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Background: Ovarian cancer is mostly associated with pathologically regulated permeability of peritoneal vessels, leading to ascites. Here, we investigated the molecular regulation of endothelial permeability by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and both tight and adherens junction proteins (VE-cadherin and claudin 5) with regards to the tumor biology of different ovarian cancer types.
Methods: Serum and ascites samples before and after surgery, as well as peritoneal biopsies of 68 ovarian cancer patients and 20 healthy controls were collected. In serum and ascites VEGF protein was measured by ELISA. In peritoneal biopsies co-localization of VE-cadherin and claudin 5 was investigated using immunohistochemical dual staining. In addition, the gene expression of VE-cadherin and claudin 5 was quantified by Real-time PCR. Differences in VEGF levels, VE-cadherin and claudin 5 gene expression were analyzed in relation to various tumor characteristics (tumor stage, grading, histological subtypes, resection status after surgery) and then compared to controls. Furthermore, human primary ovarian cancer cells were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and changes in VE-cadherin and claudin 5 were investigated after VEGF inhibition.
Results: VEGF was significantly increased in tumor patients in comparison to controls and accumulates in ascites. The highest VEGF levels were found in patients diagnosed with advanced tumor stages, with tumors of poor differentiation, or in the group of solid / cystic-solid tumors. Patients with residual tumor after operation showed significantly higher levels of VEGF both before and after surgery as compared to tumor-free resected patients. Results of an immunohistochemical double-staining experiment indicated co-localization of VE-cadherin and claudin 5 in the peritoneal vasculature. Compared to controls, expression of VE-cadherin and claudin 5 was significantly suppressed in peritoneal vessels of tumor patients, but there were no significant differences regarding VE-cadherin and claudin 5 expression in relation to different tumor characteristics. A significant positive correlation was found between VE-cadherin and claudin 5 expression. VEGF inhibition in vitro was associated with significant increase in VE-cadherin and claudin 5.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that increased peritoneal permeability in ovarian cancer is due to down-regulation of adhesion proteins via tumor derived VEGF. Advanced ovarian cancer with aggressive tumor biology may be associated with early dysregulation of vascular permeability leading to ascites. These patients may benefit from therapeutic VEGF inhibition.
Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with substantial morbidity for mothers and their offspring. While clinical and basic research activities on this important disease grow constantly, there is no concise analysis of global architecture of GDM research. Hence, it was the objective of this study to assess the global scientific performance chronologically, geographically and in relation to existing research networks and gender distribution of publishing authors.
Study design: On the basis of the New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science (NewQIS) platform, scientometric methods were combined with modern visualizing techniques such as density equalizing mapping, and the Web of Science database was used to assess GDM-related entries from 1900 to 2012.
Results: Twelve thousand five hundred four GDM-related publications were identified and analyzed. The USA (4295 publications) and the UK (1354 publications) dominated the field concerning research activity, overall citations and country-specific Hirsch-Index, which quantified the impact of a country’s published research on the scientific community. Semi-qualitative indices such as country-specific citation rates ranked New Zealand and the UK at top positions. Annual collaborative publications increased steeply between the years 1990 and 2012 (71 to 1157 respectively). Subject category analysis pointed to a minor interest of public health issues in GDM research. Gender analysis in terms of publication authorship revealed a clear dominance of the male gender until 2005; then a trend towards gender equity started and the activity of female scientists grew visibly in many countries. The country-specific gender analysis revealed large differences, i.e. female scientists dominated the scientific output in the USA, whereas the majority of research was published by male authors in countries such as Japan.
Conclusion: This study provides the first global sketch of GDM research architecture. While North-American and Western-European countries were dominating the GDM-related scientific landscape, a disparity exists in terms of research output between developed and low-resource countries. Since GDM is linked to considerable mortality and morbidity of mothers and their offspring and constitutes a tremendous burden for the healthcare systems in underserved countries, our findings emphasize the need to address disparities by fostering research endeavors, public health programs and collaborative efforts in these nations.
Mitochondrial complex I is a 1MDa membrane protein complex with a central role in aerobic energy metabolism. The bioenergetic core functions are executed by 14 central subunits that are conserved from bacteria to man. Despite recent progress in structure determination, our understanding of the function of the ~30 accessory subunits associated with the mitochondrial complex is still limited. We have investigated the structure of complex I from the aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica by cryo-electron microscopy. Our density map at 7.9Å resolution closely matches the 3.6-3.9Å X-ray structure of the Yarrowia lipolytica complex. However, the cryo-EM map indicated an additional subunit on the side of the matrix arm above the membrane surface, pointing away from the membrane arm. The density, which is not present in any previously described complex I structure and occurs in about 20 % of the particles, was identified as the accessory sulfur transferase subunit ST1. The Yarrowia lipolytica complex I preparation is active in generating H2S from the cysteine derivative 3-mercaptopyruvate, catalyzed by ST1. We thus provide evidence for a link between respiratory complex I and mitochondrial sulfur metabolism.
