590 search hits
-
Transfer entropy - a model-free measure of effective connectivity for the neurosciences
(2010)
-
Raul Vicente
Michael Wibral
Michael Lindner
Gordon Pipa
- Understanding causal relationships, or effective connectivity, between parts of the brain is of utmost importance because a large part of the brain’s activity is thought to be internally generated and, hence, quantifying stimulus response relationships alone does not fully describe brain dynamics. Past efforts to determine effective connectivity mostly relied on model based approaches such as Granger causality or dynamic causal modeling. Transfer entropy (TE) is an alternative measure of effective connectivity based on information theory. TE does not require a model of the interaction and is inherently non-linear. We investigated the applicability of TE as a metric in a test for effective connectivity to electrophysiological data based on simulations and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings in a simple motor task. In particular, we demonstrate that TE improved the detectability of effective connectivity for non-linear interactions, and for sensor level MEG signals where linear methods are hampered by signal-cross-talk due to volume conduction.
-
A eterna busca da Verdade em "Die Lehrlinge zu Saïs" de Novalis
(2010)
-
Natália Corrêa Porto Sanches Fadel
- O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar como se dá a questão da busca do conhecimento ilustrada pela figura da deusa Saïs no fragmento de romance de Novalis 'Die Lehrlinge zu Saïs', escrito em 1801. Em nossa investigação, traçamos um paralelo entre o uso alegórico do mito de Saïs em Novalis e no poema de Schiller 'Das verschleierte Bild zu Saïs', a fim de melhor caracterizar o conceito de verdade novalisiano. Por fim, procuramos analisar o conto de fadas 'Hyazinth und Rosenblüte', que se encontra no interior da narrativa em questão, uma vez que nele se dá o encontro ideal da Verdade almejado pelos poetas do primeiro-romantismo alemão, em especial, por Novalis.
-
Hermenêutica e anti-hermenêutica : Friedrich Schlegel e Schleiermacher
(2010)
-
Wilma Patricia Maas
- A fortuna crítica de Friedrich Schlegel é rica em alusões a sua relação com Schleiermacher. Ambos conviveram em Berlim por volta de 1800, época em que Schlegel editava a "Athenäum" e em que Schleiermacher ainda não escrevera seus principais textos sobre hermenêutica. É possível conceber Friedrich Schlegel como um predecessor de Schleiermacher? Na tentativa de responder a essa pergunta, vamos nos deter sobre três textos, todos eles publicados na "Athenäum": o ensaio sobre Lessing ("Über Lessing", 1797), o ensaio sobre o Wilhem Meister de Goethe ("Über Goethes Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre", 1798) e o ensaio da ininteligibilidade ("Über die Unverständlichkeit", 1800).
-
Recent ecological observations on growth rates and seed production in Isopogon prostratus (Proteaceae), a little-known prostrate shrub from south-eastern NSW and Victoria
(2010)
-
Doug Benson
Lotte von Richter
- Observations on the longevity and ecology of Isopogon prostratus McGill. (Proteaceae) based on 1985 and 2009 field measures on Newnes Plateau, near Lithgow, and a seed germination trial are provided. Its survival strategy appears to be that of a stress-tolerator with long-term persistence at (relatively few) suitable sites, and it remains a relatively rare plant. It is conjectured that it is likely to have been a species of greater abundance in the drier, colder and generally treeless conditions of the Newnes Plateau 15–20 000 years ago, but, as conditions became warmer and wetter it has become reduced to isolated populations as taller shrubs outcompeted it for light.
-
Whipcord plants: a comparison of south-eastern Australia with New Zealand
(2010)
-
Robert F. Parsons
- Whipcord plant is a term used for some dicot angiosperms with small, scale-like leaves closely appressed to the stem. So far, the term has mostly been used in this sense for plants from New Zealand. Here, I summarize the incidence and habitat relations of New Zealand whipcord plants and then use the literature to show that whipcord plants also occur in south-eastern Australia. New Zealand whipcord plants comprise nine species of Hebe, four of Leonohebe and six of Helichrysum, while in south-eastern Australia there are six species of Ozothamnus and one of Leucophyta. In both areas, some species are alpine to subalpine, while some are from lowland habitats with significant summer water deficits.
