Refine
Year of publication
- 2009 (858) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (359)
- Book (118)
- Doctoral Thesis (116)
- Part of Periodical (89)
- Working Paper (80)
- Conference Proceeding (28)
- Report (21)
- Part of a Book (15)
- Preprint (11)
- Review (10)
Language
- English (858) (remove)
Keywords
- Deutschland (6)
- Haushalt (6)
- Lambda-Kalkül (6)
- Pragmatik (6)
- USA (6)
- new species (6)
- Bank (5)
- Optimalitätstheorie (5)
- China (4)
- Household Finance (4)
- Phonetik (4)
- Wirkstoff-Rezeptor-Bindung (4)
- Buffer Stock Saving (3)
- Epirrita autumnata (3)
- Europa (3)
- Europäische Union (3)
- Festuco-Brometea (3)
- Finland (3)
- Fiscal Stimulus (3)
- Fiskalpolitik (3)
- Geldpolitik (3)
- Germany (3)
- Informationsstruktur (3)
- Koelerio-Corynephoretea (3)
- Kreditgewährung (3)
- Lepidoptera (3)
- Licht-Sammel-Komplex (3)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (3)
- Liquidity (3)
- Membranproteine (3)
- Monetary Policy (3)
- Nebenläufigkeit (3)
- North America (3)
- Risikokapital (3)
- Semantik (3)
- Sinotibetische Sprachen (3)
- Spieltheorie (3)
- Stockholding (3)
- Theoretische Physik (3)
- Tibetobirmanische Sprachen (3)
- Währungsunion (3)
- conservation (3)
- fMRI (3)
- reactive oxygen species (3)
- taxonomy (3)
- Agency-Theorie (2)
- Algebraische Geometrie (2)
- Algorithmus (2)
- Anleihe (2)
- Aphodiinae (2)
- Baltoslawische Sprachen (2)
- Banks (2)
- Belize (2)
- Biochemie (2)
- Biodiversität (2)
- Central Europe (2)
- Chirale Symmetrie (2)
- Contagion (2)
- Crowding-out (2)
- Crystallography (2)
- Deflation (2)
- Deutsch (2)
- Englisch (2)
- Eupariini (2)
- Event Study (2)
- Evolutionstheorie (2)
- FT-IR-Spektroskopie (2)
- Financial Crisis (2)
- Fiscal Multiplier (2)
- Formale Semantik (2)
- Funktionale Programmiersprache (2)
- Gestaltwahrnehmung (2)
- Government Spending (2)
- Hepatotoxicity (2)
- Inflation (2)
- Investition (2)
- Japan (2)
- Keynessche Theorie (2)
- Konversation (2)
- Leasing (2)
- Linguistik (2)
- Literatur (2)
- Macroeconomic Modelling (2)
- Mitgliedsstaaten (2)
- Molekulardesign (2)
- Molekulardynamik (2)
- Multicomponent Tree Adjoining Grammar (2)
- Multivariate Probit (2)
- New Keynesian Model (2)
- Nungisch (2)
- Operationale Semantik (2)
- Photosynthese (2)
- Podospora anserina (2)
- Portfolio Choice (2)
- Postulat (2)
- Precautionary Saving (2)
- Procyclicality (2)
- Programmiersprache (2)
- Pufferspeicher (2)
- Quark-Gluon-Plasma (2)
- Reiseliteratur (2)
- Relativistische Hydrodynamik (2)
- Risikoverteilung (2)
- Risk (2)
- Schuldverschreibung (2)
- Schwerionenstoß (2)
- Sehrinde (2)
- Simulated Maximum Likelihood (2)
- Slawische Sprachen (2)
- Syntaktische Analyse (2)
- Syntax (2)
- Südostasien (2)
- Thailand (2)
- Tropische Geometrie (2)
- Uncertainty (2)
- Value at Risk (2)
- Verbraucherschutz (2)
- Virtual Screening (2)
- Yarrowia lipolytica (2)
- abandonment (2)
- aging (2)
- apoptosis (2)
- asymmetric information (2)
- credit risk (2)
- distribution (2)
- financial constraints (2)
- genitalia (2)
- ideology (2)
- international relations (2)
- introduced species (2)
- labor income (2)
- new record (2)
- phytosociology (2)
- recursive utility (2)
- relativistic hydrodynamics (2)
- risk transfer (2)
- self-organization (2)
- semantics (2)
- spiders (2)
- syntaxonomy (2)
- systematic risk (2)
- virtual screening (2)
- Öffentliche Ausgaben (2)
- 1968 (1)
- 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (1)
- 300-800 (1)
- ADAM10 (1)
- ADC (1)
- AIDS (1)
- ATR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Abfindungsspekulation (1)
- Abnormal Returns (1)
- Ackerbau (1)
- Adam (1)
- Adenin (1)
- Adorno (1)
- Affirmative action (1)
- Agroeca gaunitzi (1)
- Agrostion vinealis (1)
- Aktienanlage (1)
- Aktienkurs (1)
- Aktienmarkt (1)
- Aktienrecht (1)
- Algebraisch Diagrammatische Konstrution (1)
- Altes Testament (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- Ameisen (1)
- Ameisenpflanzen (1)
- American Empire (1)
- Amerikanistik (1)
- Aminosäuremetabolismus (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Angebot (1)
- Angeregter Zustand (1)
- Annelids (1)
- Araneae (1)
- Araneomorphae (1)
- Arbeitsgruppe Trockenrasen (1)
- Arbeitslosigkeit (1)
- Archäobotanik (1)
- Argentinien (1)
- Argynnis (1)
- Arten-Umwelt-Beziehung (1)
- Artikulation (1)
- Asian American Literature (1)
- Asset Allocation (1)
- Asset Location (1)
- Assimilation <Phonetik> (1)
- Asynchronous Trading (1)
- Atlas of Odonata of Europe (1)
- Auferstehung (1)
- Ausschluss (1)
- Autistic disorder (1)
- Autopoiesis (1)
- Autorrespeito (1)
- Ayurvedic herbal products (1)
- Ação afirmativa (1)
- BEDT-TTF (1)
- Bankbilanz (1)
- Bayes-Lernen (1)
- Beam dynamics (1)
- Beau Sia (1)
- Beliaev Dämpfung (1)
- Beliaev damping (1)
- Berlese apparatus (1)
- Bertolt Brecht (1)
- Beschneidung (1)
- BetP (1)
- Betain (1)
- Biacore (1)
- Bibliographie (1)
- Bibliothek (1)
- Biglycan (1)
- Bilanz (1)
- Bilanzpolitik (1)
- BioFrankfurt (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biophysik (1)
- Biopolymere (1)
- Biotechnologische Industrie (1)
- Black holes (1)
- Blakiston’s Fish Owl (1)
- Bleikern (1)
- Blocking (1)
- Boltzmann-Gleichung (1)
- Book of lamentations ; Western Semitic languages ; Dead Sea ; Ugaritic language (1)
- Borneo (1)
- Brain tumor (1)
- British Rule in Palestine (1)
- Bryophyta (1)
- Buchführung (1)
- Buckingham’s π-theorem (1)
- Budgetierung (1)
- Bund (1)
- Börse (1)
- Börsenhändler (1)
- Börsenkurs (1)
- CERN (1)
- CERN SPS (1)
- CJT formalism (1)
- CJT-Formalismus (1)
- CVaR (1)
- CXCL16 (1)
- Campylopus brevirameus Dixon (1)
- Carabidae (1)
- Caspase-8 (1)
- Cation coupled symporters (1)
- Causality assessment. (1)
- Cayo (1)
- Central America (1)
- Cerambycidae (1)
- Chabad (1)
- Chassidismus (1)
- Checkliste (1)
- Chemische Analyse (1)
- Chemische Verschiebung (1)
- Child Care (1)
- Children (1)
- Chile (1)
- Chinese Communist Party (1)
- Chinesisch (1)
- Chiral Symmetry (1)
- Chlor (1)
- Chlorophyll (1)
- Christian (1)
- Christianisierung (1)
- Chromodomains (1)
- Cicer arietinum (1)
- Citizenship (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Coccoidea (1)
- Coelotrachelus ixtapalapaensis (1)
- Cointegration (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colombia (1)
