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CXCR4 chemokine receptor mediates prostate tumor cell adhesion through alpha5 and beta3 integrins
(2006)
The mechanisms leading to prostate cancer metastasis are not understood completely. Although there is evidence that the CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4 and its ligand CXCL12 may regulate tumor dissemination, their role in prostate cancer is controversial. We examined CXCR4 expression and functionality, and explored CXCL12-triggered adhesion of prostate tumor cells to human endothelium or to extracellular matrix proteins laminin, collagen, and fibronectin. Although little CXCR4 was expressed on LNCaP and DU-145 prostate tumor cells, CXCR4 was still active, enabling the cells to migrate toward a CXCL12 gradient. CXCL12 induced elevated adhesion to the endothelial cell monolayer and to immobilized fibronectin, laminin, and collagen. Anti-CXCR4 antibodies or CXCR4 knock out significantly impaired CXCL12-triggered tumor cell binding. The effects observed did not depend on CXCR4 surface expression level. Rather, CXCR4-mediated adhesion was established by alpha5 and beta3 integrin subunits and took place in the presence of reduced p38 and p38 phosphorylation. These data show that chemoattractive mechanisms are involved in adhesion processes of prostate cancer cells, and that binding of CXCL12 to its receptor leads to enhanced expression of alpha5 and beta3 integrins. The findings provide a link between chemokine receptor expression and integrin-triggered tumor dissemination.
The genome, antigens of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are frequently found in prostatic carcinoma. However, whether this infection is causative or is an epiphenomenon is not clear. We therefore investigated the ability of HCMV to promote metastatic processes, defined by tumor cell adhesion to the endothelium, extracellular matrix proteins. Experiments were based on the human prostate tumor cell line PC3, either infected with the HCMV strain Hi (HCMVHi) or transfected with cDNA encoding the HCMV-specific immediate early protein IEA1 (UL123) or IEA2 (UL122). HCMVHi upregulated PC3 adhesion to the endothelium, to the extracellular matrix proteins collagen, laminin, fibronectin. The process was accompanied by enhancement of β1-integrin surface expression, elevated levels of integrin-linked kinase, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. IEA1 or IEA2 did not modulate PC3 adhesion or β1-integrin expression. Based on this in vitro model, we postulate a direct association between HCMV infection, prostate tumor transmigration, which is not dependent on IEA proteins. Integrin overexpression, combined with the modulation of integrin-dependent signalling, seems to be, at least in part, responsible for a more invasive PC3Hi tumor cell phenotype. Elevated levels of c-myc found in IEA1-transfected or IEA2-transfected PC3 cell populations might promote further carcinogenic processes through accelerated cell proliferation.
Proton pumping respiratory complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is a major component of the oxidative phosphorylation system in mitochondria and many bacteria. In mammalian cells it provides 40% of the proton motive force needed to make ATP. Defects in this giant and most complicated membrane-bound enzyme cause numerous human disorders. Yet the mechanism of complex I is still elusive. A group exhibiting redox-linked protonation that is associated with iron-sulfur cluster N2 of complex I has been proposed to act as a central component of the proton pumping machinery. Here we show that a histidine in the 49-kDa subunit that resides near iron-sulfur cluster N2 confers this redox-Bohr effect. Mutating this residue to methionine in complex I from Yarrowia lipolytica resulted in a marked shift of the redox midpoint potential of iron-sulfur cluster N2 to the negative and abolished the redox-Bohr effect. However, the mutation did not significantly affect the catalytic activity of complex I and protons were pumped with an unchanged stoichiometry of 4 H+/2e−. This finding has significant implications on the discussion about possible proton pumping mechanism for complex I.
Activation by diazoxide and inhibition by 5-hydroxydecanoate are the hallmarks of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels. Opening of these channels is thought to trigger cytoprotection (preconditioning) through the generation of reactive oxygen species. However, we found that diazoxide-induced oxidation of the widely used reactive oxygen species indicator 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein in isolated liver and heart mitochondria was observed in the absence of ATP or K+ and therefore independent of K(ATP) channels. The response was blocked by stigmatellin, implying a role for the cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III). Diazoxide, though, did not increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production (quantitatively measured with Amplex Red) in intact mitochondria, submitochondrial particles, or purified cytochrome bc1 complex. We confirmed that diazoxide inhibited succinate oxidation, but it also weakly stimulated state 4 respiration even in K+-free buffer, excluding a role for K(ATP) channels. Furthermore, we have shown previously that 5-hydroxydecanoate is partially metabolized, and we hypothesized that fatty acid metabolism may explain the ability of this putative mitochondrial K(ATP) channel blocker to inhibit diazoxide-induced flavoprotein fluorescence, commonly used as an assay of K(ATP) channel activity. Indeed, consistent with our hypothesis, we found that decanoate inhibited diazoxide-induced flavoprotein oxidation. Taken together, our data question the "mitochondrial K(ATP) channel" hypothesis of preconditioning. Diazoxide did not evoke superoxide (which dismutates to H2O2) from the respiratory chain by a direct mechanism, and the stimulatory effects of this compound on mitochondrial respiration and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein oxidation were not due to the opening of K(ATP) channels.