Correlated activity of cortical neurons survives extensive removal of feedforward sensory input
(2016)
A fundamental property of brain function is that the spiking activity of cortical neurons is variable and that some of this variability is correlated between neurons. Correlated activity not due to the stimulus arises from shared input but the neuronal circuit mechanisms that result in these noise correlations are not fully understood. Here we tested in the visual system if correlated variability in mid-level area V4 of visual cortex is altered following extensive lesions of primary visual cortex (V1). To this end we recorded longitudinally the neuronal correlations in area V4 of two behaving macaque monkeys before and after a V1 lesion while the monkeys fixated a grey screen. We found that the correlations of neuronal activity survived the lesions in both monkeys. In one monkey, the correlation of multi-unit spiking signals was strongly increased in the first week post-lesion, while in the second monkey, correlated activity was slightly increased, but not greater than some week-by-week fluctuations observed. The typical drop-off of inter-neuronal correlations with cortical distance was preserved after the lesion. Therefore, as V4 noise correlations remain without feedforward input from V1, these results suggest instead that local and/or feedback input seem to be necessary for correlated activity.
Infections are an important cause for morbidity and mortality in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We therefore characterized infectious complications in children treated according to the trial AML-BFM 2004. Patients with Down syndrome were excluded from the analysis. Data were gathered from the medical records in the hospital where the patients were treated. A total of 405 patients (203 girls; median age 8.4 years) experienced 1326 infections. Fever without identifiable source occurred in 56.1% of the patients and clinically and microbiologically documented infections in 17.5% and 32.4% of the patients, respectively. In all, 240 Gram-positive (112 viridans group streptococci) and 90 Gram-negative isolates were recovered from the bloodstream. Invasive fungal infection was diagnosed in 3% of the patients. Three children each died of Gram-negative bacteremia and invasive aspergillosis, respectively. As compared with the results of AML-BFM 93 with lower dose intensity, infection-related morbidity was slightly higher in AML-BFM 2004 (3.3. versus 2.8 infections per patient), whereas infection-related mortality significantly decreased (1.5% versus 5.4%; P=0.003). Specific anti-infective recommendations included in the treatment protocol, regular training courses for pediatric hematologists and increasing experience may be the reason for reduced infection-related mortality in children with AML. Further studies are needed to decrease infection-related morbidity.
We compared outcomes from a single-arm study of blinatumomab in adult patients with B-precursor Ph-negative relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R ALL) with a historical data set from Europe and the United States. Estimates of complete remission (CR) and overall survival (OS) were weighted by the frequency distribution of prognostic factors in the blinatumomab trial. Outcomes were also compared between the trial and historical data using propensity score methods. The historical cohort included 694 patients with CR data and 1112 patients with OS data compared with 189 patients with CR and survival data in the blinatumomab trial. The weighted analysis revealed a CR rate of 24% (95% CI: 20–27%) and a median OS of 3.3 months (95% CI: 2.8–3.6) in the historical cohort compared with a CR/CRh rate of 43% (95% CI: 36–50%) and a median OS of 6.1 months (95% CI: 4.2–7.5) in the blinatumomab trial. Propensity score analysis estimated increased odds of CR/CRh (OR=2.68, 95% CI: 1.67–4.31) and improved OS (HR=0.536, 95% CI: 0.394–0.730) with blinatumomab. The analysis demonstrates the application of different study designs and statistical methods to compare novel therapies for R/R ALL with historical data.
Background: Despite a recent statutory ruling stating the binding nature of advance directives (ADs), only a minority of the population has signed one. Yet, a majority deem it of utmost importance to ensure their wishes are followed through in case they are no longer able to decide. The reasons for this discrepancy have not yet been investigated sufficiently.
Patients and methods: This article is based on a survey of patients using a well-established structured questionnaire. First, patients were asked about their attitudes with respect to six therapeutic options at the end of life: intravenous fluids, artificial feeding, antibiotics, analgesia, chemotherapy/dialysis, and artificial ventilation; and second, they were asked about the negative effects related to the idea of ADs surveying their apprehensions: coercion to fulfill an AD, dictatorial reading of what had been laid down, and abuse of ADs.
Results: A total of 1,260 interviewees completed the questionnaires. A significant percentage of interviewees were indecisive with respect to therapeutic options, ranging from 25% (analgesia) to 45% (artificial feeding). There was no connection to health status. Apprehensions about unwanted effects of ADs were widespread, at 51%, 35%, and 43% for coercion, dictatorial reading, and abuse, respectively.
Conclusion: A significant percentage of interviewees were unable to anticipate decisions about treatment options at the end of life. Apprehensions about negative adverse effects of ADs are widespread.
"Toleranz kommt vor Glückseligkeit" : eine Zeitreise mit der Tugend des gegenseitigen Respekts
(2016)
Toleranz ist gerade da nötig, wo sie besonders schwerfällt. Das war schon vor gut 300 Jahren so, als Denker wie der französische Philosoph Pierre Bayle in Zeiten religiöser Auseinandersetzungen den Grundstein für ein fortschrittliches Toleranz-Verständnis legten. Warum der Begriff gerade heute wieder Konjunktur hat und wie umstritten er noch immer ist, erläutert der politische Philosoph Rainer Forst im Gespräch mit Bernd Frye.