- Common Factor Models (1)
- Common Factor Weights (1)
- Complex Systems (1)
- Compound Database (1)
- Computational chemistry (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Computerspiel (1)
- Condensing (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Consumption (1)
- Consumption/Saving Forecast (1)
- Copy number variation (1)
- Coreference annotation (1)
- Corporate Governance (1)
- Correlations (1)
- Cotton Genesis (1)
- Covariance Estimation (1)
- Covenant of circumcision (1)
- Creation (1)
- Credit Crunch (1)
- Credit Default Swaps (1)
- Credit Rating Reasons (1)
- Credit Ratings (1)
- Critical Theory (1)
- Critical theory (1)
- Currency Board (1)
- Cyclopenten (1)
- DEER (1)
- DFWM (1)
- DNA Translocation (1)
- DNS (1)
- DNS-Synthese (1)
- DNS-abhängige-DNS-Polymerasen (1)
- DSGE Models (1)
- Daphnia (1)
- David <Israel, König> (1)
- David Hare (1)
- David Henry / Monsieur Butterfly (1)
- Decorin (1)
- Deletion (1)
- Deutsche Bundesbank (1)
- Diadinoxanthin (1)
- Diagnostics (1)
- Dielectric Boundaries (1)
- Dietary supplements (1)
- Difference (1)
- Differenz (1)
- Dileptonen (1)
- Dileptons (1)
- Dimensionsreduktion (1)
- Dipeptide (1)
- Directors’ remuneration (1)
- Direktinvestition (1)
- Disaggregated Prices (1)
- Discount Broker (1)
- Discretionary Fiscal Policy (1)
- Diskrete Geometrie (1)
- Diskursanalyse (1)
- Distinktives Merkmal (1)
- Dnieper Valley (1)
- Docking (1)
- Domatien (1)
- Down's syndrome (1)
- Dreidimensionale geometrische Modellierung (1)
- Drought (1)
- Druckwerk (1)
- Drugs (1)
- Dynamic transport (1)
- Dynamik (1)
- Dysderidae (1)
- Dytiscidae (1)
- Dünne Schicht (1)
- EEG (1)
- EFP1 (1)
- EGFR vIII (1)
- ER stress (1)
- ESIPT (1)
- Eastern Europe (1)
- Economies of scale (1)
- Ectatosticta (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Education (1)
- Edward W. / Orientalism (1)
- Einbettung <Mathematik> (1)
- Eisen-Schwefel-Zentrum N1a (1)
- Electronic Commerce (1)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Elektronenspinresonanz (1)
- Elektronenspinresonanzspektroskopie (1)
- Elektrostatik (1)
- Elementarteilchenphysik (1)
- Emerging Markets (1)
- Emotionales Verhalten (1)
- Empirical Contract Theory (1)
- Endotheliale Vorläuferzellen (1)
- Energie-Modell (1)
- Englische Literatur (1)
- Ensemble Inequivalance (1)
- Entscheidungsprozess (1)
- Epidermal growth factor receptor (1)
- Epitheca bimaculata (1)
- Equation of state (1)
- Erlebnisbericht (1)
- Erotylidae (1)
- Erotylinae (1)
- Erythromma lindenii (1)
- Ethnicity (1)
- Ethnizität (1)
- Etymologie (1)
- Eupteryx decemnotata (1)
- Euro Area Regional and Sectoral Inflation (1)
- European Central Bank (1)
- European Dry Grassland Group (1)
- European regulation (1)
- Europäische Zentralbank (1)
- Euthanasie (1)
- Eva (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Exemplarmodelle (1)
- Exit Rights (1)
- Extra dimensions (1)
- FCP (Fucoxanthin-Chlorophyll bindende Proteine) (1)
- FCP (Fucoxanthin-Chlorophyll binding Protein) (1)
- FK506 binding protein (1)
- FT-IR-Spectroscopy (1)
- FT-Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- FUL-Modell (1)
- Factor Model (1)
- Factor Models (1)
- Factor Structure (1)
- Fair value accounting (1)
- Fair-Value-Bewertung (1)
- Faunistics (1)
- Female Labor Force Participation (1)
- Femtosekundenspektroskopie (1)
- Fertility (1)
- Fertilität (1)
- Festkörperphysik (1)
- Festkörperunterstützte Membranen (1)
- Festucetum polesicae (1)
- Fibrosis (1)
- Film (1)
- Financial Advice (1)
- Financial Institutions (1)
- Financial Regulation (1)
- Financial crisis (1)
- Financial institutions (1)
- Finanzierung (1)
- Finanzkrise (1)
- Finanzlage (1)
- Finanzplanung (1)
- Firm-specific News (1)
- First Russian Revolution (1)
- Fiscal Policy (1)
- Flaneur <Motiv> (1)
- Flash Memories (1)
- Fluctuation (1)
- Fluctuations (1)
- Fluktuation <Physik> (1)
- Fluoreszenz (1)
- Foreign Assets (1)
- Foreign Exchange Reserves (1)
- Frauenemanzipation (1)
- Frauenerwerbstätigkeit (1)
- Fraßschaden (1)
- Freie Elektrophorese (1)
- Fromm (1)
- Frühgeborenes (1)
- Functional Renormalization Group (1)
- Funktionale Renormierungsgruppe (1)
- Futures Markets (1)
- GMM (1)
- GPCR (1)
- Galietalia veri (1)
- Ganges-Flusssystem (1)
- Gasphase (1)
- Gaussian Process (1)
- Gaussian processes (1)
- Gauß Prozesse (1)
- Gegenwart (1)
- Geldtheorie (1)
- Gemischte Volumen (1)
- Gender (1)
- General (1)
- Genesis (1)
- Genetischer Fingerabdruck (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Gentherapie (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- Geometridae (1)
- German (1)
- Germanistik (1)
- Geschichte (1)
- Geschichte 1800-1900 (1)
- Geschichte 1970-1989 (1)
- Geschichte 1980-2007 (1)
- Geschichte 1996-2006 (1)
- Geschichte 2002 (1)
- Geschichte 2002-2005 (1)
- Geschlechterforschung (1)
- Geselligkeit (1)
- Gesetz der erforderlichen Varietät (1)
- Gestaenge (1)
- Gewässerökologie (1)
- Ghana (1)
- Gordonius rhinocerillus (1)
- Government Spending Multipliers (1)
- Grammatikalisation (1)
- Graphentheorie (1)
- Greek (1)
- Group dynamics (1)
- Gruppendynamiken (1)
- H/D Austausch (1)
- HBT correlation (1)
- HBV (1)
- HCV (1)
- HIV (1)
- HRGXE-Motiv (1)
- Hadron (1)
- Halbleiterreinigung (1)
- Handschrift (1)
- Hanif Kureishi (1)
- Haroldiataenius (1)
- Haskell 98 (1)
- Hauptkomponentenanalyse (1)
- Heavy Ion Collisions (1)
- Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1)
- Heym, Stefan / Der König David Bericht (1)
- High-frequency Data (1)
- Higher Moments (1)
- Hofmeister Effekten (1)
- Hofmeister effects (1)
- Hold-up (1)
- Holozän (1)
- Homologiemodellierung (1)
- Hongkong (1)
- Horkheimer (1)
- HsfA2 (1)
- Hsp17-CII (1)
- Hu Jintao (1)
- Humanität <Motiv> (1)
- Hwang (1)
- Hydrodynamik (1)
- Hypochilidae (1)
- Hysterese (1)
- IGF-1R (1)
- IN-VIVO (1)
- IR/fsMPI (1)
- IT standardization (1)
- Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit <Werk> (1)
- Identical Topology (1)
- Identity (1)
- Identität (1)
- Illokutiver Akt (1)
- Immaterieller Anlagewert (1)
- Immunchemie (1)
- Immunität <Medizin> (1)
- Immunkomplex (1)
- Immunologie (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Impulse Response Function (1)