Prostaglandin (PG) E2 (PGE2) plays a predominant role in promoting colorectal carcinogenesis. The biosynthesis of PGE2 is accomplished by conversion of the cyclooxygenase (COX) product PGH2 by several terminal prostaglandin E synthases (PGES). Among the known PGES isoforms, microsomal PGES type 1 (mPGES-1) and type 2 (mPGES-2) were found to be overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the role and regulation of these enzymes in this malignancy are not yet fully understood. Here, we report that the cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs) 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 and PGA2 downregulate mPGES-2 expression in the colorectal carcinoma cell lines Caco-2 and HCT 116 without affecting the expression of any other PGES or COX. Inhibition of mPGES-2 was subsequently followed by decreased microsomal PGES activity. These effects were mediated via modulation of the cellular thiol-disulfide redox status but did not involve activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ or PGD2 receptors. CyPGs had antiproliferative properties in vitro; however, this biological activity could not be directly attributed to decreased PGES activity because it could not be reversed by adding PGE2. Our data suggest that there is a feedback mechanism between PGE2 and CyPGs that implicates mPGES-2 as a new potential target for pharmacological intervention in CRC.
High tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) is a characteristic of most solid tumors. TIFP may hamper adequate uptake of macromolecular therapeutics in tumor tissue. In addition, TIFP generates mechanical forces affecting the tumor cortex, which might influence the growth parameters of tumor cells. This seems likely as, in other tissues (namely, blood vessels or the skin), mechanical stretch is known to trigger proliferation. Therefore, we hypothesize that TIFP-induced stretch modulates proliferation-associated parameters. Solid epithelial tumors (A431 and A549) were grown in Naval Medical Research Institute nude mice, generating a TIFP of about 10 mm Hg (A431) or 5 mm Hg (A549). Tumor drainage of the central cystic area led to a rapid decline of TIFP, together with visible relaxation of the tumor cortex. It was found by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis that TIFP lowering yields a decreased phosphorylation of proliferation-associated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumor relaxation. In confirmation, immunohistochemical staining showed a decrease of tumor-associated proliferation marker Ki-67 after TIFP lowering. These data suggest that the mechanical stretch induced by TIFP is a positive modulator of tumor proliferation.
The use of neutralizing antibodies is one of the most successful methods to interfere with receptor-ligand interactions in vivo. In particular blockade of soluble inflammatory mediators or their corresponding cellular receptors was proven an effective way to regulate inflammation and/or prevent its negative consequences. However, one problem that comes along with an effective neutralization of inflammatory mediators is the general systemic immunomodulatory effect. It is therefore important to design a treatment regimen in a way to strike at the right place and at the right time in order to achieve maximal effects with minimal duration of immunosuppression or hyperactivation. In this review we reflect on two examples of how short time administration of such neutralizing antibodies can block two distinct inflammatory consequences of viral infection. First, we review recent findings that blockade of IL-10/IL-10R interaction can resolve chronic viral infection and second, we reflect on how neutralization of the chemokine CXCL10 can abrogate virus-induced type 1 diabetes.
The radial artery as a conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting : review of current knowledge
(2006)
The effect of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) lasts as long as the grafts are patent. The internal mammary artery has been considered the "golden" graft due to the superb long-term patency, exceeding 90% at 10 years. The saphenous vein grafts, unfortunately, tend to occlude with a rate of 10-15% within a year after surgery, and eventually, at 10 years after the operation, as much as 60-70% of these vein grafts are either occluded or have angiographic evidence of atherosclerosis. The search for another "arterial conduit", the radial artery, has intensified through the last 15 years in hope to provide a better graft than the saphenous vein for CABG. This article reviews the current knowledge for the radial artery as a conduit in CABG. (Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2006; 6: 153-62)
Bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit (KHK) wird angenommen, dass es aufgrund der Apoptose von Endothelzellen zu einer Störung des endothelialen Zusammenhaltes kommt, was ein Fortschreiten der Atherosklerose zur Folge hat. Unter normalen Bedingungen bewirkt eine Gefäßwandverletzung eine Mobilisierung von im Knochenmark befindlichen endothelialen Progenitorzellen, was möglicherweise zur Reendothelisation der verletzten Gefäßwand beiträgt. Personen mit kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren und einer manifesten KHK jedoch haben eine niedrigere Anzahl zirkulierender EPCs. Aus diesem Grund untersuchten wir bei Patienten mit stabiler KHK und mit ACS das Gleichgewicht zwischen zirkulierenden EPC und zirkulierenden apoptotischen maturen endothelialen Zellen (CAEC), und beobachteten, ob Statine ECs bei Patienten mit KHK vor der Apoptose schützen.