Religion und Gesellschaft
(2016)
Sehnsucht nach absoluter Wissenschaft : die moderne Esoterik will nicht glauben, sondern wissen
(2016)
Esoterische Weltanschauungen versprechen "höhere", "ganzheitliche" Einsichten statt kalter, "materialistischer" Erkenntnis. Damit stellen sie sich in ein bewusstes, wenn auch aussichtsloses Konkurrenzverhältnis zu den akademischen Wissenschaften. Dennoch hat sich der esoterische Diskurs immer wieder gerade im Umfeld und im Schatten der gesellschaftlich anerkannten universitären Wissenschaften konstituiert, zumindest in reflexiver Abhängigkeit von ihren normativen Ansprüchen.
Gehört Religionsunterricht in den Fächerkanon einer staatlichen Schule? In Deutschland wird dies sogar im Grundgesetz bejaht. Während atheistische Kreise die Abschaffung dieses Grundrechts fordern, sehen Politik und Wissenschaft darin eine Chance, auch Kindern aus muslimischen Familien religiöses Wissen näherzubringen, sie auf diese Weise besser zu integrieren und vielleicht sogar gegen fundamentalistische Hasslehren zu wappnen. In Hessen erhalten Grundschüler seit dem Schuljahr 2013 / 2014 bekenntnisorientierten islamischen Religionsunterricht; die Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen und künftig auch die Goethe-Universität bilden Lehrer aus.
Der Islam befindet sich in einer Phase fundamentaler Veränderungen, die neue progressive Spielarten, aber auch beunruhigende Formen religiösen Extremismus hervorbringt. In Deutschland diskutieren Muslime, ob es sinnvoll sei, einen spezifisch deutschen oder europäischen Islam zu entwickeln oder ob die herkunftsorientierte Religion der Moschee-Gemeinschaften beibehalten werden sollte.
Als Reaktion auf die von islamischen Extremisten begangenen Terroranschläge sowie auf das Wüten des IS in Syrien und im Irak werden diese Forderungen immer lauter: Muslime müssen selbstkritisch nach dem Zusammenhang von islamischer Religion und Gewalt fragen. Bloße Distanzierungen seien nicht ausreichend, so die Kritik von außen, aber zunehmend auch innerhalb der muslimischen Gemeinschaften. Wie setzt sich die islamische Theologie, wie sie u. a. in Frankfurt betrieben wird, damit auseinander?
In ihrem Gespräch beschäftigen sich Prof. Dr. Bekim Agai, geschäftsführender Direktor des Instituts für Studien der Kultur und Religion des Islam, und Ulrike Jaspers, Redakteurin von "Forschung Frankfurt", mit dem Wahrheitsanspruch der Religionen, der Debattenkultur in Deutschland, der jungen islamischen Theologie, den fundamentalistischen Strömungen und anderem mehr.
Die Geschichte der frühen Christenverfolgung wird in Hollywoodstreifen wesentlich dramatischer dargestellt, als sie in der jüngeren Forschung beurteilt wird. Auch andere Kulte wurden unterdrückt, denn es bestand kein Recht auf Religionsfreiheit. Die Gründe für solche Maßnahmen lagen nicht in Glaubensvorstellungen, sondern in Handlungen, die als gefährlich für das Gemeinwesen galten. So fürchtete man, dass die Weigerung der Christen, Opfer darzubringen, den Zorn der Götter heraufbeschwören könne oder ein Zeichen mangelnder Loyalität sei. Vor diesem Hintergrund forderten Christen Religionsfreiheit von den Heiden, doch wurde diese auch im später christlichen spätantiken Reich nicht praktiziert.
Seit seinen Anfängen ist das Christentum alles andere als einheitlich oder homogen. Mit dem Aufstieg zur Staatsreligion im Römischen Reich und dem Wunsch des Kaisertums, seine Herrschaft zu legitimieren, wuchs der Druck zur Vereinheitlichung. Diese Bemühungen ziehen sich wie ein roter Faden durch die mittelalterliche Geschichte. Doch die Alltags-, Gesellschafts- und Kulturgeschichte verweist in der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft auf eine große Vielfalt der Ausprägungen des Christentums.
The CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) passenger aircraft observatory performed in situ measurements at 10–12 km altitude in the South Asian summer monsoon anticyclone between June and September 2008. These measurements enable us to investigate this atmospheric region (which so far has mostly been observed from satellites) using the broad suite of trace gases and aerosol particles measured by CARIBIC. Elevated levels of a variety of atmospheric pollutants (e.g. carbon monoxide, total reactive nitrogen oxides, aerosol particles, and several volatile organic compounds) were recorded. The measurements provide detailed information about the chemical composition of air in different parts of the monsoon anticyclone, particularly of ozone precursors. While covering a range of 3500 km inside the monsoon anticyclone, CARIBIC observations show remarkable consistency, i.e. with distinct latitudinal patterns of trace gases during the entire monsoon period.