- Indien (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Industrie-Cluster (1)
- Inflammation (1)
- Information (1)
- Information Shares (1)
- Informationspolitik (1)
- Informationstechnik (1)
- Inhibitor Binding Pocket (1)
- Inhibitorbindetasche (1)
- Innate immunity (1)
- Innovation (1)
- Institution und Technologie (1)
- Intensionale Logik (1)
- Interkulturalität (1)
- Internationaler Kreditmarkt (1)
- Intrinsic Disorder (1)
- Invertebrates (1)
- Investmentfonds (1)
- Investor Sentiment (1)
- Irische Frage <Motiv> (1)
- Irland <Motiv> (1)
- Iron Age (1)
- Islam (1)
- Islamic pluralism (1)
- Jet-Medium-Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Jiddisch (1)
- Jiddistik (1)
- John Willett (1)
- Jumps (1)
- Jüdische Geschichte in Frankfurt am Main ; Judengasse (1)
- Jüdischer Ritus (1)
- Kant, Immanuel (1)
- Kaon (1)
- Kapitalstruktur (1)
- Kassamarkt (1)
- Keltische Sprachen (1)
- Kerala State (1)
- Kern-Kern-Streuung (1)
- Kern-Kern-Stößen (1)
- Kernphysik (1)
- Ketupa blakistoni (1)
- Kieselalgen (1)
- Kinderbetreuung (1)
- Kindheit (1)
- Klagelieder Jeremias ; Talmud ; Tote Meer ; Ugaritisch (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Ko-Evolution (1)
- Kognitive Linguistik (1)
- Kollektivintelligenz (1)
- Konjugation (1)
- Konkurrent (1)
- Konnektionismus (1)
- Kontextuelle Gleichheit (1)
- Kontrastive Pragmatik (1)
- Korpusstudie (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Kostenplanung (1)
- Kovarianzanalyse (1)
- Kraftmikroskopie (1)
- Kramer (1)
- Kreditgeber (1)
- Kreditmarkt (1)
- Kreditwesen (1)
- Kreditwürdigkeitsprüfung (1)
- Kristallografie (1)
- Kristallographie (1)
- Kursanomalie (1)
- Kursbeeinflussung (1)
- Kushner (1)
- Kutner, Luis (1)
- Kybernetik (1)
- Körper <Motiv> (1)
- L1 cell-adhesion molecule (L1-CAM) (1)
- LFG (1)
- LHC (1)
- LOCKED NUCLEIC-ACID (1)
- Ladungstransfer (1)
- Larry (Schriftsteller) (1)
- Laryngal (1)
- Las Cuevas Research Station (1)
- Lautwandel (1)
- Lead Structure (1)
- Lee Hall (1)
- Lehnwort (1)
- Lehrdichtung (1)
- Leistungsbewertung (1)
- Leistungsbilanz (1)
- Lentivirale Vektoren (1)
- Lentiviren (1)
- Leukozyt (1)
- Lexikologie (1)
- Lifeworld (1)
- Ligand (1)
- Light-Harvesting Complex (1)
- Ligurian leafhopper (1)
- Limit Order (1)
- Limit Order Book (1)
- Linkage (1)
- Linkages (1)
- Linyphiidae (1)
- Liquidity Risk (1)
- Liquidität (1)
- Lithographie <Halbleitertechnologie> (1)
- Lophoplusia (1)
- Low birth weight infant (1)
- Lumican (1)
- Lymphozyt (1)
- Lysosomal storage disease (1)
- Lysosomale Speicherkrankheit (1)
- L´evy framework (1)
- MAMMALIAN-CELLS (1)
- MCTAG (1)
- MODIFIED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES (1)
- Macedonian (1)
- Mach cone (1)
- Machkegel (1)
- Macroeconomic Fundamentals (1)
- Macroeconomic Modeling (1)
- Magnetische Kernresonanz (1)
- Makroinvertebraten (1)
- Makromolekül (1)
- Malaiisch (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Managing Innovations (1)
- Manipulation (1)
- Marcuse (1)
- Margaret Cho (1)
- Mark-to-Market (1)
- Mark-to-Market Accounting (1)
- Markov chain imbedding technique (1)
- Markov-Kette (1)
- Maschinelles Lernen (1)
- Mauritius (1)
- Megalographa (1)
- Mehrheitsaktionär (1)
- Membraneproteins (1)
- Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation (1)
- Methionine (1)
- Methode (1)
- Metz (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Meysenbug, Malwida von (1)
- Meysenbug, Malwida von: Eine Reise nach Ostende (1)
- Microglia (1)
- Microstructure (1)
- Middle Eastern biodiversity (1)
- Minderheitsaktionär (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mixed Volumes (1)
- Modalpartikel (1)
- Model Comparison (1)
- Model Risk (1)
- Model Uncertainty (1)
- Modellvergleich (1)
- Molecular imaging (1)
- Molekularbiologie (1)
- Molekülcluster (1)
- Molekülstruktur (1)
- Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (1)
- Monetary Models (1)
- Monetary Policy Rules (1)
- Monetary Targeting (1)
- Money (1)
- Monin-Obukhov scaling (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monographie (1)
- Monoklonaler Antikörper (1)
- Monozyt (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (1)
- Morphem (1)
- Multiple Kernel (1)
- Multiplizität (1)
- Multiproteinkomplex (1)
- Mundo da vida (1)
- Mutagenese (1)
- Mutation (1)
- Mutualismus (1)
- Myanmar (1)
- Myrmekophytie (1)
- Mögliche-Welten-Semantik (1)
- NADH-Dehydrogenase <Ubichinon> (1)
- NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (1)
- NADPH oxidase (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- NMR-spectroscopy (1)
- Nachfrage (1)
- National Park of Gran Sasso (1)
- Natur (1)
- Neotropis (1)
- Nepal (1)
- Nepomnyashchy theorem (1)
- Net Foreign Assets (1)
- Neuer Markt (1)
- Neuer Markt <Börse> (1)
- Neues Produkt (1)
- Neugeborenes (1)
- Neurotransmitter-Rezeptor (1)
- Neutron Star (1)
- Neutronenstern (1)
- New Economy (1)
- New genus (1)
- New-Keynesian Model (1)
- New-Keynesian Models (1)
- News Sentiment (1)
- Nichtdeterminismus (1)
- Niederländisch (1)
- Nitroxylradikal (1)
- Nominalisierung (1)
- Normalkoordinatenanalyse (1)
- Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (1)
- Nutzen (1)
- Nutzenmaximierung (1)
- O(2) Modell (1)
- O(2) model (1)
- O-methyltransferase (1)
- OmpF (1)
- OmpG (1)
- Online Algorithms (1)
- Operophtera brumata (1)
- Organisationsentwicklung (1)
- Organisationsgestaltung (1)
- Organisationshandeln (1)
- Organisationswandel (1)
- Ortspezifische Mutagenese (1)
- Osmosensor (1)
- Ottoman Period (1)
- Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 Membrane Insertases (1)
- Oxidative stress (1)
- Oxidativer Stress (1)
- Ozon (1)
- PASSENGER-STRAND (1)
- PCFG (1)
- PDI (1)
- PELDOR (1)
- PET (1)
- PINK1 (1)
- Paging Algorithms (1)
- Pairwise Sequence Alignment (1)
- Par-4 (1)
- Parataenius (1)
- Parkin (1)
- Parkinson’s disease (1)
- Patientenverfügung (1)
- Peninsular India (1)
- Perception (1)
- Permanent Income Hypothesis (1)
- Permeasen (1)
- Permutation (1)
- Perspektivierung (1)
- Persönlichkeitsfaktor (1)
- Pfadintegral (1)
- Pflanzenameisen (1)
- Pflanzenhormon (1)
- Pflanzenphysiologie (1)
- Pflanzenstress (1)
- Phase transition (1)
- Phasenumwandlung (1)
- Phonetics (1)
- Phonologie (1)
- Phonology (1)
- Photoresist (1)
