bild nur ein Mosaikstück"? : zur Funktion des Erzählens in Eva Menasses Werken
(2015)
Eva Menasses erzählerisches Werk hat seit dem Erscheinen ihres ersten Romans Vienna (2005) sowohl bei Kritikern als auch beim lesenden Publikum einige Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen. In den vielen, überwiegend positiven Besprechungen ihrer Bücher werden immer wieder deren dichte Atmosphäre, die kunstvolle Komposition, vor allem aber der darin zu findende "scharfe Witz" hervorgehoben, und ihre literarische Qualität wird nur selten in Zweifel gezogen. Angesichts dessen ist es nur wenig verwunderlich, dass auch die Literaturwissenschaft sich bereits für ihre Werke zu interessieren begonnen hat, wenn auch vorwiegend für die spezifischen Identitätsprobleme, die Menasse in Vienna unter den Nachfahren der jüdischen Überlebenden des Holocaust ausmacht. An dieser Schwerpunktsetzung lässt sich insofern auch kaum etwas aussetzen, als Menasse selbst großen Wert auf diese Frage gelegt und nachdrücklich betont hat: "Das einzige für mich wirklich wichtige Thema [in Vienna] ist die Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts und die Frage der Identität. Das allein ist der Antrieb gewesen, diesen Roman zu schreiben." Dennoch ist durch die Konzentration auf diese Fragestellung die ästhetische Seite ihrer Bücher bislang weitgehend unbeleuchtet geblieben, obwohl sich dazu in den Texten mehr als genug Reflexionen finden, gerade was die Frage nach der möglichen Leistung, aber auch nach den Grenzen des Erzählens anbelangt. Dies ist umso bedauerlicher, als genau darin der Kern der bislang erschienen Werke zu bestehen scheint, insofern diese Reflexionen nicht nur das Thema der Identität entscheidend zu erhellen vermögen, sondern überhaupt erst sichtbar werden lassen, dass auch die Bücher nach Vienna, trotz ihrer sonst sehr unterschiedlichen Thematik und ästhetischen Anlage, allesamt auf die im ersten Buch bereits aufgeworfenen Probleme bezogen bleiben. Im Folgenden soll deshalb versucht werden, diese Probleme und die Verbindungen zwischen den einzelnen Werken klarer herauszuarbeiten, um so zu einer möglichst deutlichen Anschauung und einer ersten Einordnung von Menasses bisherigem Schaffen zu gelangen.
This study offers in its first part a brief description of the text genre, analysing the specific lexical and formal features as well as the specific text composition means. As wedding announcements haven’t been examined from a contrastive (German/Romanian)/intercultural point of view yet, it is relevant to mention some research directions and methods.
Tagungsbericht "Medium - Medialität - Intermedialität." Tagung der Franz Werfel-StipendiatInnen in der Nachbetreuung in Wien, 27. - 28. März 2015
Am 27. und 28. März 2015 veranstaltete die Wiener Germanistik in Zusammenarbeit mit der Österreichischen Austauschdienst-Gesellschaft in Wien die Tagung der Franz Werfel-StipendiatInnen in der Nachbetreuung zum Thema 'Medium - Medialität - Intermedialität. Beiträge zur österreichischen Kulturgeschichte'.
Im alltäglichen Gespräch lässt sich beobachten, dass bei vielen in der Bundesrepublik aufgewachsenen Personen die Kinderbücher Astrid Lindgrens einen hohen Stellenwert und einen starken Einfluss auf Lebensvorstellungen und Werte des zwischenmenschlichen Miteinanders haben. Wenn die eigene Lebenswelt - wie etwa bestimmte Situationen, Lebensumstände, zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen, die äußere Umwelt, das Lebensgefühl - als besonders beglückend, ja geradezu als ideal empfunden werden, ziehen viele Menschen Parallelen zu den in den Texten Astrid Lindgrens modellierten Lebenswelten. Umgekehrt wird auch versucht, die eigene Lebenswelt nach dem Muster dieser Textwelten zu gestalten, um das Leben so schön, harmonisch und beglückend zu gestalten, wie es die Figuren in den Texten vorleben. Da Texte, die einen solch prägenden Eindruck auf uns ausüben und einen so hohen Stellenwert für die eigenen Lebensvorstellungen und die Lebensgestaltung haben, in der Regel auch an die Nachkommen weitergegeben werden, werden die in den Büchern modellierten Lebensvorstellungen und Werte häufig über mehrere Generationen hinweg tradiert und erhalten einen wichtigen identitätsstabilisierenden Platz im kollektiven Gedächtnis. So können bestimmte Welt-, Lebens- und Wertkonstrukte innerhalb einer Gesellschaft über einen längeren Zeitraum Bestand haben und ein fester Teil des gesellschaftlichen Diskurses werden. Ausgehend von diesen Beobachtungen und Hypothesen scheint es lohnend zu sein, folgende Fragen zu stellen: 1. Lässt sich die eingangs formulierte Alltagsbeobachtung von der Wichtigkeit der Bücher Astrid Lindgrens für die Lebensvorstellungen vieler Deutscher auch durch eine umfassende Untersuchung, also durch konkretes Zahlenmaterial, bestätigen? Oder allgemeiner gefragt: Gibt es Bücher, in denen viele Menschen eine ideale Lebenswelt wiederfinden? 2. Falls es wirklich eines oder mehrere solcher Bücher gibt: Wie genau sieht eine solche ideale Lebenswelt für uns aus? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wende ich eine Untersuchungsmethode an, die aus drei Schritten besteht: erstens einer quantitativen Befragung zur Ermittlung eines Textkorpus; zweitens einer literaturwissenschaftlichen Analyse der so ermittelten Texte zur Untersuchung der Rezeptionsangebote dieser Texte; drittens Leitfadeninterviews, um herauszuarbeiten, welche der Textangebote tatsächlich von den Rezipienten aktualisiert werden.
Çocuklara yönelik fantastik yazın çevirisi alanında yaptığımız bu çalışmada "The wonderful wizard of Oz" adlı yapıttan yola çıkarak, Türkçe'ye dört farklı çevirisi karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmamız, çevirmenleri ve yayınevleri farklı olan fantastik çocuk kitabı çevirilerinde uyarlama yapılıp yapılmadığını belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu incelemenin ayrıca amacı fantastik çocuk kitapları çevirisinde uyarlamanın tek bir yöntem olarak kullanılmasının olumsuz yönüne dikkat çekmek, aynı zamanda da kitapların biçimsel ve içeriksel olarak iyileştirilmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Çalışma neticesinde elde edilen verilerden sonuçlar çıkarılarak genel bir değerlendirme yapılmış ve çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.
"Que d'eau! Que d'eau!" : narrative Strategien literarischer Überflutungen bei Puschkin und Zola
(2015)
Nicht erst in der Literatur der Gegenwart lassen sich Beispiele finden, in denen Naturphänomene und nicht-menschliche Agenzien zu Protagonisten oder sogar zu Erzählinstanzen eines literarischen Textes werden. Gerade das Wasser (in Form von Flüssen oder des Meeres) scheint prädestiniert dafür, innerhalb der Diegese wie auch der Erzählsituation zur handlungsbestimmenden Instanz zu werden und damit den Menschen in die Passivität zu drängen – und teilweise sogar existentiell zu gefährden. Besonders deutlich wird dies am Beispiel von Überschwemmungen, die programmatisch die Macht der Natur bei gleichzeitiger Machtlosigkeit von Mensch und Zivilisation spiegeln. Zwei literarische Beispiele aus dem 19. Jahrhundert sollen exemplarisch aufzeigen, mit welchen narrativen Mitteln das Wasser auf inhaltlich-motivischer und formal-erzählerischer Ebene den Text "überflutet": Alexander Puschkins Poem "Der eherne Reiter" (1833) und Émile Zolas Erzählung "L'Inondation" (1875).
Jede wissenschaftliche Debatte im 19. Jahrhundert, unabhängig von der Disziplin, musste sich auf den Boden von Tatsachen, im zeitlichen Sprachgebrauch 'facta' oder 'data', stellen. Die Theologie bildete darin keine Ausnahme, besonders nicht auf den Gebieten der Dogmen- und Kirchengeschichte oder der Evangelien-Forschung. Um neue Fakten in die Diskurse einzubringen, mussten diese zunächst "im Feld" gewonnen, in Daten transformiert und als neues Wissen veröffentlicht werden. Genau dies war der Grund für Tischendorfs Orientreise gewesen. Nur so war eine auf Autopsie, Authentizität, Interdisziplinarität und Historizität basierende wissenschaftliche Forschungspraxis in der Theologie möglich. Diese These soll durch den Vergleich des Vorgehens zweier Forschungsreisender - der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede berücksichtig - belegt werden.
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit den religionskritischen Tendenzen im Werk Louise Astons. Ausgehend vom grundsätzlichen, in der Forschung bereits gut dokumentiertem, Befund des Zusammenschlusses von religiöser Opposition, Frauenemanzipation und demokratischer Bewegung in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts soll ein Blick auf die spezifisch kirchenkritischen Einflüsse und Ausprägungen des Schreibens einer Autorin geworfen werden, die Renate Möhrmann als Kämpferin für die "Revisionierung der christlichen Krämerwelt" beschreibt. Dabei konzentriert sich die Betrachtung vor allem auf Louise Astons journalistisches und schriftstellerisches Engagement, weniger auf ihren Status als "enfant terrible des Feminismus" im 19. Jahrhundert. Diese Perspektive ermöglicht zum einen eine stärkere Kontextualisierung Louise Astons innerhalb religionskritischer und liberaldemokratischer Strömungen des Vormärz. So steht ihr Schreiben, wie zu zeigen sein wird, in Auseinandersetzung mit dem Saint-Simonismus, auf dessen Rezeption sie nicht explizit verweist, an dessen Gedanken zur Neubestimmung der Rolle der Frau sie jedoch offenkundig anknüpft. Zum anderen offenbart sie einen exemplarischen Blick auf die Beteiligung von Frauen am öffentlichen Diskurs jener Zeit und den Wandel von der beschriebenen zur schreibenden Frau.
Monologic dialogues and dialogue structures in Wedekind's 'Frühlings Erwachen' A drama presents a plot which is constituted through dialogues between the characters. This article therefore attempts to explore several instances of dialogue from Wedekind's 'Frühlings Erwachen' by conversationalanalytical means; such an approach facilitates a clear description of the characters' failures in their interactions. This in turn reveals the specific features of literary dialogues from this period, which are constituted in writing and thus precisely planned; an author not only imitates acts and actors via a play's dialogues, but fundamentally creates and moulds the characters through dialogue.
Animal experiments report contradictory findings on the presence of a behavioural and neuronal anisotropy exhibited in vertical and horizontal capabilities of spatial orientation and navigation. We performed a pointing experiment in humans on the imagined 3-D direction of the location of various invisible goals that were distributed horizontally and vertically in a familiar multilevel hospital building. The 21 participants were employees who had worked for years in this building. The hypothesis was that comparison of the experimentally determined directions and the true directions would reveal systematic inaccuracy or dimensional anisotropy of the localizations. The study provides first evidence that the internal representation of a familiar multilevel building was distorted compared to the dimensions of the true building: vertically 215% taller and horizontally 51% shorter. This was not only demonstrated in the mathematical reconstruction of the mental model based on the analysis of the pointing experiments but also by the participants’ drawings of the front view and the ground plan of the building. Thus, in the mental model both planes were altered in different directions: compressed for the horizontal floor plane and stretched for the vertical column plane. This could be related to human anisotropic behavioural performance of horizontal and vertical navigation in such buildings.
Peter Oestmann unterscheidet in seiner Intervention drei Arten der Rechtsgeschichtsschreibung, die er Normen-, Wissenschafts- und Praxisgeschichte nennt. Als bekennender Vertreter der letzten Kategorie setzt er sich für deren Emanzipation von der rechtsdogmatischen "Normenkontrolle" ein. Er bezeichnet es als "unfair, wenn Vertreter der Normengeschichte erwarten, diejenigen, die sich mit der Rechtspraxis beschäftigen, müssten im gleichen Maße die Rechtsliteratur und normative Quellen in ihre Untersuchungen einbeziehen wie andere Rechtshistoriker auch" (8). Zugleich bricht er eine Lanze für die "erheblich unjuristischere" Rechtsgeschichte der Praxis (ebd.). Wir pflichten diesem Anliegen vorbehaltlos bei. Zugleich beobachten wir, dass Oestmanns Kritik an Grundlagen des rechtshistorischen Selbstverständnisses rührt, die zur Diskussion zu stellen im deutschsprachigen Raum erfahrungsgemäß schwer fällt. Auch bleibt Oestmann zu oft in den Kategorien des von ihm Kritisierten befangen. Unsere Replik setzt sich mit den historischen Ursachen dieses strukturellen Unbehagens in der Rechtsgeschichte auseinander.