Using the CARIBIC trace gas and aerosol particle measurements in combination with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, we investigated the characteristics of monsoon outflow and the chemical evolution of air masses during transport. The trajectory calculations indicate that these air masses originated mainly from South Asia and mainland Southeast Asia. Estimated photochemical ages of the air were found to agree well with transport times from a source region east of 90–95° E. The photochemical ages of the air in the southern part of the monsoon anticyclone were systematically younger (less than 7 days) and the air masses were mostly in an ozone-forming chemical mode. In its northern part the air masses were older (up to 13 days) and had unclear ozone formation or destruction potential. Based on analysis of forward trajectories, several receptor regions were identified. In addition to predominantly westward transport, we found evidence for efficient transport (within 10 days) to the Pacific and North America, particularly during June and September, and also of cross-tropopause exchange, which was strongest during June and July. Westward transport to Africa and further to the Mediterranean was the main pathway during July.
We present an estimation of the uptake coefficient (γ) and yield of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) (f) for the heterogeneous processing of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) using simultaneous measurements of particle and trace gas composition at a semi-rural, non-coastal, mountain site in the summer of 2011. The yield of ClNO2 varied between (0.035 ± 0.027) and (1.38 ± 0.60) with a campaign average of (0.49 ± 0.35). The large variability in f reflects the highly variable chloride content of particles at the site. Uptake coefficients were also highly variable with minimum, maximum and average γ values of 0.004, 0.11 and 0.028 ± 0.029, respectively, with no significant correlation with particle composition, but a weak dependence on relative humidity. The uptake coefficients obtained are compared to existing parameterisations based on laboratory datasets and with other values obtained by analysis of field data.
We present an estimation of the uptake coefficient (γ) and yield of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) (f) for the heterogeneous processing of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) using simultaneous measurements of particle and trace gas composition at a semi-rural, non-coastal, mountain site in the summer of 2011. The yield of ClNO2 varied between (0.035 ± 0.027) and (1.38 ± 0.60) with a campaign average of (0.49 ± 0.35). The large variability in f reflects the highly variable chloride content of particles at the site. Uptake coefficients were also highly variable with minimum, maximum and average γ values of 0.004, 0.11 and 0.028 ± 0.029, respectively, with no significant correlation with particle composition, but a weak dependence on relative humidity. The uptake coefficients obtained are compared to existing parameterizations based on laboratory datasets and with other values obtained by analysis of field data.
BACKGROUND: Microvascular ischemia is one of the hallmarks of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and has been associated with poor outcome. However, myocardial fibrosis, seen on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) as late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), can be responsible for rest perfusion defects in up to 30% of patients with HCM, potentially leading to an overestimation of the ischemic burden. We investigated the effect of left ventricle (LV) scar on the total LV ischemic burden using novel high-resolution perfusion analysis techniques in conjunction with LGE quantification.
METHODS: 30 patients with HCM and unobstructed epicardial coronary arteries underwent CMR with Fermi constrained quantitative perfusion analysis on segmental and high-resolution data. The latter were corrected for the presence of fibrosis on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
RESULTS: High-resolution quantification proved more sensitive for the detection of microvascular ischemia in comparison to segmental analysis. Areas of LGE were associated with significant reduction of myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) leading to an overestimation of the total ischemic burden on non-corrected perfusion maps. Using a threshold MPR of 1.5, the presence of LGE caused an overestimation of the ischemic burden of 28%. The ischemic burden was more severe in patients with fibrosis, also after correction of the perfusion maps, in keeping with more severe disease in this subgroup.
CONCLUSIONS: LGE is an important confounder in the assessment of the ischemic burden in patients with HCM. High-resolution quantitative analysis with LGE correction enables the independent evaluation of microvascular ischemia and fibrosis and should be used when evaluating patients with HCM.
The mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of dementia assumes mitochondrial dysfunction leading to reduced energy supply, impaired neuroplasticity, and finally cell death as one major pathomechanism underlying the continuum from brain aging over mild cognitive impairment to initial and advanced late onset Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, improving mitochondrial function has become an important strategy to treat the early stages of this continuum. The metabolic enhancer piracetam has been proposed as possible prototype for those compounds by increasing impaired mitochondrial function and related aspects like mechanisms of neuroplasticity. We here report that piracetam at therapeutically relevant concentrations improves neuritogenesis in the human cell line SH-SY5Y over conditions mirroring the whole spectrum of age-associated cognitive decline. These effects go parallel with improvement of impaired mitochondrial dynamics shifting back fission and fusion balance to the energetically more favorable fusion site. Impaired fission and fusion balance can also be induced by a reduction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) function as atractyloside which indicates the mPTP has similar effects on mitochondrial dynamics. These changes are also reduced by piracetam. These findings suggest the mPTP as an important target for the beneficial effects of piracetam on mitochondrial function.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of p22phox leads to loss of Nox1 and Nox4, but not Nox5 activity
(2016)
The NADPH oxidases are important transmembrane proteins producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Within the Nox family, different modes of activation can be discriminated. Nox1-3 are dependent on different cytosolic subunits, Nox4 seems to be constitutively active and Nox5 is directly activated by calcium. With the exception of Nox5, all Nox family members are thought to depend on the small transmembrane protein p22phox. With the discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9-system, a tool to alter genomic DNA sequences has become available. So far, this method has not been widely used in the redox community. On such basis, we decided to study the requirement of p22phox in the Nox complex using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout. Knockout of the gene of p22phox, CYBA, led to an ablation of activity of Nox4 and Nox1 but not of Nox5. Production of hydrogen peroxide or superoxide after knockout could be rescued with either human or rat p22phox, but not with the DUOX-maturation factors DUOXA1/A2. Furthermore, different mutations of p22phox were studied regarding the influence on Nox4-dependent H2O2 production. P22phox Q130* and Y121H affected maturation and activity of Nox4. Hence, Nox5-dependent O2•- production is independent of p22phox, but native p22phox is needed for maturation of Nox4 and production of H2O2.
Recently, several magnetic resonance imaging contrast mechanisms have been shown to distinguish cortical substructure corresponding to selected cortical layers. Here, we investigate cortical layer and area differentiation by automatized unsupervised clustering of high-resolution diffusion MRI data. Several groups of adjacent layers could be distinguished in human primary motor and premotor cortex. We then used the signature of diffusion MRI signals along cortical depth as a criterion to detect area boundaries and find borders at which the signature changes abruptly. We validate our clustering results by histological analysis of the same tissue. These results confirm earlier studies which show that diffusion MRI can probe layer-specific intracortical fiber organization and, moreover, suggests that it contains enough information to automatically classify architecturally distinct cortical areas. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the automatic clustering approach and its appeal for MR-based cortical histology.
A growing body of evidence suggests that macrophage polarization dictates the expression of iron-regulated genes. Polarization towards iron sequestration depletes the microenvironment, whereby extracellular pathogen growth is limited and inflammation is fostered. In contrast, iron release contributes to cell proliferation, which is important for tissue regeneration. Moreover, macrophages constitute a major component of the infiltrates in most solid tumors. Considering the pivotal role of macrophages for iron homeostasis and their presence in association with poor clinical prognosis in tumors, we approached the possibility to target macrophages with intracellular iron chelators. Analyzing the expression of iron-regulated genes at mRNA and protein level in primary human macrophages, we found that the iron-release phenotype is a characteristic of polarized macrophages that, in turn, stimulate tumor cell growth and progression. The application of the intracellular iron chelator (TC3-S)2 shifted the macrophage phenotype from iron release towards sequestration, as determined by the iron-gene profile and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Moreover, whereas the addition of macrophage supernatants to tumor cells induced tumor growth and metastatic behavior, the supernatant of chelator-treated macrophages reversed this effect. Iron chelators demonstrated potent anti-neoplastic properties in a number of cancers, both in cell culture and in clinical trials. Our results suggest that iron chelation could affect not only cancer cells but also the tumor microenvironment by altering the iron-release phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The study of iron chelators in conjunction with the effect of TAMs on tumor growth could lead to an improved understanding of the role of iron in cancer biology and to novel therapeutic avenues for iron chelation approaches.
A three-dimensional gridded climatology of carbon monoxide (CO) has been developed by trajectory mapping of global MOZAIC-IAGOS in situ measurements from commercial aircraft data. CO measurements made during aircraft ascent and descent, comprising nearly 41 200 profiles at 148 airports worldwide from December 2001 to December 2012, are used. Forward and backward trajectories are calculated from meteorological reanalysis data in order to map the CO measurements to other locations and so to fill in the spatial domain. This domain-filling technique employs 15 800 000 calculated trajectories to map otherwise sparse MOZAIC-IAGOS data into a quasi-global field. The resulting trajectory-mapped CO data set is archived monthly from 2001 to 2012 on a grid of 5° longitude × 5° latitude × 1 km altitude, from the surface to 14 km altitude.
The mapping product has been carefully evaluated, firstly by comparing maps constructed using only forward trajectories and using only backward trajectories. The two methods show similar global CO distribution patterns. The magnitude of their differences is most commonly 10 % or less and found to be less than 30 % for almost all cases. Secondly, the method has been validated by comparing profiles for individual airports with those produced by the mapping method when data from that site are excluded. While there are larger differences below 2 km, the two methods agree very well between 2 and 10 km with the magnitude of biases within 20 %. Finally, the mapping product is compared with global MOZAIC-IAGOS cruise-level data, which were not included in the trajectory-mapped data set, and with independent data from the NOAA aircraft flask sampling program. The trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS CO values show generally good agreement with both independent data sets.