- Photosynthesis (1)
- Photosynthetisches Reaktionszentrum (1)
- Photosystem I (1)
- Physik (1)
- Physiologische Psychologie (1)
- Pion (1)
- Plants (1)
- Planungsrechnung (1)
- Plastic bottles (1)
- Plastic packaging (1)
- Platycorypha nigrivirga (1)
- Podillya (1)
- Poisson-Gleichung (1)
- Poland (1)
- Polarkoordinaten (1)
- Policy Rules (1)
- Policy Under Uncertainty (1)
- Polissya (1)
- Pollenanalyse (1)
- Polnisch (1)
- Polyedrische Kombinatorik (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- Polymere (1)
- Polymorphs (1)
- Populationsdynamiken (1)
- Porin (1)
- Portfolio Selection (1)
- Portfoliomanagement (1)
- Potamopyrgus antipodarum (1)
- Prandtl-Obukhov-Priestley scaling (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Preisbildung (1)
- Preisänderung (1)
- Preseniline (1)
- Present (1)
- Pressemitteilungen (1)
- Price Impact (1)
- Price Stability (1)
- Priming-Experimente (1)
- Projektionen (1)
- Protein Domains (1)
- Protein Folding (1)
- Protein Motifs (1)
- Protein Targeting (1)
- Protein Translocation (1)
- Protein-Lipid Wechselwirkung (1)
- Protein-Protein Interactions (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinregulation (1)
- Präsupposition (1)
- Pseudataenius (1)
- Pseudorotation (1)
- Pseudotypisierung (1)
- Pyrrolidin (1)
- QCAZ Museum (1)
- Quantenchemie (1)
- Quantification (1)
- Quantitative Easing (1)
- Quantity Theory (1)
- Quark <Physik> (1)
- Quark deconfinement (1)
- Quarkconfinement (1)
- R&D Collaboration (1)
- REITs (1)
- RNA (1)
- RNS (1)
- Rabbi Nachman of Breslov (1)
- Range Concatenation Grammar (1)
- Reagan (1)
- Realized Kernel (1)
- Recognition (1)
- Reconhecimento (1)
- Reconstitution (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Reduktion (1)
- Reduktion <Linguistik> (1)
- Regularization (1)
- Regulatory agencies. (1)
- Reibelaut (1)
- Rekonstitution (1)
- Relative Preisvariabilität (1)
- Relative Price Variability (1)
- Religion (1)
- Religionswissenschaft (1)
- Religious Studies (1)
- Renormierungsgruppe (1)
- Rent-Seeking (1)
- Resistenz (1)
- Resonances (1)
- Resonanzen (1)
- Resurrection (1)
- Retirement Accounts (1)
- Return Predictability (1)
- Reversible Terminatoren (1)
- Revision (1)
- Revolution <1848, Motiv> (1)
- Rezeptor (1)
- Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinasen (1)
- Rhetorik (1)
- Ringtheorie (1)
- Risiko (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- River Rhine (1)
- Robert David MacDonald (1)
- Robustness (1)
- Ronald (1)
- Rutelinae (1)
- Rènyi mutual information (1)
- Réunion (1)
- SAGE (1)
- SMALL INTERFERING RNA (1)
- STRUCTURAL BASIS (1)
- Sachbearbeiter (1)
- Sachs, Hans (1)
- Safety perspectives (1)
- Said (1)
- Salomo <Israel, König> (1)
- Salt stress (1)
- Salztress (1)
- Sammlung (1)
- Samuel <Buch>, I. II. (1)
- Satz von Nepomnyashchy (1)
- Scarabaeinae (1)
- Schmierläuse (1)
- Schulden (1)
- Schwerionenkollisionen (1)
- Schätzfunktion (1)
- Screening (1)
- Secondary Structure (1)
- Seitenersetzungsstrategie (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Selbst-Organisation (1)
- Selection (1)
- Self-respect (1)
- Semiparametric Model (1)
- Septische Granulomatose (1)
- Sequenzanalyse <Chemie> (1)
- Sequenzierung durch Synthese (1)
- Serienmörder (1)
- Sexual Citizenship (1)
- Seychelles (1)
- Signal Recognition Particle (1)
- Signaling (1)
- Signaltransduktion (1)
- Simple Range Concatenation Grammar (1)
- Skalenertrag (1)
- Sloppiness (1)
- Smads (1)
- Small Open Economy Models (1)
- Sociability (1)
- Social Terrorism (1)
- Social technologies (1)
- Softwarehaus (1)
- Softwareindustrie (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (1)
- Sorben (1)
- South East Asia (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Sovereign Wealth Funds (1)
- Soviet Union (1)
- Sparen (1)
- Sparkasse (1)
- Speicherring (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Sprachgemeinschaft (1)
- Sprachproduktion (1)
- Sprachwahrnehmung (1)
- Sprachwandel (1)
- Sprechakte (1)
- Sprechaktklassifikation (1)
- Spreech Akte (1)
- Squeeze-Out (1)
- Stabilisierung (1)
- Standardisierung (1)
- Statistische Mechanik (1)
- Stipion lessingianae (1)
- Stochastic Volatility (1)
- Storage ring (1)
- Strahldynamik (1)
- Stressreaktion (1)
- Structure-based Mutagenesis Study (1)
- Sumatra (1)
- Sumoylation (1)
- Sumoylierung (1)
- SuperSAGE (1)
- Support Vector Regression (1)
- Support Vector Regression Model (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- Sydney Stock Exchange (1)
- Symbiose (1)
- Symmetriebrechung (1)
- Symposium (1)
- Systematics (1)
- Sünde (1)
- TDDFT (1)
- TGFβ (1)
- TMDD (1)
- TMDD spatial and temporal concentration variations (1)
- Tagesgeschäft (1)
- Tageswert (1)
- Takens-Grassberger correlation integral (1)
- Tarim (1)
- Taxonomie (1)
- Tecnologias sociais (1)
- Teilchen (1)
- Teilchenerzeugung (1)
- Temperaturbeständigkeit (1)
- Teoria crítica (1)
- Term Structure Modelling (1)
- Terminmarkt (1)
- Terrorism (1)
- Theoretical physics (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thermal Stability (1)
- Thermodynamische Eigenschaft (1)
- Threshold Error Correction (1)
- Tipu psyllid (1)
- Tipuana tipu (1)
- Tony <Schriftsteller> / Angels in America (1)
- Toroidal magnetic field (1)
- Toroidalen Magnetfeld (1)
- Trade-sale Rights (1)
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (1)
- Transcriptional activity (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transduktion B Zellen (1)
- Translating drama (1)
- Translation studies (1)
- Transmissionsmechanismus (1)
- Transport Approach (1)
- Transportmodellen (1)
- Transportprozess (1)
- Tree Adjoining Grammar (1)
- Tristanepik (1)
- Trockenstress (1)
- Tropical bases (1)
- Tropische Basen (1)
- Trust (1)
- Tumorsuppressor-Gen (1)
- Type specimens (1)
- Ubichinonbindetasche (1)
- Ubiquinone Binding Pocket (1)
- Ultraviolettspektroskop (1)
- Unternehmenserfolg (1)
- Unternehmensgründung (1)
- Unternehmenswachstum (1)
- Vagueness (1)
- Vakuumdeposition (1)
- Varietät (1)
- Vaskulogenese (1)
- Vegetationsgeschichte (1)
- Venture Capital (1)
- Verbrauch (1)
- Vergütung (1)
- Vertical R&D (1)
- Vertrag (1)
- Vertrauen (1)
- Videospiel (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Volatility (1)
- Volatilität (1)