-
Native vegetation of southeast NSW: a revised classification and map for the coast and eastern tablelands
(2010)
-
M. G. Tozer
K. Turner
D. A. Keith
D. Tindall
C. Pennay
C. Simpson
B. MacKenzie
P. Beukers
S. Cox
- Native vegetation of the NSW south coast, escarpment and southeast tablelands was classified into 191 floristic assemblages at a level of detail appropriate for the discrimination of Threatened Ecological Communities and other vegetation units referred to in government legislation. Assemblages were derived by a numerical analysis of 10832 field sample quadrats including 8523 compiled from 63 previous vegetation surveys. Past bias in the distribution of field data towards land under public tenure was corrected by extensive surveys carried out on private land. The classification revises and integrates the units described in recent vegetation studies of Eden, Cumberland Plain and Sydney-south coast into a single, consistent classification. Relationships between floristic assemblages and climate, terrain, substrate and vegetation structure were used to map the distribution of communities prior to clearing at 1:100 000 scale. The extent of clearing was mapped using interpretations of remote imagery (1991–2001) from previous work, standardised and merged into a single coverage and supplemented with additional work. Profiles for each assemblage, which we term ‘communities’ or ‘map units’, describe their species composition, vegetation structure, environmental habitat, the extent of clearing and conservation status. Lists of diagnostic species were defined using a statistical fidelity measure and a procedure for using these for community identification is described. Approximately 66% of the study area retains a cover of native vegetation, primarily in areas with low fertility soils and dissected topography. Communities subject to over-clearing (>70%) are concentrated in a few large areas characterised by clay/loam soils and flat to undulating terrain. These include the Sydney metropolis, Wingecarribee Plateau, Illawarra Plain, Shoalhaven floodplain, Araluen Valley and Bega Valley, and various smaller river valleys. Forty-one percent of remaining native vegetation is protected within conservation reserves while 31% occurs on private land, 20% in State Forests and 8% on other Crown lands. Forty-five Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs) were recorded in the study area. The majority of TECs are represented by a single map unit, although in some cases a TEC is included within a broader map unit. Twelve TECs are represented by combinations of two or more map units.
-
Coastal Sandplain Vegetation at Brisbane Water and Broken Bay – reconstructing the past to plan for the future
(2010)
-
Robert Payne
Ross Wellington
Michael Somerville
- The vegetation and floristics of the coastal sandplains on the Umina-Woy Woy Peninsula on the northern foreshores of Broken Bay (lat 33° 30’ S, long 151° 15’ E), 40 km north of Sydney, are described from historical records, sampling of remnants and analysis of regional scale vegetation. Of the seven vegetation communities described, Umina Coastal Sandplain Woodland (UCSW) was originally the most extensive type of vegetation over the Umina-Woy Woy sandplain and on the seaward side of the Pearl Beach sandplain, and possibly on the sandplains at Patonga and Little Patonga. Characteristic tree species are Angophora floribunda and Eucalyptus botryoides; the latter appears to be more common at foreshore sites. Close to the sea and in swales at the base of hillslopes, littoral rainforest elements can be present. Patonga may have had significant inclusions of this vegetation. As a result of clearing for suburban development and its reduction to small remnants, UCSW and Freshwater Wetlands have been listed as an Endangered Ecological Communities under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act. A form of the closely-related Sydney Red Gum (SRG) complex occurs on a different SLU on the south-west side of Pearl Beach. A characteristic tree is Angophora costata. Site environmental differences between UCSW and the Sydney Red Gum Complex include their occurrence on iron podsols and humus podsols respectively. Regional vegetation classification and analysis shows that these vegetation units are distinctly different from each other. This is supported by historical evidence from surveyor notation on Crown Survey and land subdivision plans. Originally the Bangalay – Rough-barked Apple Woodland vegetation component of the Umina Woy Woy sandplain was defined by the NSW Scientific Committee for Umina Coastal Sandplain Woodland. Regional analysis now reveals the Red Gum-Red Bloodwood (RGBW) component now merges with this former community. The Pearl Beach vegetation remains separate. A re-definition of UCSW is now required. Management, particularly of UCSW, currently involves revegetation and regeneration works in the vicinity of existing reserves. However, because the depletion has been so extensive there is further opportunity to decrease the loss by utilising the wide riparian reserves and laneways where mature trees still exist. A major conservation concern is the modification and loss of the sandplain vegetation, particularly the wetlands. The historical Crown Survey plans highlight the extent of wetlands as an important ecological feature of the original sandplain landscape. The current study estimated that 83% of wetlands and 79% of riparian vegetation has been lost on the Umina-Woy Woy sandplain since European settlement.