Maps are also compared with version 6 data from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument. Both data sets clearly show major regional CO sources such as biomass burning in Central and southern Africa and anthropogenic emissions in eastern China. While the maps show similar features and patterns, and relative biases are small in the lowermost troposphere, we find differences of ∼ 20 % in CO volume mixing ratios between 500 and 300 hPa. These upper-tropospheric biases are not related to the mapping procedure, as almost identical differences are found with the original in situ MOZAIC-IAGOS data. The total CO trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS column is also higher than the MOPITT CO total column by 12–16 %.
The data set shows the seasonal CO cycle over different latitude bands and altitude ranges as well as long-term trends over different latitude bands. We observe a decline in CO over the northern hemispheric extratropics and the tropics consistent with that reported by previous studies using other data sources.
We anticipate use of the trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS CO data set as an a priori climatology for satellite retrieval and for air quality model validation and initialization.
Leukotrienes (LTs) are inflammatory mediators that play a pivotal role in many diseases like asthma bronchiale, atherosclerosis and in various types of cancer. The key enzyme for generation of LTs is the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Here, we present a novel putative protein isoform of human 5-LO that lacks exon 4, termed 5-LOΔ4, identified in cells of lymphoid origin, namely the Burkitt lymphoma cell lines Raji and BL41 as well as primary B and T cells. Deletion of exon 4 does not shift the reading frame and therefore the mRNA is not subjected to non-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). By eliminating exon 4, the amino acids Trp144 until Ala184 are omitted in the corresponding protein. Transfection of HEK293T cells with a 5-LOΔ4 expression plasmid led to expression of the corresponding protein which suggests that the 5-LOΔ4 isoform is a stable protein in eukaryotic cells. We were also able to obtain soluble protein after expression in E. coli and purification. The isoform itself lacks canonical enzymatic activity as it misses the non-heme iron but it still retains ATP-binding affinity. Differential scanning fluorimetric analysis shows two transitions, corresponding to the two domains of 5-LO. Whilst the catalytic domain of 5-LO WT is destabilized by calcium, addition of calcium has no influence on the catalytic domain of 5-LOΔ4. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of 5-LOΔ4 on the activity of 5-LO WT and proved that it stimulates 5-LO product formation at low protein concentrations. Therefore regulation of 5-LO by its isoform 5-LOΔ4 might represent a novel mechanism of controlling the biosynthesis of lipid mediators.
An optochemokine tandem was developed to control the release of calcium from endosomes into the cytosol by light and to analyze the internalization kinetics of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) by electrophysiology. A previously constructed rhodopsin tandem was re-engineered to combine the light-gated Ca2+-permeable cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2(L132C), CatCh, with the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in a functional tandem protein tCXCR4/CatCh. The GPCR was used as a shuttle protein to displace CatCh from the plasma membrane into intracellular areas. As shown by patch-clamp measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy, heterologously expressed tCXCR4/CatCh was internalized via the endocytic SDF1/CXCR4 signaling pathway. The kinetics of internalization could be followed electrophysiologically via the amplitude of the CatCh signal. The light-induced release of Ca2+ by tandem endosomes into the cytosol via CatCh was visualized using the Ca2+-sensitive dyes rhod2 and rhod2-AM showing an increase of intracellular Ca2+ in response to light.
Hypercholesterolemia and elevated homocysteine concentrations are associated with cardiovascular risk. Previous studies have demonstrated a cholesterol-lowering effect of red yeast rice (RYR) supplements which contained 5 to 10 mg of monacolin K. We hypothesized that the intake of a low monacolin K dose may likewise reduce low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and other plasma lipids. In secondary analyses, we tested the homocysteine lowering effect of folic acid, which was also included in the study preparation. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled intervention study. One hundred forty-two nonstatin-treated participants with hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 4.14 ≤ 5.69 mmol/L) were randomized to the supplement group with RYR or the placebo group. Participants of the supplement group consumed 3 mg monacolin K and 200 μg folic acid per day. A significant (P < .001) reduction of LDL-C (-14.8%), total cholesterol (-11.2%), and homocysteine (-12.5%) was determined in the supplement group after 12 weeks. A total of 51% of the participants treated with RYR achieved the limit of LDL-C <4.14 mmol/L advised and 26% reached the threshold level of homocysteine <10 μmol/L. No significant changes were exhibited within the placebo group. Other parameters remained unchanged and no intolerances or serious adverse events were observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that a low dose of daily 3 mg monacolin K from RYR reduces the concentration of LDL-C; a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
DNA methylation is a major regulatory process of gene transcription, and aberrant DNA methylation is associated with various diseases including cancer. Many compounds have been reported to modify DNA methylation states. Despite increasing interest in the clinical application of drugs with epigenetic effects, and the use of diagnostic markers for genome-wide hypomethylation in cancer, large-scale screening systems to measure the effects of drugs on DNA methylation are limited. In this study, we improved the previously established fluorescence polarization-based global DNA methylation assay so that it is more suitable for application to human genomic DNA. Our methyl-sensitive fluorescence polarization (MSFP) assay was highly repeatable (inter-assay coefficient of variation = 1.5%) and accurate (r2 = 0.99). According to signal linearity, only 50–80 ng human genomic DNA per reaction was necessary for the 384-well format. MSFP is a simple, rapid approach as all biochemical reactions and final detection can be performed in one well in a 384-well plate without purification steps in less than 3.5 hours. Furthermore, we demonstrated a significant correlation between MSFP and the LINE-1 pyrosequencing assay, a widely used global DNA methylation assay. MSFP can be applied for the pre-screening of compounds that influence global DNA methylation states and also for the diagnosis of certain types of cancer.