El presente artículo se propone analizar la interpretación benjaminiana de Kafka tomando como eje central el problema de la tradición y su resignificación política en el contexto de producción tardío. Son relevantes en este sentido, los conceptos de hagadá y halajá con los que Benjamin estructura sus análisis. El objetivo es entonces rastrear los elementos que en la elaboración de una teoría política permiten recuperar al narrador checo para la revisión de un concepto de lo humano.
"Mehr Licht!", um die "Seele" der Natur zu erfassen – das verband die Impressionisten mit der vorangegangenen Künstlergeneration um Camille Corot. Claude Monet und seine Kollegen suchten die Wälder und Parks auf, um Licht, Atmosphäre und Farbigkeit in ihrer Malerei festzuhalten. Dabei reagierten sie eher intuitiv auf die in jener Zeit intensiv erforschten optischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten.
"Vortreffliche Belichtung!" : die Erfindung des Oberlichts und der Weg zum modernen Kunstmuseum
(2015)
Der Umgang mit Licht ist beim Kuratieren von Ausstellungen und Sammlungspräsentationen von zentraler Bedeutung. Welchen Status erhalten die Exponate, welche Position nehmen sie innerhalb des Raums ein? Werden nur einzelne Objekte im Halbdunkel punktuell angestrahlt und geradezu auratisch inszeniert, oder wird der Raum gleichmäßig ausgeleuchtet? Die Debatte um diese Fragen erhielt durch den Bau der Kasseler Gemäldegalerie 1750 entscheidende Impulse.
Friede den Hütten! Krieg den Palästen!
Im Jahre 1834 siehet es aus, als würde die Bibel Lügen gestraft. Es sieht aus, als hätte Gott die Bauern und Handwerker am fünften Tage und die Fürsten und Vornehmen am sechsten gemacht, und als hätte der Herr zu diesen gesagt: 'Herrschet über alles Getier, das auf Erden kriecht', und hätte die Bauern und Bürger zumGewürm gezählt. Das Leben der Vornehmen ist ein langer Sonntag: sie wohnen inschönen Häusern, sie tragen zierliche Kleider, sie haben feiste Gesichter und redeneine eigne Sprache; das Volk aber liegt vor ihnen wie Dünger auf dem Acker. DerBauer geht hinter dem Pflug, der Vornehme aber geht hinter ihm und dem Pflug und treibt ihn mit den Ochsen am Pflug, er nimmt das Korn und läßt ihm die Stoppeln. Das Leben des Bauern ist ein langer Werktag; Fremde verzehren seine Äcker vor seinen Augen, sein Leib ist eine Schwiele, sein Schweiß ist das Salz auf dem Tische des Vornehmen.
Mit dieser rhetorischen Fanfare beginnt der Hessische Landbote, jene politische Flugschrift, die Georg Büchner 1834, noch vor seinen eigentlich literarischen Werken, veröffentlichte. Es ist der Text in Büchners Werk, in dem die biblischen Bezüge am deutlichsten sind, wie in der zitierten Passage nicht nur die explizite Erwähnung der Bibel im ersten Satz und die deutliche Anspielung auf Jesaja 1.7 "Fremde verzehren eure Acker vor euren Augen" zeigt. Auch der gesamte Tonfall, jene Mischung von Vehemenz und Anschaulichkeit, die den Landboten insgesamt auszeichnet, ist biblisch geprägt. Allerdings wissen wir nicht einmal sicher, ob dieser zitierte Anfang von Büchner stammt, denn der Landbote hat zwei Autoren: Georg Büchner und Friedrich Ludwig Weidig, der einen nicht überlieferten Entwurf von Büchner überarbeitet und ergänzt hat, so dass am Ende kaum zu sagen ist, wer hier was geschrieben hat.
In der Oberzips sind [...] die durch das benachbarte Schlesien vermittelten Merkmale des Ostmitteldeutschen vorherrschend. Einen Sonderfall stellen das Kesmarker Stadtprotokoll aus den Jahren 1554-1614 sowie das zweitälteste Gerichtsbuch von Kesmark aus den Jahren 1607-1624 dar, in denen die ostmitteldeutschen Merkmale gänzlich fehlen. [...] Nach Piirainen könnte dies auf eine eigene Schreibtradition in der Kesmarker Stadtkanzlei hinweisen. Die Teilergebnisse der sprachlichen Analyse von Originalhandschriften der Zunftsatzungen aus den Jahren 1573-1636 deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass man den ostmitteldeutschen bzw. schlesischen Einfluss in der Kesmarker Kanzleisprache nicht ausschließen kann.
Dave Eggers' in seinem Roman 'The Circle' entfaltete Zukunftsvision erzählt vom Aufstieg des Konzerns Circle, eines Konglomerats aus Apple, Twitter, Facebook, PayPal und Google, des Erfolgreichsten sowie Umstrittensten also, was die momentane Debatte über Big Data, Datenschutz und Privatsphäre hergibt. Kein Wunder, dass der Roman, so rasch zum Bestseller avancierend wie ins todbringende Pantheon möglicher Schullektüre aufrückend, als 1984 fürs Internetzeitalter stürmisch begrüßt und als verstörend-düstere Prophetie gefeiert wird. Indes die Kritik auch deutliche Mängel diagnostiziert; so moniert man zumeist eine völlig unrealistische Naivität des Romanpersonals, allen voran der Hauptprotagonistin Mae Holland, die sich im Verlauf der Handlung immer vehementer mit der Konzernphilosophie identifiziert und am Ende bereitwillig in den Circle eingeht; bei weitem zu bereitwillig, wie einige Interpreten meinen: "Mae, The Circle's protagonist, is mealymouthed and naive. Other Circle employees wander about the page in raptures, gleeful about their Elysian employment. One has a hard time imagining why they'd be hired in the first place – their vision and intelligence is sorely limited." – "Der Roman malt schwarz und weiß, ganz bewusst", erklärt hingegen Adrian Daub, einen zornigen Autor deutend, der mit groben Effekten größte Wirkung zu erreichen suche, weshalb der Roman auch "absolut unironisch" gemeint sei und die Naivität der Helden damit allein notgedrungen brachiales Kriegswerkzeug eines im Grunde couragierten Kampfes sei, der eben nur noch mit harten Bandagen geführt werden könne. Diese in der grundsätzlichen Anlage sicherlich zutreffenden Interpretationen unterschlagen jedoch eine weitere höchst spannende, da äußerst strittige Lesart, nach welcher der Roman mit der produktiven Rezeption dystopischer Literatur hintergründig auch einen anthropologischen Umbruch verhandelt.
Musik und Dichtung sind spätestens seit dem Hohelied Salomos und den bacchantischen Hymnen an Dionysos engstens verbunden. Der gregorianische Gesang des Mittelalters benutzte die lateinischen Texte der Liturgie, Liedkomponisten seit Schubert nehmen ihre Libretti von literarischen Texten her, und Debussys Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune setzt eine Bekanntschaft mit Mallarmés Gedicht voraus. Die Form der Sonate unterliegt Thomas Manns 'Tonio Kröger' (1903) sowie auch Hermann Hesses 'Der Steppenwolf' (1927), und andere musikalische Formen werden häufig mit raffinierter Bewusstheit angewendet, wie etwa in Robert Pingets 'Passacaille' (1969), Herbert Rosendorfers 'Deutsche Suite' (1972) oder Anthony Burgess' 'Napoleon Symphony' (1974). Thomas Bernhard in 'Der Untergeher' (1983) sowie französische, englische, und amerikanische Schriftsteller derselben Jahre nahmen Bachs Goldberg Variationen als Grundlage für Thema und/oder Struktur ihrer Romane. Und mehrere Komponisten haben versucht, die Musikstücke, die in Thomas Manns 'Doktor Faustus' (1947) so ausführlich beschrieben werden, zu realisieren. So verwundert es kaum, wenn gewisse Motive, die mit der Musik eng verwoben sind auch in Dichtungen auftauchen.
Zürich im Jahr 1888: Frank Wedekind, die Brüder Hauptmann, Agnes Bluhm, Alfred Ploetz, Auguste Forel, Gustav von Bunge und andere Literaten und Naturwissenschaftler bilden einen Diskussionskreis, in dem Literatur und Wissenschaft ein äußerst fruchtbares Wechselverhältnis miteinander eingehen. Besonders die zu jener Zeit immer stärker aufkommende Frage nach der genetischen Entwicklung der Menschheit bestimmt auch die Debatten des Zirkels und stellt zugleich einen zentralen Ausgangspunkt für weitere Überlegungen dar, wie sich Gerhart Hauptmann später erinnern wird: "Vererbungsfragen sind schon damals in der Medizin und darüber hinaus viel diskutiert worden. Unter Forels und Ploetzens Führung auch in unserem Kreis".
Für den jungen Frank Wedekind sind die in diesem Rahmen vor allem von Alfred Ploetz hervorgebrachten Ansätze einer gezielten Steuerung des menschlichen Erbguts in den ersten Jahren seines schriftstellerischen Schaffens prägend. Insbesondere die von Ploetz und anderen Vertretern der Eugenik aufgezeigte Notwendigkeit eines Aufbegehrens gegen die bestehende Gesellschaftsordnung zieht Wedekind in ihren Bann. Am deutlichsten tritt die literarische Adaptation eugenischer Themen und Motive in seinem Fragment gebliebenen Prosastück "Mine-Haha oder Über die körperliche Erziehung der jungen Mädchen" aus dem Jahr 1895 zutage, das wiederum eng mit dem Drama "Hidalla" von 1905 verknüpft ist. Doch auch spätere Werke Wedekinds stehen unter dem Einfluss seiner in diese Zeit fallenden intensiven Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik.
The Muskoka Initiative – or the Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) Initiative has been a flagship foreign policy strategy of the Harper Conservatives since it was introduced in 2010. However, the maternal health initiative has been met with a number of key criticisms in relation to its failure to address the sexual and reproductive health needs of women in the Global South2. In this article, I examine these criticisms and expose the prevalent and problematic discourse employed in Canadian policy papers and official government speeches pertaining to the MNCH Initiative. I examine the embodiment of the MNCH and how these references to women’s bodies as “walking wombs” facilitate: the objectification and ‘othering’ of women as mothers and childbearers; a discourse of ‘saving mothers’ in a paternalistic and essentialist language; and the purposeful omission of gender equality. Feminist International Relations (IR) and post-colonial literature, as well as critical/feminist Canadian foreign policy scholarship are employed in this paper to frame these critiques.
Man liest Übersetzungen im Allgemeinen als transparente Stellvertreter eines fremdsprachlichen Ausgangstextes, ohne sich des Prozesses des Übersetzens, bzw. der Übersetztheit des Textes bewusst zu sein. Was aber geschieht beim Übersetzen? Übersetzen ist immer Interpretation, so die brasilianische Translationswissenschaftlerin Rosemary Arrojo. Anhand zweier Erzählungen, "Liebe" und "Die Dame und das Ungeheuer oder die allzu große Wunde", der Autorin Clarice Lispector, ins Deutsche übersetzt von Curt Meyer-Clason und Sarita Brandt, wird nach Übersetzungsstrategien und den sich daraus ergebenden Interpretationen, nach Sichtbarkeit und Unsichtbarkeit der Übersetzer und der Übersetzung gefragt, die aus den Zieltexten erkennbar sind, stellt man sie den Ausgangstexten gegenüber.
Reading is not only "cold" information processing, but involves affective and aesthetic processes that go far beyond what current models of word recognition, sentence processing, or text comprehension can explain. To investigate such "hot" reading processes, standardized instruments that quantify both psycholinguistic and emotional variables at the sublexical, lexical, inter-, and supralexical levels (e.g., phonological iconicity, word valence, arousal-span, or passage suspense) are necessary. One such instrument, the Berlin Affective Word List (BAWL) has been used in over 50 published studies demonstrating effects of lexical emotional variables on all relevant processing levels (experiential, behavioral, neuronal). In this paper, we first present new data from several BAWL studies. Together, these studies examine various views on affective effects in reading arising from dimensional (e.g., valence) and discrete emotion features (e.g., happiness), or embodied cognition features like smelling. Second, we extend our investigation of the complex issue of affective word processing to words characterized by a mixture of affects. These words entail positive and negative valence, and/or features making them beautiful or ugly. Finally, we discuss tentative neurocognitive models of affective word processing in the light of the present results, raising new issues for future studies.