- Vormärz (1)
- Vorteil (1)
- War Of Independence (1)
- Weiche Materie (1)
- Wertpapiermarkt (1)
- Wertpapierportefeuille (1)
- West Indies (1)
- Wettbewerb (1)
- Whole genome association (1)
- Wirtschaftsgut (1)
- Wirtschaftsmodell (1)
- Wirtschaftssektor (1)
- Wirtspflanzen (1)
- Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1)
- World War I (1)
- World War II (1)
- X-Ray Structure (1)
- Xenoestrogens (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- Xiongnu (1)
- YIVO (1)
- Yeast estrogen screen (1)
- Yield Curve Risk (1)
- Zele deceptor (1)
- Zellfreies System (1)
- Zero Bound (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zinsänderungsrisiko (1)
- a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) (1)
- absent expenditure of material (1)
- acidic sand (1)
- activity (1)
- activity homeostasis (1)
- acute wounds (1)
- ageing (1)
- aggression (1)
- agualaniata (1)
- algebraic diagrammatic construction (1)
- algorithmic trading (1)
- allosterischer Modulator (1)
- ambiguity (1)
- amino acids (1)
- analgesics (1)
- angiogenesis (1)
- ant-plants (1)
- anther development (1)
- anticoagulants (1)
- artificially completed markets (1)
- atmospheric surface layer (1)
- augmentation materials (1)
- automata (1)
- autophagy (1)
- autopoiesis (1)
- back pain (1)
- bacterial autotransporter (1)
- beetles (1)
- behavior (1)
- behavioral performance (1)
- bibliography (1)
- bidirectional plasticity (1)
- biloba (1)
- bio polymer (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biodiversity education (1)
- biodiversity network (1)
- biodiversity networks (1)
- biodiversity research (1)
- biological models (1)
- blood coagulation (1)
- bonaerensis (1)
- bottles (1)
- brackish water (1)
- brain imaging (1)
- branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (1)
- campesterol (1)
- capital structure (1)
- caspase-8 (1)
- centaur (1)
- certainty equivalents (1)
- checklist (1)
- chemical shifts (1)
- chemische Charakterisierung (1)
- childhood (1)
- chiral symmetry (1)
- cholestanol (1)
- cholesterol absorption (1)
- cholesterol synthesis (1)
- christliche Kunst (1)
- chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs (1)
- chronic wounds (1)
- classification (1)
- clustering (1)
- coagulation process (1)
- coauthor ship (1)
- cognition (1)
- collective intelligence (1)
- communication complexity (1)
- competitive learning (1)
- computational neuroscience (1)
- computer simulation (1)
- concurrency (1)
- conduct disorder (1)
- conference report (1)
- conformation (1)
- congestion externality (1)
- contact-free method (1)
- contextual equivalence (1)
- corporate governance (1)
- cortex (1)
- cost and profit efficiency (1)
- cost efficiency (1)
- credit access (1)
- creusa (1)
- critical systems (1)
- current account fluctuations (1)
- cycle structure of permutations (1)
- data streams (1)
- deliberative democracy (1)
- dementia (1)
- democratic governance (1)
- density-dependent predation (1)
- diabetic nephropathy (1)
- diatom (1)
- dichoptic visual stimulation (1)
- different genotypes (1)
- dimensional π-invariants analysis (1)
- dipeptide (1)
- disclosure (1)
- discrete dynamical system (1)
- domatia (1)
- dragonfly (1)
- dragonfly fauna (1)
- dry grassland (1)
- dune vegetation (1)
- dynamic investment (1)
- dynamic programming (1)
- dynamics (1)
- ecology (1)
- economies of scale (1)
- education (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- electronic markets (1)
- endliche metrische Räume (1)
- endocarditis (1)
- endocrine disrupting chemicals (1)
- endothial precursor cells (1)
- energy supply (1)
- equity prices (1)
- estradiol equivalents (1)
- excited states (1)
- explicit performatives (1)
- explizite Performative (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- facial prosthesis (1)
- feature selection (1)
- filters (1)
- fission (1)
- fixed effects regression (1)
- flavonoids (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- food consumption (1)
- food quality (1)
- forest Lepidoptera (1)
- forming a group (1)
- free-solution electrophoresis (1)
- freshwater (1)
- fritillary (1)
- fusion (1)
- futures (1)
- gamma (1)
- gene therapy (1)
- genetransfer (1)
- geraensis (1)
- global imaginary (1)
- global justice (1)
- globalization (1)
- grammar acquisistion (1)
- grazing (1)
- greenhouse (1)
- h-index (1)
- habitat (1)
- hadronic transport approach (1)
- haskell (1)
- healthcare worker (1)
- heat stress (1)
- heavy ion collisions (1)
- heavy-ion collision (1)
- hedonic translog cost function (1)
- history (1)
- holotype (1)
- housing (1)
- human exposure (1)
- hybrid approach (1)
- hydrodynamics (1)
- immunomodulatory effects (1)
- impact factor (1)
- implanto-prosthetic therapy (1)
- in vitro effects (1)
- in vivo screen (1)
- incomplete markets (1)
- indirect analysis of succession (1)
- industrial cluster (1)
- infection defense (1)
- inflammation (1)
- infrared thermography (1)
- infrared-A radiation (1)
- inquilinism (1)
- institution and technology (1)
- integral similarity functions (1)
- interacting bosons (1)
- intervertebral disc (1)
- intravital microscopy (1)
- intrinsic plasticity (1)
- investment management company (1)
- jet-medium interactions (1)
- jewel scarab (1)
- jihadist globalism (1)
- justice globalism (1)
- kern-basiertes Lernen (1)
- kernel learning (1)
- knock-out (1)
- kritische Systeme (1)
- lactose permease (1)
- lambda calculus (1)
- land use history (1)
- language community (1)
- lathosterol (1)
- law of requisite variety (1)
- leasing (1)
- legitimacy (1)
- lentiviral vector (1)
- lentiviral vectors (1)
- lentivirale Vektoren (1)
- lexical-functional grammar (1)
- life-cycle decisions (1)
- ligand (1)
- ligand interactions (1)
- lipoproteins (1)
- litter sieving (1)
- local field potential (1)
- low birth weight infant (1)
- lower bounds (1)
- machine models (1)
- macromoleculs (1)
- macrophages (1)
- manifold and geodesic (1)
- market globalism (1)
- matching frictions (1)
- maternal density effects (1)
- mega-terror attacks (1)
- melibiose permease (1)
- metabotroper Glutamatrezeptor (1)
- metabotropic (1)
- microcirculation (1)
- mimicry (1)
- mineral water (1)
- mineral waters (1)
- mino acid metabolism (first pass) (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- mitochondrial dynamics (1)