BACKGROUND: Platinum-based drugs are used as cancer chemotherapeutics for the last 40 years. However, drug resistance and nephrotoxicity are the major limitations of the use of platinum-based compounds in cancer therapy. Platinum (IV) complexes are believed to act as platinum prodrugs and are able to overcome some of platinum (II) limitations.
METHODS: A number of previously sensitized platinum (IV) complexes were evaluated for their anti-cancer activity by monitoring ability to affect proliferation, clonigenicity and apoptosis induction of Cisplatin sensitive and resistant cancer cells. In addition, the uptake of Cisplatin and the platinum (IV) derivatives to Cisplatin sensitive and resistant cancer cells was monitored.
RESULTS: The bis-octanoatoplatinum (IV) complex (RJY13), a Cisplatin derivative with octanoate as axial ligand, exhibited strong anti-proliferative effect on the Cisplatin resistant and sensitive ovarian cells, A2780cisR and A2780, respectively. Moreover, RJY13 exhibited good activity in inhibiting clonigenicity of both cells. Anti-proliferative activity of RJY13 was mediated by induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, a bis-lauratopaltinum (IV) complex (RJY6) was highly potent in inhibiting clonigenicity of both Cisplatin sensitive and Cisplatin resistant cells, however, exhibited reduced activity in assays that utilize cells growing in two dimensional (2D) conditions. The uptake of Cisplatin was reduced by 30% in A2780 in which the copper transporter-1 (Ctr1) was silenced. Moreover, uptake of RJY6 was marginally dependent on Ctr1, while uptake of RJY13 was Ctr1-independent.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated the potential of platinum (IV) prodrugs in overcoming acquired and inherited drug resistance in cancer cell lines. Moreover, our data demonstrated that the uptake of Cisplatin is partially dependent on Ctr1 transporter, while uptake of RJY6 is marginally dependent on Ctr1 and RJY13 is Ctr1-independent. In addition, our data illustrated the therapeutic potential of platinum (IV) prodrugs in cancer therapy.
Kaufen macht Spaß, hat aber einen schlechten Ruf. Schnell ist vom "Tanz um das goldene Kalb" die Rede, womit das religiös motivierte Register noch lang nicht erschöpft ist. Parallelen zwischen Konsum und Gottesglauben sind in der Tat nicht von der Hand zu weisen. Aber lässt sich unser Umgang mit den Waren wirklich auf die Suche nach Erlösung reduzieren?
OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy, safety, and tolerability of an oral enzyme combination (OEC) containing proteolytic enzymes and bioflavonoid vs diclofenac (DIC), a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an individual patient-level pooled reanalysis of patient-reported data from prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group studies in adult patients with moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis of the knee treated for at least 3 weeks with OEC or DIC. Appropriate trials were identified with a systemic literature and database search. Data were extracted from the original case-report forms and reanalyzed by a blinded evaluation committee. The primary end point was the improvement of the Lequesne algofunctional index (LAFI) score at study end vs baseline. Secondary end points addressed LAFI response rates, treatment-related pain-intensity changes, adverse events, and laboratory parameters.
RESULTS: Six trials were identified that enrolled in total 774 patients, of whom 759 had post-baseline data for safety analysis, 697 (n=348/349 with OEC/DIC) for intent to treat, 524 for per protocol efficacy analysis, and 500 for laboratory evaluation. LAFI scores - the primary efficacy end point - decreased comparably with both treatments and improved with both treatments significantly vs baseline (OEC 12.6±2.4 to 9.1±3.9, DIC 12.7±2.4 to 9.1±4.2, effect size 0.9/0.88; P<0.001 for each). In parallel, movement-related 11-point numeric rating-scale pain intensity improved significantly (P<0.001) and comparably with both treatments from baseline (6.4±1.9/6.6±1.8) to study end (3.8±2.7/3.9±2.5). Overall, 55/81 OEC/DIC patients of the safety-analysis population (14.7%/21.1%, P=0.022) reported 90/133 treatment-emergent adverse events, followed by premature treatment discontinuations in 22/39 patients (5.9%/10.2%, P=0.030). Changes in laboratory parameters were significantly less with OEC vs DIC: on average 18.8% vs 86.3% of patients presented a decrease with respect to hemoglobin, hematocrit, or erythrocyte count (P<0.001), and 28.2% vs 72.6% showed an increase in AST, ALT, or GGT (P<0.001).