Als Franz Horn, Vorreiter einer modernen Literaturgeschichtsschreibung, 1824 nach einer angemessenen Bezeichnung des Zeitraums zwischen 1750 und 1770 suchte, erinnerte er seine Leser daran, dass diese Jahre unlängst noch als das "goldene Zeitalter der deutschen Literatur" bezeichnet worden waren. Dessen Schriftsteller - so Horn bereits 1805 - hätten einen wichtigen Beitrag zum "Wiederaufblühen und der Reife unserer Literatur" geleistet. Genauso sahen es bis in die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts hinein zahlreiche Literaturhistoriker. Karl Herzog bilanziert 1831 die "Selbständigkeit der National-Literatur" unter der Überschrift "Von der Mitte des 18ten Jahrhunderts bis auf unsere Zeit"; für Christian Georg Friedrich Brederlow beginnt das "classische Zeitalter der deutschen Literatur" in der "Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts", für Werner Hahn setzt die "Zeit der klassischen Vollendung der deutschen Poesie" mit "Klopstock 1748" ein, Karl Gustav Helbig periodisiert "vom zweiten Viertel des 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart", Joseph Hillebrand spricht von einer "nationalliterarischen Reformation unter Lessing", was zugleich "der Anfang ihrer klassischen Wiedergeburt" gewesen sei, und Heinrich Laube sieht mit Lessing gar "diejenige Literatur, welche man die klassische nennt", beginnen.
Was hier immer wieder wie eine zusammenhängende Periode erscheint, die ausgehend von der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts bis zu seinem Ende reicht, sollte schon bald zu einem mehrstufigen Entwicklungsmodell ausdifferenziert werden, an dessen Ende die Weimarer Klassik steht - als mondäner Gipfel, der einen großen Schatten werfen wird auf die vermeintlichen Niederungen der Literaturlandschaft.
The neutron capture cross section of the s-process branch nucleus 63Ni affects the abundances of other nuclei in its region, especially 63Cu and 64Zn. In order to determine the energy-dependent neutron capture cross section in the astrophysical energy region, an experiment at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has been performed using the calorimetric 4πBaF2 array DANCE. The (n,γ) cross section of 63Ni has been determined relative to the well-known 197Au standard with uncertainties below 15%. Various 63Ni resonances have been identified based on the Q value. Furthermore, the s-process sensitivity of the new values was analyzed with the new network calculation tool NETZ.
The article is a scholary review of the Stefan Kühtz's handbook „Wissenschaftlich formulieren. Tipps und Textbausteine für Studium und Schule” (Scientific express. Tip and text block for studies and school). The book contains the information about, how to write a scientific paper and many of examples of right and wrong sentences. Such tips can be useful not only for students of German as a foreign language, but also for native speakers of german language.
Cada vez mais, o ensino baseado em textos ganha espaço nas salas de aula de línguas e nos livros didáticos. A teoria dos gêneros do discurso, advinda do Círculo de Bakhtin, tem fundamentado diversas análises e é o ponto de partida das teorias de gêneros discursivos e/ou textuais. Essa teoria é centrada no estudo das materialidades discursivas em seus aspectos sócio-históricos e ideológicos, considerando também as condições de produção e as situações de comunicação dos discursos. Diante de tais considerações, os objetivos deste trabalho são: verificar a concepção de gêneros em um livro didático de alemão como língua estrangeira para iniciantes Planet A1 e investigar o modo como as atividades com os gêneros são abordadas nesse material. A análise apresentada neste artigo é qualitativa e não há qualquer quantificação dos gêneros abordados no livro didático. Para tanto, foram escolhidas três propostas de atividades baseadas em três gêneros, entre os mais recorrentes do livro didático: uma conversa telefônica, e-mails e um gráfico. Os resultados das análises demonstram que o livro didático
The zoological collection of the National Museum, Prague (NMP) contains spirit (juvenile) as well as dry (mostly adult) specimens of horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). Living horseshoe crabs are of immunological importance due to clotting agents present in their hemolymph. Here we summarize basic data about the mechanism of the immune system of these marine animals and its use in practice – the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test – including the laboratory assays and handling with the animals. In the NMP collection, 82 specimens (16 dry and 66 spirit) of all four currently recognised living species of horseshoe crabs are present. They were collected in Indonesia, USA and Vietnam in 1872–1998; Limulus polyphemus from the USA is the most numerous species in the NMP. The collection contains no type specimens but three historical mounted ontogenetic series are present. The largest part of the horseshoe crab collection is 55 spirit specimens from the collection of Václav Frič (1839–1916) whose preparations were intended mostly for educational purposes.
Immersion freezing is the most relevant heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanism through which ice crystals are formed in mixed-phase clouds. In recent years, an increasing number of laboratory experiments utilizing a variety of instruments have examined immersion freezing activity of atmospherically relevant ice-nucleating particles. However, an intercomparison of these laboratory results is a difficult task because investigators have used different ice nucleation (IN) measurement methods to produce these results. A remaining challenge is to explore the sensitivity and accuracy of these techniques and to understand how the IN results are potentially influenced or biased by experimental parameters associated with these techniques.
Within the framework of INUIT (Ice Nuclei Research Unit), we distributed an illite-rich sample (illite NX) as a representative surrogate for atmospheric mineral dust particles to investigators to perform immersion freezing experiments using different IN measurement methods and to obtain IN data as a function of particle concentration, temperature (T), cooling rate and nucleation time. A total of 17 measurement methods were involved in the data intercomparison. Experiments with seven instruments started with the test sample pre-suspended in water before cooling, while 10 other instruments employed water vapor condensation onto dry-dispersed particles followed by immersion freezing. The resulting comprehensive immersion freezing data set was evaluated using the ice nucleation active surface-site density, ns, to develop a representative ns(T) spectrum that spans a wide temperature range (−37 °C < T < −11 °C) and covers 9 orders of magnitude in ns.
In general, the 17 immersion freezing measurement techniques deviate, within a range of about 8 °C in terms of temperature, by 3 orders of magnitude with respect to ns. In addition, we show evidence that the immersion freezing efficiency expressed in ns of illite NX particles is relatively independent of droplet size, particle mass in suspension, particle size and cooling rate during freezing. A strong temperature dependence and weak time and size dependence of the immersion freezing efficiency of illite-rich clay mineral particles enabled the ns parameterization solely as a function of temperature. We also characterized the ns(T) spectra and identified a section with a steep slope between −20 and −27 °C, where a large fraction of active sites of our test dust may trigger immersion freezing. This slope was followed by a region with a gentler slope at temperatures below −27 °C. While the agreement between different instruments was reasonable below ~ −27 °C, there seemed to be a different trend in the temperature-dependent ice nucleation activity from the suspension and dry-dispersed particle measurements for this mineral dust, in particular at higher temperatures. For instance, the ice nucleation activity expressed in ns was smaller for the average of the wet suspended samples and higher for the average of the dry-dispersed aerosol samples between about −27 and −18 °C. Only instruments making measurements with wet suspended samples were able to measure ice nucleation above −18 °C. A possible explanation for the deviation between −27 and −18 °C is discussed. Multiple exponential distribution fits in both linear and log space for both specific surface area-based ns(T) and geometric surface area-based ns(T) are provided. These new fits, constrained by using identical reference samples, will help to compare IN measurement methods that are not included in the present study and IN data from future IN instruments.
Este artigo analisa a crítica de Adorno à ontologia de Heidegger. Para tal, utiliza como leitmotiv a interpretação heideggeriana de Kant. Procuraremos mostrar que para Adorno a edificação da ontologia fundamental a partir da filosofia de Kant é uma interpretação indevida desta. Por fim, procura apontar uma possível saída na filosofia de Adorno para o problema da necessidade de fundamentação do discurso filosófico. Tal saída passa pela constatação da importância da arte para a construção da universalidade na filosofia.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of body developed by Luhmann's systems theory. Privileged places where one can look for the body will be the interpenetration between human beings and the concept of socialization. Another fundamental problem is the relationship between semantics and body, although the most explicit presence of the body in this theory comes with the concept of symbiotic mechanisms or symbols. The last place where this enquiry will look for a bodily reference are emotions, which were highly ignored by Luhmann. Alternative approaches explored in the paper are treating the body as a structure, as a medium or as an internal environment.
Correlation functions provide information on the properties of mesons in vacuum and of hot nuclear matter. In this work, we present a new method to derive a well-defined spectral representation for correlation functions. Combining this method with the quark gap equation and the inhomogeneous Bethe–Salpeter equation in the rainbow-ladder approximation, we calculate in-vacuum masses of light mesons and the electrical conductivity of the quark–gluon plasma. The analysis can be extended to other observables of strong-interaction systems.
Climate change and its impacts already pose considerable challenges for societies that will further increase with global warming (IPCC, 2014a, b). Uncertainties of the climatic response to greenhouse gas emissions include the potential passing of large-scale tipping points (e.g. Lenton et al., 2008; Levermann et al., 2012; Schellnhuber, 2010) and changes in extreme meteorological events (Field et al., 2012) with complex impacts on societies (Hallegatte et al., 2013). Thus climate change mitigation is considered a necessary societal response for avoiding uncontrollable impacts (Conference of the Parties, 2010). On the other hand, large-scale climate change mitigation itself implies fundamental changes in, for example, the global energy system. The associated challenges come on top of others that derive from equally important ethical imperatives like the fulfilment of increasing food demand that may draw on the same resources. For example, ensuring food security for a growing population may require an expansion of cropland, thereby reducing natural carbon sinks or the area available for bio-energy production. So far, available studies addressing this problem have relied on individual impact models, ignoring uncertainty in crop model and biome model projections. Here, we propose a probabilistic decision framework that allows for an evaluation of agricultural management and mitigation options in a multi-impact-model setting. Based on simulations generated within the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP), we outline how cross-sectorally consistent multi-model impact simulations could be used to generate the information required for robust decision making.
Using an illustrative future land use pattern, we discuss the trade-off between potential gains in crop production and associated losses in natural carbon sinks in the new multiple crop- and biome-model setting. In addition, crop and water model simulations are combined to explore irrigation increases as one possible measure of agricultural intensification that could limit the expansion of cropland required in response to climate change and growing food demand. This example shows that current impact model uncertainties pose an important challenge to long-term mitigation planning and must not be ignored in long-term strategic decision making.
Irrigation intensifies land use by increasing crop yield but also impacts water resources. It affects water and energy balances and consequently the microclimate in irrigated regions. Therefore, knowledge of the extent of irrigated land is important for hydrological and crop modelling, global change research, and assessments of resource use and management. Information on the historical evolution of irrigated lands is limited. The new global historical irrigation data set (HID) provides estimates of the temporal development of the area equipped for irrigation (AEI) between 1900 and 2005 at 5 arcmin resolution. We collected sub-national irrigation statistics from various sources and found that the global extent of AEI increased from 63 million ha (Mha) in 1900 to 111 Mha in 1950 and 306 Mha in 2005. We developed eight gridded versions of time series of AEI by combining sub-national irrigation statistics with different data sets on the historical extent of cropland and pasture. Different rules were applied to maximize consistency of the gridded products to sub-national irrigation statistics or to historical cropland and pasture data sets. The HID reflects very well the spatial patterns of irrigated land as shown on historical maps for the western United States (around year 1900) and on a global map (around year 1960). Mean aridity on irrigated land increased and mean natural river discharge on irrigated land decreased from 1900 to 1950 whereas aridity decreased and river discharge remained approximately constant from 1950 to 2005. The data set and its documentation are made available in an open-data repository at https://mygeohub.org/publications/8 (doi:10.13019/M20599).