- modeling (1)
- modernity (1)
- molecular conformation (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- molecular structure (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monocytes (1)
- monte carlo simulation (1)
- morphology (1)
- mountain birch (1)
- multi-agents system (1)
- multicomponent rewriting (1)
- mutual fund complex (1)
- mutualism (1)
- myocarditis (1)
- myrmecophytes (1)
- national imaginary (1)
- nature conservation (1)
- nature museums (1)
- neonatal septic shock (1)
- neuropathic pain (1)
- new combinations (1)
- new genus (1)
- new synonym (1)
- new synonymy (1)
- newborn infant (1)
- non-determinism (1)
- nondeterministic finite automata (1)
- nonlinear dynamics (1)
- nonylphenol (1)
- normalization (1)
- nuclear physics (1)
- nuclear translocation (1)
- optimal consumption and investment (1)
- optimal monetary policy (1)
- order submission (1)
- original sin (1)
- oscillations (1)
- oxygen supply (1)
- ozone (1)
- p38 MAP kinase (1)
- p63 (1)
- panel vector autoregression (1)
- parsing (1)
- path integral (1)
- patristic (1)
- pattern (1)
- pericarditis (1)
- peroxisom proliferator aktivierter Rezeptor (1)
- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (1)
- pertussis (1)
- phagocytosis (1)
- phenotypes (1)
- phytosterols (1)
- pine plantation (1)
- plant species diversity (1)
- plant-ants (1)
- plasticisers (1)
- podocytes (1)
- polar coordinates (1)
- pollen (1)
- polychaetes (1)
- polyelectrolyte (1)
- polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- population cycles (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- portfolio choice (1)
- potential fecundity (1)
- pragmatics (1)
- precision (1)
- prefrontal cortex (1)
- premature infant (1)
- presenilin (PS)/gamma-secretase activity (1)
- primary tubular cells (1)
- problem wounds (1)
- process approximation (1)
- product market competition (1)
- programming languages design (1)
- projections (1)
- proliferation of prefixes (1)
- prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind studies (1)
- protein C (1)
- protein flexibilty (1)
- protein targeting (1)
- protein trafficking (1)
- protein-ligand docking (1)
- pseudotyping (1)
- psychiatry (1)
- public awareness (1)
- public banks (1)
- public sphere (1)
- pump-probe spectroscopy (1)
- pupal predation (1)
- quality of life (1)
- quantum biology (1)
- quark-gluon plasma (1)
- random metric (1)
- rapamycin (1)
- re-description (1)
- recurrent neural networks (1)
- reduction of pain (1)
- renal fibrosis (1)
- reproduction (1)
- reservoir computing (1)
- resist characterisation (1)
- resist stripping (1)
- reversible terminators (1)
- review (1)
- revision (1)
- rna (1)
- rotational coherence spectroscopy (1)
- rusina (1)
- sage leafhopper (1)
- sandy dry grassland (1)
- savings banks (1)
- scarab beetle (1)
- scientific communication (1)
- scientometrics (1)
- scoring function (1)
- securities trading (1)
- self-citation (1)
- self-organizing groups; population dynamics; collective intelligence; forming groups; metric on finite sets (1)
- semi-dry grassland (1)
- sequence analysis (1)
- sequencing-by-synthesis (1)
- serial killer (1)
- sheep grazing (1)
- shrub encroachment (1)
- signal peptide (1)
- similarity functions (1)
- similarity hypotheses (1)
- simulation (1)
- sitosterol (1)
- skipper (1)
- small business lending (1)
- social systems (1)
- solid-supported membrane (1)
- source analysis (1)
- southern United States (1)
- species (1)
- species list (1)
- species-environment relationships (1)
- spectrum analysis (1)
- speech acts (1)
- statement (1)
- stimulus coding (1)
- stochastic differential utility (1)
- structure modeling (1)
- subgenera (1)
- succession stage (1)
- surface layer turbulence (1)
- synaptic plasticity (1)
- synchorology (1)
- synchrony (1)
- synonyms (1)
- targeted cell entry (1)
- temperature (1)
- terror-supporting nations (1)
- textiles (1)
- the set disjointness problem (1)
- thermal and non-thermal effects (1)
- thermic and non-thermic effects (1)
- thermographic image analysis (1)
- thin film (1)
- thioredoxin (1)
- thrombin (1)
- time series prediction (1)
- time-dependent density functional theory (1)
- tissue blood flow (1)
- tissue oxygen partial pressure (1)
- tissue temperature (1)
- tomato (1)
- transduction B cells (1)
- transfer (1)
- transitional society (1)
- transmembran (1)
- tree removal (1)
- treebanks (1)
- tritrophic interactions (1)
- trousers (1)
- type species (1)
- umweltfreundliche Chemie (1)
- unsupervised learning (1)
- vaccine uptake rate (1)
- vacuum deposition (1)
- vasculogenesis (1)
- vegetation classification (1)
- vegetation database (1)
- venture capital (1)
- vertebralis (1)
- verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren (1)
- video goggles (1)
- violence (1)
- virtuelles Screening (1)
- visual (1)
- visual analogue scales (VAS) (1)
- visual memory (1)
- visual short-term memory (1)
- vulnerability (1)
- wall hanging (1)
- water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) (1)
- wechselwirkende Bosonen (1)
- welfare loss (1)
- working memory (1)
- wound exudation (1)
- wound healing (1)
- wound infections (1)
- xCGD (1)
- zeitabhängige Dichtefunktional-Theorie (1)
- zielgerichteter Zelleintritt (1)
- Übersetzung (1)
- β -Diketiminate (1)
Institute
- Medizin (112)
- Biochemie und Chemie (111)
- Biowissenschaften (42)
- Physik (42)
- Geowissenschaften (41)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (35)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (27)
- Informatik (21)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (21)
- E-Finance Lab e.V. (20)
The title compound, C20H22O2, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. In each molecule, all the non-H atoms lie in a common plane (r.m.s. deviations of 0.098 and 0.079 Å). There is a [pi]-[pi] stacking interaction in the crystal structure. The central aromatic rings of the two molecules, which are stacked head-to-tail one above the other, are separated by centroid-to-centroid distances of 3.872 (13) and 3.999 (10) Å. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.003 A° ; R factor = 0.044; wR factor = 0.101; data-to-parameter ratio = 14.6.