Die Bestimmung der EPCs erfolgte mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie (FACS) durch die Inkubation mit CD133 und KOR. Es zeigte sich, dass Patienten mit einem AMI im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe die niedrigsten Werte an zirkulierenden EPCs aufwiesen (ca. 3,5fach niedriger), gefolgt von Patienten mit instabiler und stabiler KHK. Die Anzahl zirkulierender ECs hingegen (CD45-negativ, CD146-positiv und vWF-positiv) war bei Patienten mit AMI im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe um das 5fache erhöht (P < 0,01).
Um die Anzahl an CAEC zu bestimmen, ermittelten wir mittels einer 4-Kanal-Durchflusszytometrie die Annexin V-positiven Zellen aus CD45-negativen, CD146- positiven und vWF-positiven zirkulierenden Zellen aus peripheren Blutproben von Patienten mit KHK.
Wir konnten zeigen, dass diese Zellen bei Patienten mit AMI im Vergleich zu einem gesunden alters- und geschlechtskompatiblen Probandenkollektiv um das 10fache erhöht waren. (P < 0,05)
Um ein Maß für die veränderte Balance verschiedener Endothelzellen zu erhalten, ermittelten wir einen "Schädigungsindex" (Quotient aus CAEC und EPC), der bei Patienten mit stabiler KHK bereits ein relatives Überwiegen der Apoptose bei unzureichend erniedrigten EPCs anzeigte und bei Patienten mit AMI die ungünstigste Konstellation mit einem um das 30fache erhöhten Index ergab.
Da kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren bekanntermaßen die Atheroskleroseentstehung begünstigen, untersuchten wir, ob sie auch Einfluss auf die Anzahl zirkulierender CD133- positiver EPCs haben. In einer multivariaten Analyse blieben die Krankheitsaktivität der KHK und eine positive Familienanamnese als unabhängige signifikante Prädiktoren einer reduzierten Anzahl zirkulierender CD133-positiver EPCs bestehen.
Um die Herkunft der ECs zu bestimmen, wurden selektiv Blutproben aus der Aortenwurzel und der V.cordis mag na untersucht. Patienten mit ACS wiesen einen transkoronaren Anstieg der CAEC um 35% in der V.cordis magna verglichen mit der Aorta auf. Ebenso war bei Patienten mit ACS der "Schädigungsindex" in der V.cordis magna signifikant höher als in der Aorta.
Hydroxymethyl- Glutaryl- Goenzym-A-Reduktasenhibitoren (Statine) senken die kardiovaskuläre Ereignisrate sowohl in der Primär- als auch in der Sekundärprävention kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen.
Eine retrospektive Studie mit n = 34 Patienten mit KHK zeigte, dass die Anzahl an CAEC bei Patienten ohne Statin signifikant niedriger war als bei den Patienten, die ein Statin bekommen hatten (mittlere Dosis 20mg per os). Zudem zeigte sich bei der Berechnung des Schädigungsindex, dass die Statintherapie eine Abnahme des Quotienten um das 15- fache bewirkte. Um dieses Ergebnis zu bestätigen maßen wir in einer prospektiven Studie die CAEC-Level bei n = 9 Patienten mit KHK vor und nach einer 4- wöchigen Behandlung mit Atorvastatin. Die Behandlung mit Atorvastatin führte zu einer signifikanten Abnahme sowohl der CAEC- Level als auch der prozentualen Apoptoserate.
Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit, dass bei Patienten mit akuter KHK das Gleichgewicht zwischen EPG und apoptotischen maturen Endothelzellen gestört ist und dass eine Statintherapie das Gleichgewicht zwischen Endothelzellverletzung und vaskulären Reparaturmechanismen in Richtung einer Erhaltung des endothelialen Zusammenhaltes beeinflusst.