Network graphs have become a popular tool to represent complex systems composed of many interacting subunits; especially in neuroscience, network graphs are increasingly used to represent and analyze functional interactions between multiple neural sources. Interactions are often reconstructed using pairwise bivariate analyses, overlooking the multivariate nature of interactions: it is neglected that investigating the effect of one source on a target necessitates to take all other sources as potential nuisance variables into account; also combinations of sources may act jointly on a given target. Bivariate analyses produce networks that may contain spurious interactions, which reduce the interpretability of the network and its graph metrics. A truly multivariate reconstruction, however, is computationally intractable because of the combinatorial explosion in the number of potential interactions. Thus, we have to resort to approximative methods to handle the intractability of multivariate interaction reconstruction, and thereby enable the use of networks in neuroscience. Here, we suggest such an approximative approach in the form of an algorithm that extends fast bivariate interaction reconstruction by identifying potentially spurious interactions post-hoc: the algorithm uses interaction delays reconstructed for directed bivariate interactions to tag potentially spurious edges on the basis of their timing signatures in the context of the surrounding network. Such tagged interactions may then be pruned, which produces a statistically conservative network approximation that is guaranteed to contain non-spurious interactions only. We describe the algorithm and present a reference implementation in MATLAB to test the algorithm’s performance on simulated networks as well as networks derived from magnetoencephalographic data. We discuss the algorithm in relation to other approximative multivariate methods and highlight suitable application scenarios. Our approach is a tractable and data-efficient way of reconstructing approximative networks of multivariate interactions. It is preferable if available data are limited or if fully multivariate approaches are computationally infeasible.
The caddisfly subfamily Drusinae BANKS comprises roughly 100 species inhabiting mountain ranges in Europe, Asia Minor and the Caucasus. A 3-gene phylogeny of the subfamily previously identified three major clades that were corroborated by larval morphology and feeding ecologies: scraping grazers, omnivorous shredders and filtering carnivores. Larvae of filtering carnivores exhibit unique head capsule complexities, unknown from other caddisfly larvae. Here we assess the species-level relationships within filtering carnivores, hypothesizing that head capsule complexity is derived from simple shapes observed in the other feeding groups. We summarize the current systematics and taxonomy of the group, clarify the systematic position of Cryptothrix nebulicola, and present a larval key to filtering carnivorous Drusinae. We infer relationships of all known filtering carnivorous Drusinae and 34 additional Drusinae species using Bayesian species tree analysis and concatenated Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 3805bp of sequence data from six gene regions (mtCOI5-P, mtCOI3-P, 16S mrDNA, CADH, WG, 28S nrDNA), morphological cladistics from 308 characters, and a total evidence analysis. All analyses support monophyly of the three feeding ecology groups but fail to fully resolve internal relationships. Within filtering carnivores, variation in head setation and frontoclypeus structure may be associated with progressive niche adaptation, with less complex species recovered at a basal position. We propose that diversification of complex setation and frontoclypeus shape represents a recent evolutionary development, hypothetically enforcing speciation and niche specificity within filtering carnivorous Drusinae.
A handling study to assess use of the Respimat(®) Soft Mist™ inhaler in children under 5 years old
(2015)
Background: Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler (SMI) is a hand-held device that generates an aerosol with a high, fine-particle fraction, enabling efficient lung deposition. The study objective was to assess inhalation success among children using Respimat SMI, and the requirement for assistance by the parent/caregiver and/or a valved holding chamber (VHC).
Methods: This open-label study enrolled patients aged <5 years with respiratory disease and history of coughing and/or recurrent wheezing. Patients inhaled from the Respimat SMI (air only; no aerosol) using a stepwise configuration: “1” (dose released by child); “2” (dose released by parent/caregiver), and “3” (Respimat SMI with VHC, facemask, and parent/caregiver help). Co-primary endpoints included the ability to perform successful inhalation as assessed by the investigators using a standardized handling questionnaire and evaluation of the reasons for success. Inhalation profile in the successful handling configuration was verified with a pneumotachograph. Patient satisfaction and preferences were investigated in a questionnaire.
Results: Of the children aged 4 to <5 years (n=27) and 3 to <4 years (n=30), 55.6% and 30.0%, respectively, achieved success without a VHC or help; with assistance, another 29.6% and 10.0%, respectively, achieved success, and the remaining children were successful with VHC. All children aged 2 to <3 years (n=20) achieved success with the Respimat SMI and VHC. Of those aged <2 years (n=22), 95.5% had successful handling of the Respimat SMI with VHC and parent/caregiver help. Inhalation flow profiles generally confirmed the outcome of the handling assessment by the investigators. Most parent/caregiver and/or child respondents were satisfied with operation, instructions for use, handling, and ease of holding the Respimat SMI with or without a VHC.
Conclusions: The Respimat SMI is suitable for children aged <5 years; however, children aged <5 years are advised to add a VHC to complement its use.
Breast cancer is fast becoming the leading cause of oncologic morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Demographic changes in Asia, Southeast Asia, and South America will further accelerate this trend. Different specialties are involved in the treatment of breast cancer patients: gynecology, surgery, pathology, hematology/oncology, radiology, radiation oncology, and nuclear medicine. Optimal results are seen in countries providing standardized breast cancer care in certified breast centers. The present article provides an overview of current state-of-the-art treatment strategies and explains the contributions of different specialties to optimal and individualized care for breast cancer patients. Breast cancer will be one of the most important health issues facing physicians involved with women’s health and a basic understanding of current treatment objectives will be essential medical knowledge for everyone taking care of female patients.
No século XIX, ocorre um significativo aumento nas viagens, especialmente devido à inovação na tecnologia dos meios de transporte. Esse desenvolvimento é acompanhado pela produção e pelo consumo de literatura relacionada ao tema. Igualmente na literatura contemporânea os relatos de viagens são recorrentes. O presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar as reportagens e os relatos que compõem "Der gelbe Bleistift" ("O lápis amarelo"), do autor suíço Christian Kracht, fazendo um contraponto com a literatura de viagem do século XIX. A literatura de viagem ao longo dos séculos não perdeu seu fascínio, contribuindo para ampliar os horizontes dos leitores, mas também para que eles questionem seus próprios valores sob a perspectiva de um olhar distanciado de sua realidade.
O presente artigo busca demonstrar que o individuo padece de uma crise de reconhecimento quando busca a solução dos conflitos no poder Judiciário. Este, porém, pode restabelecer apenas o reconhecimento de um dos indivíduos processuais, deixando o outro em processo de não reconhecimento. Desta forma, busca-se comparar os princípios e ideias da jurisdição estatal com os da mediação, demonstrando que a mediação é um processo resolução de conflitos que melhor coaduna suas ideias e princípios com a teoria do reconhecimento. Assim, aplicando a teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth ao modelo jurisdicional convencional, nota-se que uma parte da demanda acaba insatisfeita com a decisão judicial, enquanto, na mediação, busca-se um equilíbrio de satisfações. Devido a esse equilíbrio e convergência, acredita-se que o processo de afirmação da personalidade de nenhuma das partes processuais, quando a mediação é utilizada, seja desarticulado.
Volatile organic compounds are secondary metabolites emitted by all organisms, especially by plants and microbes. Their role as aboveground signals has been established for decades. Recent evidence suggests that they might have a non-negligible role belowground and might be involved in root–root and root–microbial/pest interactions. Our aim here was to make a comprehensive review of belowground volatile diversity using a meta-analysis approach. At first we synthesized current literature knowledge on plant root volatiles and classified them in terms of chemical diversity. In a second step, relying on the mVOC database of microbial volatiles, we classified volatiles based on their emitters (bacteria vs. fungi) and their specific ecological niche (i.e., rhizosphere, soil). Our results highlight similarities and differences among root and microbial volatiles and also suggest that some might be niche specific. We further explored the possibility that volatiles might be involved in intra- and inter-specific root–root communication and discuss the ecological implications of such scenario. Overall this work synthesizes current knowledge on the belowground volatilome and the potential signaling role of its constituents. It also highlights that the total diversity of belowground volatiles might be orders of magnitude larger that the few hundreds of compounds described to date.
Epigenetic silencing of transgene expression represents a major obstacle for the efficient genetic modification of multipotent and pluripotent stem cells. We and others have demonstrated that a 1.5 kb methylation-free CpG island from the human HNRPA2B1-CBX3 housekeeping genes (A2UCOE) effectively prevents transgene silencing and variegation in cell lines, multipotent and pluripotent stem cells, and their differentiated progeny. However, the bidirectional promoter activity of this element may disturb expression of neighboring genes. Furthermore, the epigenetic basis underlying the anti-silencing effect of the UCOE on juxtaposed promoters has been only partially explored. In this study we removed the HNRPA2B1 moiety from the A2UCOE and demonstrate efficient anti-silencing properties also for a minimal 0.7 kb element containing merely the CBX3 promoter. This DNA element largely prevents silencing of viral and tissue-specific promoters in multipotent and pluripotent stem cells. The protective activity of CBX3 was associated with reduced promoter CpG-methylation, decreased levels of repressive and increased levels of active histone marks. Moreover, the anti-silencing effect of CBX3 was locally restricted and when linked to tissue-specific promoters did not activate transcription in off target cells. Thus, CBX3 is a highly attractive element for sustained, tissue-specific and copy-number dependent transgene expression in vitro and in vivo.
2004 erschütterten Terroranschläge in London und Madrid die Welt. Die Reaktion der EU/EG im seinerzeit schnellsten Gesetzgebungsverfahren seit Bestehen: Verabschiedung der Vorratsdatenspeicherungsrichtlinie. 2009 sah der EuGH die Richtlinie trotzdem als Binnenmarktregelung an, mit der Harmonisierung auf dem Informationsmarkt herbeigeführt werden sollte. Äußerungen zum Inhalt – quasi als obiter dictum möglich gewesen – versagte er sich. 2010 beurteilte dann das BVerfG die bundesdeutsche Umsetzung, aber – ganz dem Verhältnis von EuGH und BVerfG entsprechend – nur den die europäischen Mindestvorgaben überschießenden Teil. Dieses Gesetz hatte national schon für reichlich Sprengstoff im Rechtsstaat gesorgt und u.a. den Rücktritt der beharrlich widersetzlichen Justizministerin bewirkt. ...
We describe a new large-sized species of hypercarnivorous hyainailourine–Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov.–from the Bartonian (MP16) locality of Montespieu (Tarn, France). These specimens consist of a skull, two hemimandibles and several hind limb elements (fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsals, and phalanges). Size estimates suggest K. langebadreae may have weighed up to 140 kg, revealing this species as the largest carnivorous mammal in Europe at that time. Besides its very large size, K. langebadreae possesses an interesting combination of primitive and derived features. The distinctive skull morphology of K. langebadreae reflects a powerful bite force. The postcranial elements, which are rarely associated with hyainailourine specimens, indicate an animal capable of a plantigrade stance and adapted for terrestrial locomotion. We performed the first phylogenetic analysis of hyainailourines to determine the systematic position of K. langebadreae and to understand the evolution of the group that includes other massive carnivores. The analysis demonstrates that Hemipsalodon, a North American taxon, is a hyainailourine and is closely related to European Paroxyaena. Based on this analysis we hypothesize the biogeographic history of the Hyainailourinae. The group appeared in Africa with a first migration to Europe during the Bartonian that likely included the ancestors of Kerberos, Paroxyaena and Hemipsalodon, which further dispersed into North America at this time. We propose that the hyainailourines dispersed into Europe also during the Priabonian. These migrants have no ecological equivalent in Europe during these intervals and likely did not conflict with the endemic hyaenodont proviverrines. The discovery of K. langebadreae shows that large body size appears early in the evolution of hyainailourines. Surprisingly, the late Miocene Hyainailouros shares a more recent common ancestor with small-bodied hyainailourines (below 15 kg). Finally, our study supports a close relationship between the Hyainailourinae and Apterodontinae and we propose the new clade: Hyainailouridae.
Recent advances in the diagnostic of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) discovered CALRETICULIN (CALR) mutations as a major driver in these disorders. In contrast to JAK2 mutations being mainly associated with polycythaemia vera, CALR mutations are only associated with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and essential thrombocythaemia (ET). CALR mutations are present in the majority of PMF and ET patients lacking JAK2 and MPL mutations. As these CALR mutations are absent from reactive bone marrow (BM) lesions their presence indicates ET or PMF. So far these mutations are detectable only by molecular assays. Their molecular detection is cumbersome because of the great CALR mutation heterogeneity. Therefore, the availability of a simple assay would be of great help. All CALR mutations reported lead to a frameshift generating a new 36 amino-acid C-terminus. We generated a monoclonal antibody (CAL2) to this C-neoterminus by immunizing mice with a representative peptide and compared its performance with Sanger sequencing data in 173 MPNs and other BM diseases. There was a 100% correlation between the molecular and the CAL2 immunohistochemical (IHC) assays. Thus, the detection of CALR mutations by the CAL2 IHC is a specific, sensitive, rapid, simple and low-cost method.
A new scorpion species, Euscorpius drenskii sp. nov., is described from the Western Rhodope Mts. in southern Bulgaria. It is characterized by an oligotrichous trichobothrial pattern, which shows a conspicuous loss of one trichobothrium in the external median patellar series (em = 3), also observed in E. carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767) and the subgenus Alpiscorpius Gantenbein, Fet, Largiadèr & Scholl, 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA marker sequences does not show any close relationship between these three groups, suggesting that the observed loss of a trichobothrium is an independent event.