The title compound, C14H20O3, is a synthetic analogue with a long aliphatic side chain of the important food additive and flavoring agent, vanillin. There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, each having an essentially planar conformation (r.m.s. deviations of 0.023 and 0.051Å for all non-H atoms of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit). Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.002 A°; R factor = 0.049; wR factor = 0.144; data-to-parameter ratio = 15.9.
The utilization of Ginkgo biloba in medicinal practice dates back to 1505 A.D. Ironically, the mechanisms of action of Ginkgo are not fully clarified till now. Nowadays, Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts are mainly indicated for mild to moderate cerebrovascular insufficiency and different forms of dementia. The fact that it is an herbal extract composed of several different components indeed adds to the intricacy of finding its mechanisms of actions. Indisputably, many scientists tried to elucidate the mechanisms of actions of Ginkgo. The first step to achieve this goal was to standardize the leaf extract. The standardized Ginkgo leaf extract contains 22-27 % flavonol glycosides, 2.8-3.4 % of ginkgolide A, B and C, as well as approximately 2.6-3.2 % bilobalide and below 5 ppm ginkgolic acids. A widespread standardized Ginkgo extract is the EGb 761, which was utilized in the current work. One of the earliest proposed mechanisms is the ability of the Ginkgo extract to act as an anti-oxidant, which could be explained by its high flavonoid contents. However, without doubt EGb 761 encompasses other characteristics which distinguish it from other herbal extracts that are also rich in flavonoids. Since free radicals and reactive oxygen species are highly associated with the mitochondrial functions, examination of the effect of EGb 761 on mitochondrial functions was lately addressed. Moreover, this was encouraged as the link between Alzheimer’s disease [AD] and the mitochondria started to emerge. Previously, our group observed mitochondrial protective actions of EGb 761 on cell culture in vitro. Furthermore, anti-apoptotic effects were previously described for EGb 761. However, only very few studies addressed the single constituents and their effect on mitochondrial functions. Flavonoids were studied in several other plant extracts and their radical scavenging activity is unquestionable, but EGb 761 has anti-apoptotic actions which may be attributed to its terpenoid fraction. Exclusively found in the Ginkgo plant, are the ginkgolides and therefore their actions are not yet fully elucidated. Moreover, those who attempted to address these constituents concentrated on one or two candidates, for example bilobalide or ginkgolide B and ignored the rest. Unfortunately, this led to incomplete results, and one couldn’t compare the relative activities of all EGb 761 components in order to state whether all the components are effective or not. ...
Specific functions of biological systems often require conformational transitions of macromolecules. Thus, being able to describe and predict conformational changes of biological macromolecules is not only important for understanding their impact on biological function, but will also have implications for the modelling of (macro)molecular complex formation and in structure-based drug design approaches. The “conformational selection model” provides the foundation for computational investigations of conformational fluctuations of the unbound protein state. These fluctuations may reveal conformational states adopted by the bound proteins. The aim of this work is to incorporate directional information in a geometry-based approach, in order to sample biologically relevant conformational space extensively. Interestingly, coarse-grained normal mode (CGNM) approaches, e.g., the elastic network model (ENM) and rigid cluster normal mode analysis (RCNMA), have emerged recently and provide directions of intrinsic motions in terms of harmonic modes (also called normal modes). In my previous work and in other studies it has been shown that conformational changes upon ligand binding occur along a few low-energy modes of unbound proteins and can be efficiently calculated by CGNM approaches. In order to explore the validity and the applicability of CGNM approaches, a large-scale comparison of essential dynamics (ED) modes from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and normal modes from CGNM was performed over a dataset of 335 proteins. Despite high coarse-graining, low frequency normal modes from CGNM correlate very well with ED modes in terms of directions of motions (average maximal overlap is 0.65) and relative amplitudes of motions (average maximal overlap is 0.73). In order to exploit the potential of CGNM approaches, I have developed a three-step approach for efficient exploration of intrinsic motions of proteins. The first two steps are based on recent developments in rigidity and elastic network theory. Initially, static properties of the protein are determined by decomposing the protein into rigid clusters using the graph-theoretical approach FIRST at an all-atom representation of the protein. In a second step, dynamic properties of the molecule are revealed by the rotations-translations of blocks approach (RTB) using an elastic network model representation of the coarse-grained protein. In the final step, the recently introduced idea of constrained geometric simulations of diffusive motions in proteins is extended for efficient sampling of conformational space. Here, the low-energy (frequency) normal modes provided by the RCNMA approach are used to guide the backbone motions. The NMSim approach was validated on hen egg white lysozyme by comparing it to previously mentioned simulation methods in terms of residue fluctuations, conformational space explorations, essential dynamics, sampling of side-chain rotamers, and structural quality. Residue fluctuations in NMSim generated ensemble is found to be in good agreement with MD fluctuations with a correlation coefficient of around 0.79. A comparison of different geometry-based simulation approaches shows that FRODA is restricted in sampling the backbone conformational space. CONCOORD is restricted in sampling the side-chain conformational space. NMSim sufficiently samples both the backbone and the side-chain conformations taking experimental structures and conformations from the state of the art MD simulation as reference. The NMSim approach is also applied to a dataset of proteins where conformational changes have been observed experimentally, either in domain or functionally important loop regions. The NMSim simulations starting from the unbound structures are able to reach conformations similar to ligand bound conformations (RMSD < 2.4 Å) in 4 out of 5 cases of domain moving proteins. In these four cases, good correlation coefficients (R > 0.7) between the RMS fluctuations derived from NMSim generated structures and two experimental structures are observed. Furthermore, intrinsic fluctuations in NMSim simulation correlate with the region of loop conformational changes observed upon ligand binding in 2 out of 3 cases. The NMSim generated pathway of conformational change from the unbound structure to the ligand bound structure of adenylate kinase is validated by a comparison to experimental structures reflecting different states of the pathway as proposed by previous studies. Interestingly, the generated pathway confirms that the LID domain closure precedes the closing of the NMPbind domain, even if no target conformation is provided in NMSim. Hence, the results in this study show that, incorporating directional information in the geometry-based approach NMSim improves the sampling of biologically relevant conformational space and provides a computationally efficient alternative to state of the art MD simulations.
