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This work is dedicated to the study of the vector and axial vector spectral functions of the τ lepton within the framework of a U(2)L × U(2)R Linear Sigma Model with electroweak interaction. As an effective field theory the Linear Sigma Model describes hadronic degrees of freedom based on the symmetries of the Standard Model. Therefore, the following section aims at giving a very general and concise introduction to the Standard Model and the meaning of symmetries for contemporary elementary particle physics. In the next section the SU(3)C symmetry group will be discussed in short, followed by an introduction to chiral symmetry SU(2)L × SU(2)R. In the last section of this chapter the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam theory of the local group SU(2)L × U(1)Y is presented. Important concepts of the theoretical framework of the Standard Model, such as the Noether Theorem, the Gauge Principle, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, and the Higgs Mechanism will be introduced in the context of these three symmetry groups. In Chapter 2 it will be first shown how the symmetries of the Standard Model are realised within the global U(2)L × U(2)R Linear Sigma Model and how electroweak interactions can be introduced to the model on the basis of local SU(2)L × U(1)Y symmetry transformations of the hadronic degrees of freedom. The vertices that are relevant for the vector and axial vector decay channels in weak τ decay are extracted from the Lagrangian with electroweak interaction in Chapter 3. This is followed by a short introduction to the Källen-Lehmann Representation of spectral functions and how these can be parametrised within the framework of this model (Chapter 4). The results of the vector and axial vector spectral functions are presented in Chapter 5 and 6.
This thesis presents the implementation of the online reconstruction, calibration and monitoring of the data of the Transition Radiation Detector of ALICE. This reconstruction is performed on the High Level Trigger, the third level of the ALICE trigger system, and enables online calibration and monitoring of the incoming data. Additionally, the HLT can steer the data storage, such that only physical interesting events are saved. The online reconstruction, as well as the calibration, makes use of the existing offline algorithms. Therefore, interfaces between the HLT and these offline algorithms were implemented. For being able to reach the speed of 2000 Hz in proton-proton collisions, and 200 Hz in leadlead collisions, the algorithms had to be accelerated. Bottlenecks were tracked down using dedicated tools, and respective code was either reimplemented or it is being skipped during the online reconstruction. The quality of the output data was monitored throughout the implementation, to assure that it is not being cut too much.
Chapter 1 contains the general background of our work. We briefly discuss important aspects of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and introduce the concept of the chiral condensate as an order parameter for the chiral phase transition. Our focus is on the concept of universality and the arguments why the O(4) model should fall into the same universality class as the effective Lagrangian for the order parameter of (massless) two-flavor QCD. Chapter 2 pedagogically explains the CJT formalism and is concerned with the WKB method. In chapter 3 the CJT formalism is then applied to a simple Z(2) symmetric toy model featuring a one-minimum classical potential. As for all other models we are concerned with in this thesis, we study the behavior at nonzero temperature. This is done in 1+3 dimensions as well as in 1+0 dimensions. In the latter case we are able to compare the effective potential at its global minimum (which is minus the pressure) with our result from the WKB approximation. In chapter 4 this program is also carried out for the toy model with a double-well classical potential, which allows for spontaneous symmetry breaking and tunneling. Our major interest however is in the O(2) model with the fields treated as polar coordinates. This model can be regarded as the first step towards the O(4) model in four-dimensional polar coordinates. Although in principle independent, all subjects discussed in this thesis are directly related to questions arising from the investigation of this particular model. In chapter 5 we start from the generating functional in cartesian coordinates and carry out the transition to polar coordinates. Then we are concerned with the question under which circumstances it is allowed to use the same Feynman rules in polar coordinates as in cartesian coordinates. This question turns out to be non-trivial. On the basis of the common Feynman rules we apply the CJT formalism in chapter 6 to the polar O(2) model. The case of 1+0 dimensions was intended to be a toy model on the basis of which one could more easily explore the transition to polar coordinates. However, it turns out that we are faced with an additional complication in this case, the infrared divergence of thermal integrals. This problem requires special attention and motivates the explicit study of a massless field under topological constraints in chapter 8. In chapter 7 we investigate the cartesian O(2) model in 1+0 dimensions. We compare the effective potential at its global minimum calculated in the CJT formalism and via the WKB approximation. Appendix B reviews the derivation of standard thermal integrals in 1+0 and 1+3 dimensions and constitutes the basis for our CJT calculations and the discussion of infrared divergences. In chapter 9 we discuss the so-called path integral collapse and propose a solution of this problem. In chapter 10 we present our conclusions and an outlook. Since we were interested in organizing our work as pedagogical as possible within the narrow scope of a diploma thesis, we decided to make extensive use of appendices. Appendices A-H are intended for students who are not familiar with several important concepts we are concerned with. We will refer to them explicitly to establish the connection between our work and the general context in which it is settled.
A new experimental system has been set up with the ability to investigate catalytic processes and charge transfer of acrylonitrile on copper. For this purpose a new Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer to measure both the reaction outcome and electron energy distributions has been designed and tested. First experiments have been carried out, in which the width of the two-photon photoelectron energy distribution can be varied by changing the wavelength of the incident laser beam. This method allows high precision measurements of the work function and will be useful in the study with adsorbates, physi- or chemisorbed. In first adsorption measurements the excitation of vibrational modes of acrylonitrile has been seen to be consistent with earlier gas-phase experiments. Electron energy spectra taken with the electron analyzer with high resolution showed a clear defect in the electron yield at energies around the energy of one vibrational mode, indicating the possibility of resonant vibrational excitation by electron impact. More indications to that process were found i first electron spectra from the new TOF-MS, since a threshold for the capture probability is found at energies close to vibrational excitation. The threshold vanishes when the exposure is amplified significantly, indicating that electrons are scattered multiple and no resonance are be observed anymore. The experiments carried out were just the starting point in understanding the mechanism of the reaction. A new femtosecond laser system which is currently set up will give not only a time-resolved information on the reaction pathways but also give the possibility to create non-thermal electrons and to study intermediate states of the photoemission and the influence of the adsorbate on them. In addition the rotation of the electron analyzer will permit angle-resolved measurements of the scattering process of the electrons and the vibrational excitation via this pathway. With the new cooling system applied it will also be interesting to study the excitation process at lower temperatures. Below -160° C there are different geometries of the molecule predicted to be present at the surface. At these temperatures the thermal effects should play a major role, so that a thermal decoupling of the electrons is very desirable.