The c-MYC proto-oncogene is a regulator of fundamental cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and apoptosis. The development of novel c-MYC inhibitors that can act by targeting the c-MYC DNA G-quadruplex at the level of transcription would provide potential insight into structure-based design of small molecules and lead to a promising arena for cancer therapy. Herein we report our finding that two simple bis-triazolylcarbazole derivatives can inhibit c-MYC transcription, possibly by stabilizing the c-MYC G-quadruplex. These compounds are prepared using a facile and modular approach based on Cu(I) catalysed azide and alkyne cycloaddition. A carbazole ligand with carboxamide side chains is found to be microenvironment-sensitive and highly selective for "turn-on" detection of c-MYC quadruplex over duplex DNA. This fluorescent probe is applicable to visualize the cellular nucleus in living cells. Interestingly, the ligand binds to c-MYC in an asymmetric fashion and selects the minor-populated conformer via conformational selection.
Microtubules execute diverse mitotic events that are spatially and temporally separated; the underlying regulation is poorly understood. By combining drug treatments, large-scale immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we report the first comprehensive map of mitotic phase-specific protein interactions of the microtubule-end binding protein, EB1. EB1 interacts with some, but not all, of its partners throughout mitosis. We show that the interaction of EB1 with Astrin-SKAP complex, a key regulator of chromosome segregation, is enhanced during prometaphase, compared to anaphase. We find that EB1 and EB3, another EB family member, can interact directly with SKAP, in an SXIP-motif dependent manner. Using an SXIP defective mutant that cannot interact with EB, we uncover two distinct pools of SKAP at spindle microtubules and kinetochores. We demonstrate the importance of SKAP's SXIP-motif in controlling microtubule growth rates and anaphase onset, without grossly disrupting spindle function. Thus, we provide the first comprehensive map of temporal changes in EB1 interactors during mitosis and highlight the importance of EB protein interactions in ensuring normal mitosis.
In the framework of the so-called extended linear sigma model (eLSM), we include a pseudoscalar glueball with a mass of 2.6 GeV (as predicted by Lattice-QCD simulations) and we compute the two- and three-body decays into scalar and pseudoscalar mesons. This study is relevant for the future PANDA experiment at the FAIR facility. As a second step, we extend the eLSM by including the charm quark according to the global U(4)R × U(4)L chiral symmetry. We compute the masses, weak decay constants and strong decay widths of open charmed mesons. The precise description of the decays of open charmed states is important for the CBM experiment at FAIR.
Relacionar a temática referente a Teoria do Reconhecimento de Axel Honnet e o direito humano ao trabalho, como direito humano com pretensão de validade universal, sob a perspectiva da Declaração dos Direitos e Princípios Fundamentais no Trabalho da OIT, com fins de fixar parâmetros de reconhecimento e de (re)inserção social da categoria de trabalhadores toxicodependentes é o principal objetivo do presente artigo. Para tanto, analisaremos o marco teórico em que a persecução da dignidade do homem pelo trabalho é o objetivo do Estado para que a seguir possamos tratar da dignidade do homem como direito cuja pretensão de validade é universal, com base da teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth. Isto posto, podemos analisar a possível dignificação do homem pelo trabalho e no trabalho, em um contexto global a partir dos efeitos do reconhecimento de novos direitos, especialmente no que tange à categoria de trabalhadores que ocupam a parcela social de químico-dependentes, cuja participação no processo social está impedida, gerando uma categoria de trabalhadores socialmente excluídos, o que se pretende ultrapassar.
No presente artigo, apresentamos a rede polissêmica da preposição alemã "über", que é resultante da pesquisa produzida para a dissertação de mestrado. Como base teórica, fizemos uso dos preceitos da linguística cognitiva, mais especificamente dos estudos de polissemia que se baseiam na semântica cognitiva. Para definir a rede semântica polissêmica, utilizamos o modelo de Polissemia Sistemática apresentado por Andrea Tyler e Vyvyan Evans na obra "The semantics of English prepositions – spatial scenes, embodied meaning and cognition" (2003) e o adaptamos para a análise da preposição "über". Neste artigo, exporemos os significados mais produtivos para esta preposição.
Introduction: Aim of this study was to reduce blood loss caused by diagnostic blood sampling and to minimize the development of anemia in a high-risk group of mechanically ventilated medical intensive care patients. We therefore implemented a “blood-saving bundle” (BSB) combining a closed-loop arterial blood sampling system, smaller sampling tubes, reduced frequency of blood drawings, and reduced sample numbers.
Methods: The study included all patients from our medical ICU who were ventilated for more than 72 hours. Exclusion criteria were: acute or chronic anemia on admission, bleeding episode(s) during the ICU stay, or end-of-life therapy. The BSB was introduced in 2009 with training and educational support. Patients treated in 2008, before the introduction of the BSB, served as a control group (n = 41, 617 observation days), and were compared with patients treated in 2010 after the introduction of the BSB (BSB group, n = 50, 559 observation days). Primary endpoints were blood loss per day, and development of anemia. Secondary endpoints were numbers of blood transfusions, number of days on mechanical ventilation, and length of the ICU stay.
Results: Mean blood loss per ICU day was decreased from 43.3 ml (95% CI: 41.2 to 45.3 ml) in the controls to 15.0 ml (14.3 to 15.7 ml) in the BSB group (P < 0.001). The introduction of a closed-loop arterial blood sampling system was the major contributor to this effect. Mean hemoglobin concentrations showed no significant differences in both groups during the ICU stay. Hemoglobin values <9 g/dl, however, were recorded in 21.2% of observation days in the controls versus 15.4% in the BSB group (P = 0.01). Units of transfused red blood cells per 100 observation days decreased from 7 to 2.3 (P < 0.001). The mean number of ventilation days was 7.1 days (6.1 to 8.3 days) in the controls and 7.5 days (6.6 to 8.5 days) in the BSB group (P = NS). In total, patients in the BSB group stayed in ICU for a mean of 9.9 days (8.6 to 11.3 days), compared to a mean ICU stay of 13.0 days (10.9 to 15.4 days) in the control group (P = 0.014). Due to the longitudinal study design, however, we cannot exclude uncontrolled confounders affecting the transfusion frequency and mean ICU stay.
Conclusion: Our BSB could be easily implemented and was able to reduce diagnostic blood loss.
During CNS development and adult neurogenesis, immature neurons travel from the germinal zones towards their final destination using cellular substrates for their migration. Classically, radial glia and neuronal axons have been shown to act as physical scaffolds to support neuroblast locomotion in processes known as gliophilic and neurophilic migration, respectively (Hatten, 1999; Marin and Rubenstein, 2003; Rakic, 2003). In adulthood, long distance neuronal migration occurs in a glial-independent manner since radial glia cells differentiate into astrocytes after birth. A series of studies highlight a novel mode of neuronal migration that uses blood vessels as scaffolds, the so-called vasophilic migration. This migration mode allows neuroblast navigation in physiological and also pathological conditions, such as neuronal precursor migration after ischemic stroke or cerebral invasion of glioma tumor cells. Here we review the current knowledge about how vessels pave the path for migrating neurons and how trophic factors derived by glio-vascular structures guide neuronal migration both during physiological as well as pathological processes
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are widely accepted to be synaptic mechanisms involved in learning and memory. It remains uncertain, however, which particular activity rules are utilized by hippocampal neurons to induce LTP and LTD in behaving animals. Recent experiments in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats revealed an unexpected pattern of LTP and LTD from high-frequency perforant path stimulation. While 400 Hz theta-burst stimulation (400-TBS) and 400 Hz delta-burst stimulation (400-DBS) elicited substantial LTP of the tetanized medial path input and, concurrently, LTD of the non-tetanized lateral path input, 100 Hz theta-burst stimulation (100-TBS, a normally efficient LTP protocol for in vitro preparations) produced only weak LTP and concurrent LTD. Here we show in a biophysically realistic compartmental granule cell model that this pattern of results can be accounted for by a voltage-based spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) rule combined with a relatively fast Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro (BCM)-like homeostatic metaplasticity rule, all on a background of ongoing spontaneous activity in the input fibers. Our results suggest that, at least for dentate granule cells, the interplay of STDP-BCM plasticity rules and ongoing pre- and postsynaptic background activity determines not only the degree of input-specific LTP elicited by various plasticity-inducing protocols, but also the degree of associated LTD in neighboring non-tetanized inputs, as generated by the ongoing constitutive activity at these synapses.
Background: Recently, we have shown that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB1 interferes with the anti-cancer activity of the pan-aurora kinase inhibitor tozasertib (VX680, MK-0457) but not of the aurora kinase A and B inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237). Preliminary data had suggested tozasertib also to be a substrate of the ABC transporter ABCG2, another ABC transporter potentially involved in cancer cell drug resistance. Here, we studied the effect of ABCG2 on the activity of tozasertib and alisertib.
Results: The tozasertib concentration that reduces cell viability by 50 % (IC50) was dramatically increased in ABCG2-transduced UKF-NB-3ABCG2 cells (48.8-fold) compared to UKF-NB-3 cells and vector-transduced control cells. The ABCG2 inhibitor WK-X-34 reduced tozasertib IC50 to the level of non-ABCG2-expressing UKF-NB-3 cells. Furthermore, ABCG2 depletion from UKF-NB-3ABCG2 cells using another lentiviral vector expressing an shRNA against the bicistronic mRNA of ABCG2 and eGFP largely re-sensitised these cells to tozasertib. In contrast, alisertib activity was not affected by ABCG2 expression.
Conclusions: Tozasertib but not alisertib activity is affected by ABCG2 expression. This should be considered within the design and analysis of experiments and clinical trials investigating these compounds.
Background: Plant hormones are well known regulators which balance plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. We investigated the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in resistance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) against the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
Results: Exogenous application of ABA prior to inoculation with M. oryzae led to more disease symptoms on barley leaves. This result contrasted the finding that ABA application enhances resistance of barley against the powdery mildew fungus. Microscopic analysis identified diminished penetration resistance as cause for enhanced susceptibility. Consistently, the barley mutant Az34, impaired in ABA biosynthesis, was less susceptible to infection by M. oryzae and displayed elevated penetration resistance as compared to the isogenic wild type cultivar Steptoe. Chemical complementation of Az34 mutant plants by exogenous application of ABA re-established disease severity to the wild type level. The role of ABA in susceptibility of barley against M. oryzae was corroborated by showing that ABA application led to increased disease severity in all barley cultivars under investigation except for the most susceptible cultivar Pallas. Interestingly, endogenous ABA concentrations did not significantly change after infection of barley with M. oryzae.
Conclusion: Our results revealed that elevated ABA levels led to a higher disease severity on barley leaves to M. oryzae. This supports earlier reports on the role of ABA in enhancing susceptibility of rice to the same pathogen and thereby demonstrates a host plant-independent function of this phytohormone in pathogenicity of monocotyledonous plants against M. oryzae.
This article intends to give an overview about developments in European Regulatory and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of new cancer drugs. As background information, it will refer to an overview article by Bergmann et al. [1], which pointed out the status and the limitations of the current system. The authors discussed possible steps to improve the interface between regulators and HTA bodies but stated that this alone will not be sufficient to overcome heterogeneous HTA assessments between HTA agencies. Major issues and challenges for the foreseeable future will be to overcome the heterogeneity of patient access decisions of pharmaceutical payers across Europe which is due to (i) considerably different scientific approaches and methodology to the more or less formal evaluation of cost-effectiveness; (ii) differing health priorities across the countries that reflect historically developed cultural differences and values or different unmet medical needs and (iii) different economic strengths among nations, regions and locales that necessarily drive health care budgetary decisions. The authors consider that this needs a science-based common position on methodology, greater commitments by politicians and health care decision makers to ensure equal access for patients across the EU to anti-tumour medicines. ...