-
Biomass and floristic patterns in the ground layer vegetation of box-gum grassy eucalypt woodland in Goorooyarroo and Mulligans Flat Nature Reserves, Australian Capital Territory
(2010)
-
Sue McIntyre
J. Stol
J. Harvey
A. O. Nicholls
M. Campbell
A. Reid
Adrian D. Manning
David Bruce Lindenmayer
- We establish a methodology and present baseline data for a long-term grassy woodland restoration study that commenced in 2007 in two nature reserves (Mulligans Flat, Goorooyarroo (35° 9–13’ S; 149° 9–12’ E)) totalling 1386 ha on the northern boundary of Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory in south eastern Australia. The experimental infrastructure comprises 96 × 1 ha sites established in Eucalyptus blakelyi / Eucalyptus melliodora dominated woodland. These are being subjected to varying kangaroo grazing pressure and augmentation with logs, while burning treatments are planned. One reserve (Mulligans Flat) has been fenced for feral predator control and contains half the sites, forming a companion experiment to Goorooyarroo. Our baseline floristic study comprised estimates, at the site level, of ground layer biomass, species biomass, ground cover types and soil (0–10 cm) properties. From these data we conclude that the groundlayer vegetation is dominated by Joycea pallida, Austrodanthonia spp., Themeda australis and Aristida ramosa. These grasses varied in abundance according to differences in soil pH, phosphorus and to a lesser extent nitrates. Forb frequencies were highly sensitive to nitrate levels with annual exotic forbs dominating at high nitrate sites. More generally, soil nutrient levels and exotic species in some sites indicated areas of previous pasture improvement activities. Biomass estimates indicated extremely high grazing pressure, sufficient to negatively affect the habitat quality for ground-dependent fauna and some soil processes. These data will provide an important basis for examining rates of ecosystem recovery under different restoration strategies.
-
Die Theaterzensur in der Habsburgermonarchie im 19. Jahrhundert
(2010)
-
Norbert Bachleitner
- Wien, das im Mittelpunkt der folgenden Ausführungen stehen wird, war geradezu ein europäisches Zentrum höfischer Unterhaltungsangebote. An seinem multinationalen Hof bestand das Theaterrepertoire im 18. Jahrhundert vor allem aus italienischen Opern und französischen Stücken. Daneben bestand seit dem frühen 18. Jahrhundert eine Tradition volkstümlichen Theaters mit einer permanenten Spielstätte. Erst im letzten Drittel des 18. Jahrhunderts wurden aber privat geführte und kommerziell orientierte Theater gegründet.
Zusammen mit diesen Entwicklungen wurde eine systematische Theaterzensur etabliert. Zunächst stellte sich die Zensur in den Dienst der Aufklärung, unterdrückte Obszönitäten, Unsinniges und Derbheiten, im 19. Jahrhundert wandelte sie sich zu einem Instrument der Unterdrückung der politischen Veränderung. Ihr Hauptziel war die Verteidigung des monarchischen Systems, daher wurden der Kaiser und seine Beamten gegen Angriffe verteidigt, und zwar mit einem heute geradezu lächerlich erscheinenden Eifer. Eine ständige Bedrohung für die multinationale Monarchie bildeten die Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen der regierten Völker. Nationale Propaganda wurde daher von der Zensur ebenso sorgsam überwacht und nach Kräften verhindert. In der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfte trat die soziale Frage in den Vordergrund und lieferte Motive für Verbote und Eingriffe in die Spieltexte. Insgesamt wurden das herrschende gesellschaftliche System und seine Hierarchie gegen Angriffe und Kritik aller Art verteidigt. Die Aristokratie, der Klerus, die Beamten, nicht einmal einzelne Gewerbe oder Unternehmenssparten, sollten auf der Bühne in unvorteilhaftem Licht dargestellt werden.
-
Waratah theft in Brisbane Water National Park – an analysis of the blue paint poaching reduction program
(2010)
-
Doug Beckers
Catherine A. Offord
- The flowers of Waratahs, Telopea speciosissima (family Proteaceae) are regularly harvested illegally from natural bushland, particularly close to urban areas such as the New South Wales Central Coast. The removal of Waratah blooms from the wild may have implications for the long-term survival of local populations because of the interaction between wildfire events, subsequent flowering and limited seedling recruitment opportunities. To reduce the incidence of theft, blue acrylic paint was applied to blooms to reduce their commercial value. The painting of blooms in 2004 did not significantly reduce the incidence of wildflower theft when compared to unpainted blooms, but overall losses were lower (27%) than in 2003 (33%). However, painting of blooms had a deleterious affect on fruit production on plants with multiple heads with painted blooms having significantly reduced fruit set compared to unpainted blooms. Painting of blooms had no significant effect on seed quality (seed production per fruit, seed germination or seedling vigour) when compared to unpainted blooms. The painting of Waratah blooms to reduce theft was relatively ineffective and decreased fruit production. Alternative strategies should be considered to reduce wildflower theft in the area.