Modelling protein flexibility and plasticity is computationally challenging but important for understanding the function of biological systems. Furthermore, it has great implications for the prediction of (macro) molecular complex formation. Recently, coarse-grained normal mode approaches have emerged as efficient alternatives for investigating large-scale conformational changes for which more accurate methods like MD simulation are limited due to their computational burden. We have developed a Normal Mode based Simulation (NMSim) approach for efficient conformation generation of macromolecules. Combinations of low energy normal modes are used to guide a simulation pathway, whereas an efficient constraints correction approach is applied to generate stereochemically allowed conformations. Non-covalent bonds like hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic tethers and phi-psi favourable regions are also modelled as constraints. Conformations from our approach were compared with a 10 ns MD trajectory of lysozyme. A 2-D RMSD plot shows a good overlap of conformational space, and rms fluctuations of residues show a correlation coefficient of 0.78 between the two sets of conformations. Furthermore, a comparison of NMSim simulations starting from apo structures of different proteins show that ligand-bound conformations can be sampled for those cases where conformational changes are mainly correlated, e.g., domain-like motion in adenylate kinase. Efforts are currently being made to also model localized but functionally important motions for protein binding pockets and protein-protein interfaces using relevant normal mode selection criteria and implicit rotamer basin creation.
Background Endothelium-derived nitric oxide plays an important role for the bone marrow microenvironment. Since several important effects of nitric oxide are mediated by cGMP-dependent pathways, we investigated the role of the cGMP downstream effector cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) on postnatal neovascularization. Methodology/Principal Findings In a disc neovascularization model, cGKI -/- mice showed an impaired neovascularization as compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates. Infusion of WT, but not cGKI -/- bone marrow progenitors rescued the impaired ingrowth of new vessels in cGKI-deficient mice. Bone marrow progenitors from cGKI -/- mice showed reduced proliferation and survival rates. In addition, we used cGKI alpha leucine zipper mutant (LZM) mice as model for cGKI deficiency. LZM mice harbor a mutation in the cGKI alpha leucine zipper that prevents interaction with downstream signaling molecules. Consistently, LZM mice exhibited reduced numbers of vasculogenic progenitors and impaired neovascularization following hindlimb ischemia compared to WT mice. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate that the cGMP-cGKI pathway is critical for postnatal neovascularization and establish a new role for cGKI in vasculogenesis, which is mediated by bone marrow-derived progenitors.
4-(4-Nitrophenoxy)biphenyl
(2009)
The two phenyl rings of the biphenyl unit of the title compound, C18H13NO3, are almost coplanar [dihedral angle 6.70 (9)°]. The nitrophenyl ring, on the other hand, is significantly twisted out of the plane of the these two rings, making dihedral angles of 68.83 (4)° with the middle ring and 62.86 (4)° with the end ring. The nitro group is twisted by 12.1 (2)° out of the plane of the phenyl ring to which it is attached. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.002 A° ; R factor = 0.040; wR factor = 0.118; data-to-parameter ratio = 12.8.
The Wages of Corruption
(2009)
Corruption is endemic in Cameroon. Twice, Transparency International have accorded the country the infamous first place in corruption. As one of many concerned Cameroonians, Sammy Oke Akombi was moved and they realized that something was in fact wrong somewhere and something had to be done somehow. This collection of short stories is his contribution to the collective resolve by concerned Cameroonians to wage a war against this most unusual friend of fairness. The stories seek to elicit awareness about a social ill that is ironically championed by the very politicians, functionaries, educator, leaders and power elite whose duty it is to keep society healthy and on the rails. The stories are on corruption in different segments of society and about the people who perpetrate it. Almost everyone is immersed in it and so must make every effort to resurface from it. It takes only the will to stay alive because the wages of corruption like any other sin can only be death.
Starting from the first observation of the halo phenomenon 20 years ago, more and more neutron-rich light nuclei were observed. The study of unstable nuclear systems beyond the dripline is a relatively new branch of nuclear physics. In the present work, the results of an experiment at GSI (Darmstadt) with relativistic beams of the halo nuclei 8He, 11Li and 14Be with energies of 240, 280 and 305 MeV/nucleon, respectively, impinging on a liquid hydrogen target are discussed. Neutron/proton knockout reactions lead to the formation of unbound systems, followed by their immediate decay. The experimental setup, consisting of the neutron detector LAND, the dipole spectrometer ALADIN and different types of tracking detectors, allows the reconstruction of the momentum vectors of all reaction products measured in coincidence. The properties of unbound nuclei are investigated by reconstructing the relative-energy spectra as well as by studying the angular correlations between the reaction products. The observed systems are 9He, 10He, 10Li, 12Li and 13Li. The isotopes 12Li and 13Li are observed for the first time. They are produced in the 1H(14Be, 2pn)12Li and 1H(14Be, 2p)13Li knockout reactions. The obtained relative-energy spectrum of 12Li is described as a single virtual s-state with a scattering length of as = -22;13.7(1.6) fm. The spectrum of 13Li is interpreted as a resonance at an energy of Er = 1.47(13) MeV and a width of Gamma ~ 2 MeV superimposed on a broad correlated background distribution. The isotope 10Li is observed after one-neutron knockout from the halo nucleus 11Li. The obtained relative-energy spectrum is described by a low-lying virtual s-state with a scattering length as = -22.4(4.8) fm and a p-wave resonance with Er = 0.566(14) MeV and Gamma = 0.548(30) MeV, in agreement with previous experiments. The observation of the nucleus 8He in coincidence with one or two neutrons, as a result of proton knockout from 11Li, allows to reconstruct the relative-energy spectra for the heavy helium isotopes, 9He and 10He. The low-energy part of the 9He spectrum is described by a virtual s-state with a scattering length as = -3.16(78) fm. In addition, two resonance states with l 6= 0 at energies of 1.33(8) and 2.4 MeV are observed. For the 10He spectrum, two interpretations are possible. It can be interpreted as a superposition of a narrow resonance at 1.42(10) MeV and a broad correlated background distribution. Alternatively, the spectrum is being well described by two resonances at energies of 1.54(11) and 3.99(26) MeV. Additionally, three-body energy and angular correlations in 10He and 13Li nuclei at the region of the ground state (0 < ECnn < 3 MeV) are studied, providing information about structure of these unbound nuclear systems.
Word formation in Distributed Morphology (see Arad 2005, Marantz 2001, Embick 2008): 1. Language has atomic, non-decomposable, elements = roots. 2. Roots combine with the functional vocabulary and build larger elements. 3. Roots are category neutral. They are then categorized by combining with category defining functional heads.