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Die Untersuchung wurde im Lichte der aktuellen Diskussion um die Grundlagenkrise der Juristenausbildung durchgeführt. Hierbei wird der Anspruch erhoben, die Perspektive von Promotionsstudierenden ebenfalls zu berücksichtigen. Mit einer rechtsmethodologischen Herangehensweise wird nämlich nachgewiesen, dass die analoge (bzw. entsprechende) Anwendung des § 770 Abs. 1 BGB auf sonstige Gestaltungsrechte mit dem Willen des Gesetzgebers nicht übereinstimmt. Die Konsequenzen der Ablehnung der Anwendbarkeit des § 770 Abs. 1 BGB auf sonstige Gestaltungsrechte werden ebenso besprochen wie Wertungs- und Theoriefragen in diesem Zusammenhang. Aus dieser „methodenehrlichen“ Anwendung des § 770 Abs. 1 BGB und den sich hieraus ergebenden Konsequenzen werden sodann Schlussfolgerungen für die Stärkung der Grundlagenfächer gezogen.
This country report was prepared for the 19th World Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law in Vienna in 2014. It is structured as a questionnaire and provides an overview of the legal framework for Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) and other alternative license models like (e.g.) Creative Commons under German law. The first set of questions addresses the applicable statutory provisions and the reported case law in this area. The second section concerns contractual issues, in particular with regard to the interpretation and validity of open content licenses. The third section deals with copyright aspects of open content models, for example regarding revocation rights and rights to equitable remuneration. The final set of questions pertains to patent, trademark and competition law issues of open content licenses.
Concepts of legal capacity and legal subjectivity have developed gradually through intermediate stages. Accordingly, there are numerous types of legal subjects and partial legal subjects, and ever-new types can develop, at the latest once the law confronts new social and technological challenges. Today such challenges seem to be making themselves felt especially in the field of information and communication technologies. Their specific communicative conditions resulting from the technological networking of social communication have a particularly pronounced influence on legal attributions of identity and action, and hence above all on issues of liability in electronic commerce. Here in particular it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish concrete human actors and, for example, to identify them as authors of declarations of intent or even as individually responsible agencies of legal transgressions. The communicative processes in this area appear instead as new kinds of chains of effects whose actors seem to be more socio-technical ensembles of people and things – whereby the artificial components of these hybrid human being-thing linkages can sometimes even be represented as driving forces and independent agents.
Der Bundesgerichtshof hat im vergangenen Jahr entschieden, dass es „einen ersatzfähigen Vermögensschaden darstellen [kann] , wenn dem Inhaber eines DSL-Anschlusses die Möglichkeit genommen wird, seinen Zugang zum Intern et zu nutzen, ohne dass ihm hierdurch Mehraufwendungen entstanden oder Einnahmen entgangen sind“ (BGHZ 196, 101). Eine techniksoziologische Analyse dieser Rechtsprechung zum vermögensrechtlich bestimmten, abstrakt berechneten Nutzungsausfallersatz legt demgegenüber eine andere Begründung des Anspruchs auf Nutzungsentschädigung nahe. Der alternative Leitsatz lautet: Wird dem Inhaber eines Internetanschlusses die Möglichkeit genommen, seinen Zugang zum Internet zu nutzen, so ist ihm auch wegen eines hier durch hervorgerufenen immateriellen Schadens eine billige Entschädigung in Geld zu gewähren .
How special are they? - Targeting systemic risk by regulating shadow banking : (October 5, 2014)
(2014)
This essay argues that at least some of the financial stability concerns associated with shadow banking can be addressed by an approach to financial regulation that imports its functional foundations more vigorously into the interpretation and implementation of existing rules. It shows that the general policy goals of prudential banking regulation remain constant over time despite dramatic transformations in the financial and technological landscape. Moreover, these overarching policy goals also legitimize intervention in the shadow banking sector. On these grounds, this essay encourages a more normative construction of available rules that potentially limits both the scope for regulatory arbitrage and the need for ever more rapid updates and a constant increase in the complexity of the regulatory framework. By tying the regulatory treatment of financial innovation closely to existing prudential rules and their underlying policy rationales, the proposed approach potentially ends the socially wasteful race between hare and tortoise that signifies the relation between regulators and a highly dynamic industry. In doing so it does not generally hamper market participants’ efficient discoveries where disintermediation proves socially beneficial. Instead, it only weeds-out rent-seeking circumventions of existing rules and standards.
This paper contrasts the recent European initiatives on regulating corporate groups with alternative approaches to the phenomenon. In doing so it pays particular regard to the German codified law on corporate groups as the polar opposite to the piecemeal approach favored by E.U. legislation.