Acinetobacter baumannii virulence is mediated by the concerted action of three phospholipases D
(2015)
Acinetobacter baumannii causes a broad range of opportunistic infections in humans. Its success as an emerging pathogen is due to a combination of increasing antibiotic resistance, environmental persistence and adaptation to the human host. To date very little is known about the molecular basis of the latter. Here we demonstrate that A. baumannii can use phosphatidylcholine, an integral part of human cell membranes, as sole carbon and energy source. We report on the identification of three phospholipases belonging to the PLD superfamily. PLD1 and PLD2 appear restricted to the bacteria and display the general features of bacterial phospholipases D. They possess two PLDc_2 PFAM domains each encompassing the HxKx4Dx6GS/GGxN (HKD) motif necessary for forming the catalytic core. The third candidate, PLD3, is found in bacteria as well as in eukaryotes and harbours only one PLDc_2 PFAM domain and one conserved HKD motif, which however do not overlap. Employing a markerless mutagenesis system for A. baumannii ATCC 19606T, we generated a full set of PLD knock-out mutants. Galleria mellonella infection studies as well as invasion experiments using A549 human lung epithelial cells revealed that the three PLDs act in a concerted manner as virulence factors and are playing an important role in host cell invasion.
Untreated periodontal disease may influence general health. However, how may a physician, who is not trained in periodontal probing, detect untreated periodontitis?
Activated matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-
8) in saliva correlates with periodontal probing parameters. Thus, sensitivity and specificity of a chair-side test for aMMP-8 to detect periodontitis were evaluated. Thirty cases [untreated chronic periodontitis (ChP); 15 generalized moderate and 15 generalized severe] and 30 controls [probing depths (PD) ≤3 mm, vertical probing attachment level (PAL-V) ≤2 mm at <30 % of sites) were examined periodontally (PD, PAL-V, bleeding on probing). Subsequently, the aMMP-8 test was performed. The test kit
becomes positive with ≥25 ng/ml aMMP-8 in the sample.
The aMMP-8 test was positive in 87 % of ChP and in 40 % of controls. That corresponds to a sensitivity of 87 % and a specificity of 60 %. The sensitivity to detect generalized severe ChP was 93 % (60 % specificity). Backward
stepwise logistic regression analysis to explain positive
aMMP-8 tests identified exclusively ChP with an odds of 9.8 (p < 0.001). Positive results of the aMMP-8 test significantly correlate with generalized ChP. The aMMP-8 test may be used by physicians to detect periodontitis in their patients.
Activation of Mitochondrial complex II-dependent respiration is beneficial for α-Synucleinopathies
(2015)
Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are major challenges in research and clinical medicine world-wide and contribute to the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, specific mitochondrial polymorphisms have been found to enhance clearance of amyloid-β from the brain of APP-transgenic mice leading to beneficial clinical outcome. It has been discussed whether specific mitochondrial alterations contribute to disease progression or even prevent toxic peptide deposition, as seen in many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated α-synuclein-transgenic C57BL/6J mice with the A30P mutation, and a novel A30P C57BL/6J mouse model with three mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in the ND3, COX3 and mtRNAArg genes, as found in the inbred NOD/LtJ mouse strain. We were able to detect that the new model has increased mitochondrial complex II-respiration which occurs in parallel to neuronal loss and improved motor performance, although it exhibits higher amounts of high molecular weight species of α-synuclein. High molecular weight aggregates of different peptides are controversially discussed in the light of neurodegeneration. A favourable hypothesis states that high molecular weight species are protective and of minor importance for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders as compared to the extreme neurotoxic monomers and oligomers. Summarising, our results point to a potentially protective and beneficial effect of specific mitochondrial polymorphisms which cause improved mitochondrial complex II-respiration in α-synucleinopathies, an effect that could be exploited further for pharmaceutical interventions.
‘Being with oneself in the other’ is a well-known formula that Hegel uses to characterize the basic relation of subjective freedom. This phrase points to the fact that subjects can only come to themselves if they remain capable of going beyond themselves. This motif also plays a significant role in Hegel’s philosophy of art. The article further develops this motif by exploring the extent to which this polarity of selfhood and otherhood is also characteristic of states of aesthetic freedom. It does not offer an exegesis of Hegel’s writings, but attempts to remain as close as possible to the spirit of Hegel’s philosophy – with some help from Kant and Adorno. The argument begins with some key terms on the general state of subjective freedom in order to distinguish it from the particular role of aesthetic freedom and then, finally, drawing again on Hegel, works out the sense in which aesthetic freedom represents an important variant of freedom.
Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) taxonomy has undergone numerous changes over the past 100 years. In order to help provide stability to the group, types for several of the Lampyridae of the Biologia Centrali Americana were determined or designated in early 2019. Here we provide treatments for the remaining Lampyridae and determine the holotype specimens for four species and designate lectotype specimens for 33 species.
The article focuses on suffixoids based on titles of nobility and ecclesiastical titles. As an example, the study analyzes a total of 14 suffixoids with regard to the relation between the base word and the suffixoid. For this purpose, the author created a corpus of 200 tokens from online sources covering a 10-year period. The study presents suffixoids as active word-formation elements used as a result of linguistic expressivity and creativity. Moreover, it suggests an increasing tendency towards their use. This linguistic study can be seen as a new impetus to further investigations, especially in the field of translation studies – e.g. in the comparison of German and Czech with regard to this topic, which remains an uncharted field with no accurate studies yet available.
Il saggio propone una ricostruzione critica della concezione di impegno e di politicità della letteratura formulate da Brecht e da Adorno. Concezioni opposte che possono essere considerate le formulazioni più efficaci delle due posizioni predominanti nel dibattito estetico del Novecento.
Adorno fonda la politicità della letteratura sulla sua autonomia e sulla liberazione della forma. La politicità dell’arte scaturisce per lui dal rifiuto della discorsività, dalla aggressiva sottrazione del senso, dalla esposizione del negativo. La sua è una concezione dell’impegno elitaria che subordina il discorso artistico a quello filosofico. Brecht fonda la possibilità politiche della letteratura sulla consapevolezza della medialità dell’esperienza. Può essere rivoluzionario solo l’autore che ha riflettuto sulle mediali condizioni della propria produzione e produce opere che non sono espressione di una soggettività ma lavoro alla trasformazione e al cambiamento di funzione dei dispositivi mediali e delle istituzioni in cui agisce.
Saphenous vein graft disease is a timely problem in coronary artery bypass grafting. Indeed, after exposure of the vein to arterial blood flow, a progressive modification in the wall begins, due to proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the intima. As a consequence, the graft progressively occludes and this leads to recurrent ischemia. In the present study we employed a novel ex vivo culture system to assess the biological effects of arterial-like pressure on the human saphenous vein structure and physiology, and to compare the results to those achieved in the presence of a constant low pressure and flow mimicking the physiologic vein perfusion. While under both conditions we found an activation of Matrix Metallo-Proteases 2/9 and of microRNAs-21/146a/221, a specific effect of the arterial-like pressure was observed. This consisted in a marked geometrical remodeling, in the suppression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metallo-Protease-1, in the enhanced expression of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 mRNAs and, finally, in the upregulation of microRNAs-138/200b/200c. In addition, the veins exposed to arterial-like pressure showed an increase in the density of the adventitial vasa vasorum and of cells co-expressing NG2, CD44 and SM22α markers in the adventitia. Cells with nuclear expression of Sox-10, a transcription factor characterizing multipotent vascular stem cells, were finally found in adventitial vessels. Our findings suggest, for the first time, a role of arterial-like wall strain in the activation of pro-pathologic pathways resulting in adventitial vessels growth, activation of vasa vasorum cells, and upregulation of specific gene products associated to vascular remodeling and inflammation.
The human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), encoded by the ALOX5 gene, is the key enzyme in the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. ALOX5 gene transcription is strongly stimulated by calcitriol (1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β). Here, we investigated the influence of MLL (activator of transcript initiation), AF4 (activator of transcriptional elongation) as well as of the leukemogenic fusion proteins MLL-AF4 (ectopic activator of transcript initiation) and AF4-MLL (ectopic activator of transcriptional elongation) on calcitriol/TGFβ-dependent 5-LO transcript elongation. We present evidence that the AF4 complex directly interacts with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and promotes calcitriol-dependent ALOX5 transcript elongation. Activation of transcript elongation was strongly enhanced by the AF4-MLL fusion protein but was sensitive to Flavopiridol. By contrast, MLL-AF4 displayed no effect on transcriptional elongation. Furthermore, HDAC class I inhibitors inhibited the ectopic effects caused by AF4-MLL on transcriptional elongation, suggesting that HDAC class I inhibitors are potential therapeutics for the treatment of t(4;11)(q21;q23) leukemia.
The processing of pain undergoes several changes in aging that affect sensory nociceptive fibers and the endogenous neuronal inhibitory systems. So far, it is not completely clear whether age-induced modifications are associated with an increase or decrease in pain perception. In this study, we assessed the impact of age on inflammatory nociception in mice and the role of the hormonal inhibitory systems in this context. We investigated the nociceptive behavior of 12-month-old versus 6–8-week-old mice in two behavioral models of inflammatory nociception. Levels of TRP channels, and cortisol as well as cortisol targets, were measured by qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot in the differently aged mice. We observed an age-related reduction in nociceptive behavior during inflammation as well as a higher level of cortisol in the spinal cord of aged mice compared to young mice, while TRP channels were not reduced. Among potential cortisol targets, the NF-κB inhibitor protein alpha (IκBα) was increased, which might contribute to inhibition of NF-κB and a decreased expression and activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In conclusion, our results reveal a reduced nociceptive response in aged mice, which might be at least partially mediated by an augmented inflammation-induced increase in the hormonal inhibitory system involving cortisol.
Aktuelle Bestandssituation von Apium graveolens, Helosciadium inundatum und H. repens an ausgewählten Fundorten in Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen. – Mitt. florist. Kart. Sachsen-Anhalt (Halle) 20: 55–61. In Vorbereitung bundesweiter Untersuchungen zur genetischen Diversität heimischer Wildsellerie-Arten wurden zahlreiche Altangaben zu Fundorten in Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen überprüft
The present study intends to analyze the literary personality of the German-language writer and translator Alfred Margul-Sperber and his approach to Romanian folk poetry and Romanian folk ballads. Alfred Margul-Sperber is known as a classical German-language poet from Romania, as a discoverer and supporter of literary talent, but also as a brilliant translator. Impressions from his childhood and life experiences contributed to Alfred MargulSperber’s interest for Romanian poets and especially for Romanian folk poetry, which left its own mark on Sperber’s literary creation. The author was fascinated by its plurality of forms, its richness of rhymes, images and sounds. The masterpiece of Romanian folk poetry, “Mioriţa/The little Ewe”-ballad raised the interest of the multilingual translator who proved his outstanding talent by translating the original text into German as accurately as possible and remarkably close to the spirit of the Romanian folk poetry, thus popularizing it among the German readers at home and abroad.
Impacts of alien species on human health have recently become a major issue in medical research and invasion ecology, but comprehensive assessments of this subject are largely lacking. Here, we provide a literature review of alien species with public health impacts in Europe based on a systematic search in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science. We detected 77 relevant articles, of which 21 were reviews and 56 were original research articles. The taxonomic focus was on vascular plants (n=31 articles) and dipterans (n=25 articles). The original research articles mainly covered the spread of the study species, while early invasion stages (introduction, establishment) as well as impact and management were less investigated. Alien species of health concern in Europe are mostly introduced as contaminants, and mostly originate from climatically similar regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In those cases (36% of all articles) when information on the trend in range and abundance was provided, this trend was mostly increasing. We detected little information on the severity of the impacts (two articles) and the interaction with climate change (three articles). In 15 original articles (28%) specific management measures were suggested, in only one article the socioeconomic costs were assessed. We conclude that European research on human health impacts of alien species is biased towards few species, and that several important aspects such as early invasion stages, severity of impact and its temporal trends, and the scale of the socioeconomic costs caused are poorly understood. Interdisciplinary projects bridging gaps between ecologists medical researchers, socioeconomists and public health authorities are required to link alien species to severity and trends of impacts, which is a crucial requisite for risk assessment and decision making.
Using the MAXENT algorithm, we developed risk maps for eight invasive plant species in southern Transylvania, Romania, a region undergoing drastic land-use changes. Our findings show that invasion risk increased with landscape heterogeneity. Roads and agricultural areas were most prone to invasion, whereas forests were least at risk.
Bu çalışma Ankara Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu Almanca hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin yazılı anlatımlarında yaptıkları yanlışların kaynaklarının yanlış çözümlemesi yöntemi uygulanarak tespit edilmesi ve böylece yazma eğitiminde iyileştirici uygulamaların belirlenmesi amacını taşıyan betimsel bir çalışmadır.