It finds that the European Commission’s proposal to submit (significant) related party transactions to enhanced transparency, outside fairness review, and ex ante shareholder approval is both flawed in its design and based on contestable assumptions on informed voting of institutional investors. In particular, the contemplated exemption for transactions with wholly owned subsidiaries allows controlling shareholders to circumvent the rule extensively. Moreover, vesting voting rights with (institutional) investors will not lead to the informed assessment that is hoped for, because these investors will rationally abstain from active monitoring and rely on proxy advisory firms instead whose competency to analyze non-routine significant related party transactions is questionable.
The paper further delineates that the proposed recognition of an overriding interest of the group requires strong counterbalances to adequately protect minority shareholders and creditors. Hence, if the Commission choses to go down this route it might end up with a comprehensive regulation that is akin to the unpopular Ninth Company Law Directive in spirit, though not in content. The latter prediction is corroborated by the pertinent parts of the proposal for a European Model Company Act.
How special are they? - Targeting systemic risk by regulating shadow banking : (October 5, 2014)
(2014)
This essay argues that at least some of the financial stability concerns associated with shadow banking can be addressed by an approach to financial regulation that imports its functional foundations more vigorously into the interpretation and implementation of existing rules. It shows that the general policy goals of prudential banking regulation remain constant over time despite dramatic transformations in the financial and technological landscape. Moreover, these overarching policy goals also legitimize intervention in the shadow banking sector. On these grounds, this essay encourages a more normative construction of available rules that potentially limits both the scope for regulatory arbitrage and the need for ever more rapid updates and a constant increase in the complexity of the regulatory framework. By tying the regulatory treatment of financial innovation closely to existing prudential rules and their underlying policy rationales, the proposed approach potentially ends the socially wasteful race between hare and tortoise that signifies the relation between regulators and a highly dynamic industry. In doing so it does not generally hamper market participants’ efficient discoveries where disintermediation proves socially beneficial. Instead, it only weeds-out rent-seeking circumventions of existing rules and standards.
Privatschulfinanzierung
(2014)
Das Privatschulwesen in Deutschland wird ganz überwiegend aus öffentlichen Mitteln finanziert. Seit den 1970er Jahren wird dies vom Bundesverfassungsgericht als Ausfluss des Art. 7 Abs. 4 GG verlangt; die Finanzierung obliegt jedoch den Ländern. Der Beitrag bietet einen systematischen Überblick über die Konflikte die zwischen Privatschulträgern und Ländern über den Umfang der Finanzierung bestehen und nimmt zu den verfassungsrechtlichen Argumenten kritisch Stellung. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Grundgesetz den Ländern mehr Spielräume belässt, als oft behauptet wird.
Das Bundesverfassungsgericht ist für seine Entscheidungen, die sich in besonderer Weise auf das Demokratieprinzip des Grundgesetzes (Art. 20 Abs. 2 GG) stützen, viel kritisiert worden. Der Beitrag analysiert insbesondere die Entscheidungen zum Ausländerwahlrecht und zur Europäischen Integration im Hinblick darauf, ob sich neben dem vielfach kritisierten Demokratieverständnis, das ein monistisch verstandenes (deutsches) Volk zum Ausgangspunkt nimmt, auch offenere Demokratiemodelle zumindest zwischen den Zeilen dieser Entscheidungen entdeckt werden können. Das Ergebnis fällt allerdings ernüchternd aus. Jede Öffnung, die Alternativen neben dem monistischen Modell der Volkssouveränität andeutet, wird in den folgenden Sätzen dieser Entscheidungen sogleich wieder zurückgenommen.
While distribution conflicts over natural resources were central to the debates on a New International Economic Order, during the last decades the specific distribution conflicts surrounding natural resource exploitation no longer have been at the core of international law. In this paper I trace the developments in the relationship between international law and resource distribution conflicts. I first argue that the New International Economic Order favored the political resolution of distribution conflicts over natural resources and envisaged international distribution conflicts to be addressed by the political organs of international institutions within legal procedures Second, I show how the NIEO was surpassed by a different order that relied largely on the market as a distribution mechanism for raw materials and how international institutions and international law played a crucial role in the establishment of this order by promoting the privatization of natural resource exploitation and protecting foreign direct investment and trade. With reference to the copper industry in Zambia I thirdly illustrate how international investment law, and more broadly international economic law, is shaping (and affecting the resolution of) not only distribution conflicts between, but also within States. I conclude with a call for a renewed focus on an international law of resource conflicts to allow for their political resolution given the countermoves we can observe with respect to international investment law and the persistence of (violent) conflicts over natural resource exploitation within States.