Bu çalışmada öğrencilerden iki öğretim yılı boyunca yazma dersinde belirli zaman aralıklarıyla yazılı dilde veriler alınmış, alınan bu veriler belirli başlıklar altında sınıflandırılıp yorumlanmıştır. Bu veriler toplanırken veya yıl boyunca devam eden yabancı dil öğrenme süresince ders işleme tekniği ve materyal bakımından araştırmacıların herhangi bir müdahalesi olmamıştır. Alınan verilerin hepsi öğrencinin kendi dil bilgisini yansıtmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS İstatiksel Analiz Programı ile değerlendirilerek, bulguların yüzdelik oranları ve yorumlanması yapılmıştır.
Elde edilen verilerin sonuçlarına göre, yanlışların genellikle ana dilden yapılan yanlış aktarımlardan kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle kaynağı kesin belli olan problemli noktaların yanlış çözümlemesi yoluyla çözümlenmesiyle tamamlayıcı öğretim ile iyileştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Ceramides induce important intracellular signaling pathways, modulating proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and inflammation. However, the relevance of the ceramide metabolism in the reconvalescence phase after stroke is unclear. Besides its well-known property as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine has been reported to inhibit the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a key regulator of ceramide levels which derives ceramide from sphingomyelin. Furthermore, fluoxetine has shown therapeutic potential in a randomized controlled rehabilitation trial in stroke patients. Our aim was to investigate and modulate ceramide concentrations in the peri-infarct cortex, whose morphological and functional properties correlate with long-term functional outcome in stroke. We show that certain ceramide species are modulated after experimental stroke and that these changes do not result from alterations of ASM activity, but rather from nontranscriptional induction of the ceramide de novo pathway. Unexpectedly, although reducing lesion size, fluoxetine did not improve functional outcome in our model and had no significant influence on ASM activity or the concentration of ceramides. The ceramide metabolism could emerge as a potential therapeutic target in the reconvalescence phase after stroke, as its accumulation in the peri-infarct cortex potentially influences membrane functions as well as signaling events in the tissue essential for neurological recovery.
Von häuslicher Gewalt in der deutschsprachigen Literatur zu sprechen, grenzt an sich an eine Übertreibung angesichts der wenigen Beispiele, die der Kanon enthält. Das gilt umso mehr, wenn man vor 1945 sucht, das heißt zu einer Zeit, in der sich jener Bruch mit dem Vaterland noch nicht vollzogen hatte, der auch literarische Brüche mit Vätern, Müttern und auch Kindern nach sich ziehen sollte (ich denke hier an Peter Weiss' 'Abschied von den Eltern' [1961], Ingeborg Bachmanns 'Malina' [1971] oder auch an Elfriede Jelineks 'Die Klavierspielerin' [1983]). Die längste Zeit wurden körperliche Auseinandersetzungen in der Familie nicht wirklich als Gewalt registriert. Wir müssen aber auf den Realismus warten, dass eine breitere literarische Strömung - und nicht nur vereinzelt ein Autor wie Kleist - die noch relativ neue Institution der Literatur für prosaische Alltagsgeschehnisse öffnet und sich damit auch dem Gemeinplatz der Familie kritisch und als ästhetische Herausforderung annähert. Fredric Jameson gab jüngst zu bedenken, dass erst dann ein neuer Zugang zum Realismus möglich sei, wenn man gleichzeitig die Genealogie des Erzählens und ihre drohende Auflösung in literarischen Repräsentationen von Affekten im Auge behalte. Und wirklich präsentieren realistische Texte ganze Archive, um die Komplexität und Rhetorizität von Affekten im Allgemeinen und von Aggressionen im Speziellen zu studieren. Ein bekannter Text des deutschsprachigen Realismus, der das Phänomen der häuslichen Gewalt in dieser Weise reflektiert, ist Adalbert Stifters Erzählung 'Granit' aus der Geschichtensammlung 'Bunte Steine' (1853); jenen, die an den Grenzen des Kanons lesen, wird Theodor Storms Novelle 'Ein Doppelgänger' (1887) in den Sinn kommen; wohl jeder denkt an Gerhart Hauptmanns naturalistische Studie 'Bahnwärter Thiel', die im darauffolgenden Jahr erschien. Und wenn wir noch Robert Walser als späten realistischen Autor ansehen, dann stellt 'Der Gehülfe' (1908) einen der denkwürdigsten Texte zum Thema häuslicher Gewalt dar.
Diese begrenzte, wenn auch in keiner Weise vollständige Beispielreihe zeigt, dass Gewalt in der Familie längste Zeit ein Un-Thema war - was natürlich nicht bedeutet, dass es sie nicht gab oder gibt. Vielmehr kann die Seltenheit ihres literarischen Vorkommens entweder als Zeichen dafür gedeutet werden, dass häusliche Gewalt ein so alltägliches Phänomen darstellte, dass es nicht weiter erwähnenswert war oder aber, dass häusliche Gewalt ein solches Tabu war, dass sie nicht thematisiert werden konnte.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) maintains energy homeostasis by suppressing cellular ATP-consuming processes and activating catabolic, ATP-producing pathways such as fatty acid oxidation (FAO). The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) also affects fatty acid metabolism, stimulating the expression of genes involved in FAO. To question the interplay of AMPK and PPARδ in human macrophages we transduced primary human macrophages with lentiviral particles encoding for the constitutively active AMPKα1 catalytic subunit, followed by microarray expression analysis after treatment with the PPARδ agonist GW501516. Microarray analysis showed that co-activation of AMPK and PPARδ increased expression of FAO genes, which were validated by quantitative PCR. Induction of these FAO-associated genes was also observed upon infecting macrophages with an adenovirus coding for AMPKγ1 regulatory subunit carrying an activating R70Q mutation. The pharmacological AMPK activator A-769662 increased expression of several FAO genes in a PPARδ- and AMPK-dependent manner. Although GW501516 significantly increased FAO and reduced the triglyceride amount in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)-loaded foam cells, AMPK activation failed to potentiate this effect, suggesting that increased expression of fatty acid catabolic genes alone may be not sufficient to prevent macrophage lipid overload.
Macrophages respond to the Th2 cytokine IL-4 with elevated expression of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15). Although IL-4 signaling elicits anti-inflammatory responses, 15-lipoxygenase may either support or inhibit inflammatory processes in a context-dependent manner. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor/regulator that supports an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. How AMPK activation is linked to IL-4-elicited gene signatures remains unexplored. Using primary human macrophages stimulated with IL-4, we observed elevated ALOX15 mRNA and protein expression, which was attenuated by AMPK activation. AMPK activators, e.g. phenformin and aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribofuranoside inhibited IL-4-evoked activation of STAT3 while leaving activation of STAT6 and induction of typical IL-4-responsive genes intact. In addition, phenformin prevented IL-4-induced association of STAT6 and Lys-9 acetylation of histone H3 at the ALOX15 promoter. Activating AMPK abolished cellular production of 15-lipoxygenase arachidonic acid metabolites in IL-4-stimulated macrophages, which was mimicked by ALOX15 knockdown. Finally, pretreatment of macrophages with IL-4 for 48 h increased the mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, CXCL9, and CXCL10 induced by subsequent stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. This response was attenuated by inhibition of ALOX15 or activation of AMPK during incubation with IL-4. In conclusion, limiting ALOX15 expression by AMPK may promote an anti-inflammatory phenotype of IL-4-stimulated human macrophages.
We present the characterization and application of a new gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrument (GC-TOFMS) for the quantitative analysis of halocarbons in air samples. The setup comprises three fundamental enhancements compared to our earlier work (Hoker et al., 2015): (1) full automation, (2) a mass resolving power R = m/Δm of the TOFMS (Tofwerk AG, Switzerland) increased up to 4000 and (3) a fully accessible data format of the mass spectrometric data. Automation in combination with the accessible data allowed an in-depth characterization of the instrument. Mass accuracy was found to be approximately 5 ppm in mean after automatic recalibration of the mass axis in each measurement. A TOFMS configuration giving R = 3500 was chosen to provide an R-to-sensitivity ratio suitable for our purpose. Calculated detection limits are as low as a few femtograms by means of the accurate mass information. The precision for substance quantification was 0.15 % at the best for an individual measurement and in general mainly determined by the signal-to-noise ratio of the chromatographic peak. Detector non-linearity was found to be insignificant up to a mixing ratio of roughly 150 ppt at 0.5 L sampled volume. At higher concentrations, non-linearities of a few percent were observed (precision level: 0.2 %) but could be attributed to a potential source within the detection system. A straightforward correction for those non-linearities was applied in data processing, again by exploiting the accurate mass information. Based on the overall characterization results, the GC-TOFMS instrument was found to be very well suited for the task of quantitative halocarbon trace gas observation and a big step forward compared to scanning, quadrupole MS with low mass resolving power and a TOFMS technique reported to be non-linear and restricted by a small dynamical range.
Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub (ESBS) is a listed Endangered Ecological Community that becomes senescent and loses species diversity in its plant cover in the long-term absence of fire. However, the reintroduction of fire into remnant vegetation within urban areas presents management challenges and selective thinning is sometimes presented as an alternative management option. This project sought to evaluate fire and selective thinning of dominant species as tools for reinvigorating senescent ESBS.
Two peri-urban ESBS sites at North Head, Sydney, New South Wales, scheduled for hazard reduction burns to protect assets, were surveyed for their floristic attributes. Surveys were carried out in 7 x 7 metre quadrats, one third of which were fenced after fire to assess predation by herbivores. Similar quadrats were established on adjoining unburnt sites from which dominant species were removed through selective thinning.
Twelve months after treatment (and to a lesser extent at 6 months) burned ESBS displayed greater vigour and diversity than did thinned sites. Burned ESBS had more native plants, greater plant cover, more native species, greater species diversity and fewer weeds than did thinned ESBS. Burned and thinned ESBS sites had significantly low overlap in native species mix. Areas that had been fenced after fire had “superior” attributes to those that had not been fenced. There was nearly complete overlap of species between fenced and unfenced ESBS subjected to fire.
The results suggest that fire can be used advantageously to rejuvenate this type of heath and that this method produces superior results to thinning, but with a different species mix. These advantages accrue with time. The results of either method would be greatly inferior were attempts not made to control predation by exotic herbivores such as rabbits.
Sentences with doubly center-embedded relative clauses in which a verb phrase (VP) is missing are sometimes perceived as grammatical, thus giving rise to an illusion of grammaticality. In this paper, we provide a new account of why missing-VP sentences, which are both complex and ungrammatical, lead to an illusion of grammaticality, the so-called missing-VP effect. We propose that the missing-VP effect in particular, and processing difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses more generally, are best understood as resulting from interference during cue-based retrieval. When processing a sentence with double center-embedding, a retrieval error due to interference can cause the verb of an embedded clause to be erroneously attached into a higher clause. This can lead to an illusion of grammaticality in the case of missing-VP sentences and to processing complexity in the case of complete sentences with double center-embedding. Evidence for an interference account of the missing-VP effect comes from experiments that have investigated the missing-VP effect in German using a speeded grammaticality judgments procedure. We review this evidence and then present two new experiments that show that the missing-VP effect can be found in German also with less restricting procedures. One experiment was a questionnaire study which required grammaticality judgments from participants without imposing any time constraints. The second experiment used a self-paced reading procedure and did not require any judgments. Both experiments confirm the prior findings of missing-VP effects in German and also show that the missing-VP effect is subject to a primacy effect as known from the memory literature. Based on this evidence, we argue that an account of missing-VP effects in terms of interference during cue-based retrieval is superior to accounts in terms of limited memory resources or in terms of experience with embedded structures.
In the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, strong magnetic fields appear due to the large velocity of the colliding charges. The evolution of these fields appears as a novel and intriguing feature in the fluid-dynamical description of heavy-ion collisions. In this work, we study analytically the one-dimensional, longitudinally boost-invariant motion of an ideal fluid in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Interestingly, we find that, in the limit of ideal magnetohydrodynamics, i.e., for infinite conductivity, and irrespective of the strength of the initial magnetization, the decay of the fluid energy density e with proper time τ is the same as for the time-honoured “Bjorken flow” without magnetic field. Furthermore, when the magnetic field is assumed to decay , where a is an arbitrary number, two classes of analytic solutions can be found depending on whether a is larger or smaller than one. In summary, the analytic solutions presented here highlight that the Bjorken flow is far more general than formerly thought. These solutions can serve both to gain insight on the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions in the presence of strong magnetic fields and as testbeds for numerical codes.
Analyzing the relationship between differentiated online sentiment and company-specific stock prices
(2015)
PRACTITIONERS AND RESEARCHERS ALIKE INCREASINGLY USE SOCIAL MEDIA MESSAGES AS AN ADDITIONAL SOURCE OF INFORMATION WHEN DEALING WITH STOCKS. BASED ON EMOTION THEORY AND AN ESTABLISHED SENTIMENT LEXICON, WE DEVELOP AND APPLY AN OPEN SOURCE DICTIONARY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SEVEN DIFFERENT EMOTIONS IN 5.5 MILLION TWITTER MESSAGES ON 33 S&P 100 COMPANIES. WE FIND VARYING EXPLANATORY POWER OF DIFFERENT EMOTIONS (ESP. HAPPINESS, AND DEPRESSION) FOR COMPANY-SPECIFIC STOCK PRICE MOVEMENTS OVER A PERIOD OF THREE MONTHS.
Der Wald ist eines der wichtigsten Landschaftselemente im Kulissenfundus der Literatur - mit entsprechender Bedeutungsvielfalt: Die christlich-abendländische Tradition sieht ihn als Ort der Finsternis, der durch das göttliche Licht erhellt werden muss. In den berühmten Eingangsversen der 'Divina Commedia' erscheint er als rauer, wilder und dunkler Raum, Dantes "selva oscura" ist Stätte des Verwirrtseins und Zeichen irdischer Sündhaftigkeit. Aufgrund seiner transzendenten Unermesslichkeit jenseits rein geographischer Dimensionen kommt Gaston Bachelard in seiner 'Poetik des Raumes' zu dem Schluss: "Der Wald ist ein Seelenzustand". Als Metapher für die Seele des Menschen ist der Wald nicht nur in der Romantik beliebt, als Ausdruck des kollektiven Unbewussten interessiert er auch die Psychoanalyse, etwa in Gestalt der Archetypenlehre C. G. Jungs. In seiner Studie 'Masse und Macht' rechnet Elias Canetti den Wald zu den "Massensymbolen", mit durchaus unangenehmen Konnotationen für das Individuum. Da jeder einzelne Stamm, aus denen sich dieser zusammensetzt, fest verwurzelt und unverrückbar in der Erde stehe, sei "der Wald zum Symbol des Heeres geworden: ein Heer in Aufstellung, ein Heer, das unter keinen Umständen flieht; das sich bis zum letzten Mann in Stücke hauen läßt, bevor es einen Fußbreit Boden aufgibt". In diametralem Gegensatz zu diesem Szenario der Bedrohung des Einzelnen durch die Masse zusammengerotteter Bäume erscheint der Wald jedoch gleichermaßen als Ort der Freiheit, als Abbild der ursprünglichen Natur jenseits der einengenden menschlichen Zivilisation, als fruchtbare Wildnis, in der sich das Individuum frei entfalten kann. In dieser Bildtradition stehen zwei Texte, die ungefähr im Abstand von 100 Jahren und auf zwei verschiedenen Kontinenten entstanden sind: Henry David Thoreaus 'Walden' (1854) und Ernst Jüngers 'Der Waldgang' (1951). Wenn diese beiden in ihren historischen Voraussetzungen so unterschiedlichen Essays im Folgenden miteinander verglichen werden, so geschieht dies deshalb, weil sich in den Werken Jüngers und Thoreaus die einschlägige Rede von der Freiheit des Waldes mit einer dezidiert individualanarchistischen Programmatik verbindet, die dieser Raumsymbolik eine neue Bedeutungsdimension verleiht, die bisher in der einschlägigen topologischen Forschung unterbelichtet geblieben ist.
Wie nähert man sich einem Text, der so ist wie die "Bücher …, deren Prosa man verfolgen mußte wie ein Wildpfad, der über Wolfsgruben führt" (Jünger 1988:105), wie es Ernst Jünger so kryptisch in seinem Text 'Die Vexierbilder' beschrieben hat? Einem hybriden Text, den man nicht eindeutig einer Textsorte zuschreiben kann? Mit einer Methode, die ihrerseits genauso hybrid ist; eine Kombination aus kognitionswissenschaftlichem, filmtheoretischem und philosophischem Zugang. Am Beispiel von 'Blaue Nattern', einer Figur (wie Jünger sie nennt) aus dem textsortenmäßig genauso schwer klassifizierbarem Buch 'Das abenteuerliche Herz', wird diese kombinierte Methode zum Zweck der Erschließung des Textsinns eingesetzt, der modernen Stiltheorien entsprechend im Textstil enkodiert ist und darüber hinaus auf die dem Text zugrundeliegende Denkweise schließen lässt.
It is now accepted that heart failure (HF) is a complex multifunctional disease rather than simply a hemodynamic dysfunction. Despite its complexity, stressed cardiomyocytes often follow conserved patterns of structural remodelling in order to adapt, survive, and regenerate. When cardiac adaptations cannot cope with mechanical, ischemic, and metabolic loads efficiently or become chronically activated, as, for example, after infection, then the ongoing structural remodelling and dedifferentiation often lead to compromised pump function and patient death. It is, therefore, of major importance to understand key events in the progression from a compensatory left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction to a decompensatory LV systolic dysfunction and HF. To achieve this, various animal models in combination with an “omics” toolbox can be used. These approaches will ultimately lead to the identification of an arsenal of biomarkers and therapeutic targets which have the potential to shape the medicine of the future.
Im Zuge des Braunkohlentagebaus Zukunft-West fand sich im Jahre 1980 in einem Matronenheiligtum in Eschweiler-Fronhoven (Städteregion Aachen) das ringsum abgebrochene Oberteil eines Weihealtars (Höhe 36 cm – Breite 47 cm – Tiefe 19 cm) aus hellgrauem Sandstein. Der fragmentarisch erhaltene Text aus der Zeit zwischen 150 und 230 n. Chr. wurde vom Ersteditor CH. B. RÜGER (in Majuskelschrift) wie folgt wiedergegeben...
Franz Fühmann gehört zu den profiliertesten deutschsprachigen Schriftstellern aus der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Im Rahmen seines Gesamtwerkes nimmt das Thema 'Griechenland' - namentlich die Zeit der Okkupation - einen beträchtlichen Raum ein; ja, Fühmann ist sogar derjenige DDR-Autor, der sich am intensivsten damit befasst hat.
Die Besatzung Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg ist ein Thema, das gerade im Kontext der krisenhaften Erschütterungen in der Europäischen Union und der mannigfachen Spannungen innerhalb des deutsch-griechischen Verhältnisses im zweiten Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts von erheblicher historisch-politischer Brisanz ist; ihre literarischen Gestaltungen sind wichtige Dokumente zeitgenössischer Reflexion und sollten Anregungen geben für das Problembewusstsein späterer Generationen. Zugleich aber sind diese Gestaltungen Teil eines schriftstellerischen Gesamtwerkes, und im Falle Franz Fühmanns ist insbesondere zu fragen, ob sich das Erlebnis Griechenlands – über seine Bedeutung für die Auseinandersetzung mit Krieg und Faschismus in den Erzählungen bis 1965 hinaus - auch im Schaffen der Folgezeit niedergeschlagen hat.
Franz Fühmann wurde am 15. Januar 1922 in Rochlitz an der Iser (Rokytnice nad Jizerou) im Riesengebirge geboren und starb am 8. Juli 1984 in Berlin. Anfang der fünfziger Jahre war er zunächst als Lyriker, ab 1955 auch als Erzähler bekannt geworden. Seit Mitte der sechziger Jahre wandte sich der Schriftsteller der antiken Mythologie zu (der Nacherzählung der Homerischen Epen unter dem Titel Das Hölzerne Pferd, dem 'mythologischen Roman' Prometheus sowie mehreren Erzählungen und dramatischen Texten) und schrieb eine Anzahl programmatischer Essays - darunter Das mythische Element in der Literatur (1974).
We investigate charmonium production in Pb + Pb collisions at LHC beam energy Elab=2.76A TeV at fixed-target experiment (√sNN = 72 GeV). In the frame of a transport approach including cold and hot nuclear matter effects on charmonium evolution, we focus on the antishadowing effect on the nuclear modification factors RAA and rAA for the J/ψ yield and transverse momentum. The yield is more suppressed at less forward rapidity (ylab ≃ 2) than that at very forward rapidity (ylab ≃ 4) due to the shadowing and antishadowing in different rapidity bins.
Dass das Papsttum und sein jurisdiktioneller Anspruch letztlich auf dem Apostel Petrus basieren, der, wie man bei Matthäus lesen kann, der Fels ist, auf dem Christus seine Kirche errichten wollte (Matth. 16,18), ist eine bekannte Tatsache, auf die hier nicht eingegangen werden soll. Der in Rom zentrierte Rechtsraum der lateinischen Kirche stand schon bald, spätestens im 5. Jahrhundert, im Gegensatz zum sich seit dem 4. Jahrhundert konstituierenden Rechtsraum der griechischen Kirche(n) mit Antiocheia, Alexandreia, Jerusalem (ab 451) und schließlich Konstantinopel, der zweiten Hauptstadt des Römischen Reiches und ab 476 der einzigen Hauptstadt. Das kanonische Recht beider Bereiche entwickelte sich im Verlaufe der Jahrhunderte auseinander. Trotz gemeinsamer Grundlagen (der sieben bzw. acht ökumenischen Konzilien und deren Rechtssetzung) gab es Konflikte, die sich schließlich seit dem 11. Jahrhundert in einem bis heute andauernden Schisma niederschlugen. Ein steter Stein des Anstoßes (neben den anderen bekannten Differenzen – Azymen, Filioque usw.) war der römische Primatsanspruch, den man in Konstantinopel nie anerkannte und dem man etwa die sog. Pentarchietheorie entgegensetzte. Erst spät, wie hier gezeigt werden soll, um 800, setzte man in Konstantinopel Petrus seinen Bruder Andreas entgegen, den "Erstberufenen" (vgl. Joh. 1,35–42). Jedenfalls versuchte man dies, vermutlich nach römischem Vorbild. Wann genau und warum dies geschah, ist Gegenstand der folgenden Ausführungen. ...
The title of this study is applying team teaching to improve student ability in understanding English narrative texts. The purposes of this study are to identify the advantages and to find out the strategies of applying team teaching to improve students ability in understanding English narrative texts. The population of this study is the first year students of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh, and the sample are an experimental class (X IA 2) and a control class (X IA 6). The total numbers of the samples are 66 students. This research was conducted on April, 2010. In collecting data, several techniques were used namely; observation, test, questionnaire and interview. According to data analysis, team teaching gave more advantages to improve students’ ability in understanding English narrative texts. Some advantages of team teaching to the first year students of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh; (1) Team teaching directed the students to focus on material, the method was not tedious and learning motivation had been increased by using it, so that their ability in understanding English narrative text had been increased. (2) The students who studied by using team teaching obtained higher score than the students who studied without using team teaching. It means the students who studied by using team teaching could improve their abilities in understanding English narrative text. (3) The students should focus on the study because the teachers observed what they do in the class comprehensively. The student also could receive knowledge not only from the main teacher, but also from the co-teacher and they could ask both teachers if they found some problems. Some advantages of team teaching to the teachers of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh are; team teaching could be effective while teaching and learning process was underway because the teachers could remind each other and they also could plan good materials. In applying team teaching to improve students’ ability in understanding English narrative texts, the teachers used many strategies. One of the general strategies to apply team teaching in SMAN 4 Banda Aceh was by excercising the so called semi team teaching. The special strategies that conducted by teachers were; (1) Presenting an interesting and understandable topic in every meeting for students. (2) Making group discussion, reading the legend and translating it, giving regularly the test and games. (3) Asking the students to comprehend the generic structure of the text before coming to the class.
The growth of aerosol due to the aqueous phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone was measured in laboratory-generated clouds created in the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Experiments were performed at 10 and −10 °C, on acidic (sulfuric acid) and on partially to fully neutralised (ammonium sulfate) seed aerosol. Clouds were generated by performing an adiabatic expansion – pressurising the chamber to 220 hPa above atmospheric pressure, and then rapidly releasing the excess pressure, resulting in a cooling, condensation of water on the aerosol and a cloud lifetime of approximately 6 min. A model was developed to compare the observed aerosol growth with that predicted using oxidation rate constants previously measured in bulk solutions. The model captured the measured aerosol growth very well for experiments performed at 10 and −10 °C, indicating that, in contrast to some previous studies, the oxidation rates of SO2 in a dispersed aqueous system can be well represented by using accepted rate constants, based on bulk measurements. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first laboratory-based measurements of aqueous phase oxidation in a dispersed, super-cooled population of droplets. The measurements are therefore important in confirming that the extrapolation of currently accepted reaction rate constants to temperatures below 0 °C is correct.