CONCLUSION: When compared with DIC, OEC showed comparable efficacy and a superior tolerability/safety profile associated with a significantly lower risk of treatment-emergent adverse events, related study discontinuations, and changes in laboratory parameters.
The P300/CBP-associated factor plays a central role in retroviral infection and cancer development, and the C-terminal bromodomain provides an opportunity for selective targeting. Here, we report several new classes of acetyl-lysine mimetic ligands ranging from mM to low micromolar affinity that were identified using fragment screening approaches. The binding modes of the most attractive fragments were determined using high resolution crystal structures providing chemical starting points and structural models for the development of potent and selective PCAF inhibitors.
Introduction: Neuronal death and subsequent denervation of target areas are hallmarks of many neurological disorders. Denervated neurons lose part of their dendritic tree, and are considered "atrophic", i.e. pathologically altered and damaged. The functional consequences of this phenomenon are poorly understood.
Results: Using computational modelling of 3D-reconstructed granule cells we show that denervation-induced dendritic atrophy also subserves homeostatic functions: By shortening their dendritic tree, granule cells compensate for the loss of inputs by a precise adjustment of excitability. As a consequence, surviving afferents are able to activate the cells, thereby allowing information to flow again through the denervated area. In addition, action potentials backpropagating from the soma to the synapses are enhanced specifically in reorganized portions of the dendritic arbor, resulting in their increased synaptic plasticity. These two observations generalize to any given dendritic tree undergoing structural changes.
Conclusions: Structural homeostatic plasticity, i.e. homeostatic dendritic remodeling, is operating in long-term denervated neurons to achieve functional homeostasis.
The general assumption that brain size differences are an adequate proxy for subtler differences in brain organization turned neurobiologists toward the question why some groups of mammals such as primates, elephants, and whales have such remarkably large brains. In this meta-analysis, an extensive sample of eutherian mammals (115 species distributed in 14 orders) provided data about several different biological traits and measures of brain size such as absolute brain mass (AB), relative brain mass (RB; quotient from AB and body mass), and encephalization quotient (EQ). These data were analyzed by established multivariate statistics without taking specific phylogenetic information into account. Species with high AB tend to (1) feed on protein-rich nutrition, (2) have a long lifespan, (3) delayed sexual maturity, and (4) long and rare pregnancies with small litter sizes. Animals with high RB usually have (1) a short life span, (2) reach sexual maturity early, and (3) have short and frequent gestations. Moreover, males of species with high RB also have few potential sexual partners. In contrast, animals with high EQs have (1) a high number of potential sexual partners, (2) delayed sexual maturity, and (3) rare gestations with small litter sizes. Based on these correlations, we conclude that Eutheria with either high AB or high EQ occupy positions at the top of the network of food chains (high trophic levels). Eutheria of low trophic levels can develop a high RB only if they have small body masses.
Religion sei "das Opium des Volks", das einem herz- und geistlosen "Jammertal" einen Heiligenschein verleihe. Der werde verschwinden, wenn "die Kritik des Jammertals" zur "Wahrheit des Diesseits" geführt habe, so Karl Marx 1844. Und heute: Die Religion existiert weiter, eine "wahre" Gesellschaft ist nicht verwirklicht. Im Gespräch mit vier Frankfurter Professoren erkundet der Philosoph und Publizist Rolf Wiggershaus, wie Religionsexperten das aktuelle Verhältnis von Religion und Gesellschaft sehen.
There is a debate over the association between low testosterone levels in body fluids and the occurrence of chronic periodontitis (CP). The aim of the present systematic review was to assess whether low testosterone levels in body fluids reflect CP. In order to identify studies relevant to the focus question: “Is there a relationship between low testosterone levels in body fluids and CP?” an electronic search without time or language restrictions was conducted up to June 2016 in indexed databases using different keywords: periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, periodontal diseases, testosterone, and gonadal steroid hormones. A total of eight studies were included in the present systematic review. The number of study participants ranged from 24 to 1,838 male individuals with ages ranging from 15 to 95 years. Seven studies measured testosterone levels in serum, two studies in saliva, and one study in gingiva. Four studies reported a negative association between serum testosterone levels and CP. Two studies reported a positive association between decreased testosterone levels in serum and CP. Increased levels of salivary testosterone among patients with CP were reported in one study; whereas one study reported no significant difference in the concentration of salivary testosterone between patients with and without CP. One study identified significant increase in the metabolism of testosterone in the gingiva of patients with CP. Within the limits of the evidence available, the relationship between low testosterone levels and CP remains debatable and further longitudinal studies and control trials are needed.
Religiöse Vielfalt und Differenz gehören zu den zentralen Erfahrungen des Judentums. Im Zentrum stehen dabei einerseits konkurrierende Interpretationen des Jüdischen, aber auch die Auseinandersetzung mit Christentum und Islam. Was lässt sich für den aktuellen Dialog der Religionen daraus lernen? Der Religionsphilosoph Martin Buber plädiert für eine echte Zwiesprache, die die eigene Position ebenso ernst nimmt wie die dialogische Verwiesenheit religiöser Traditionen aufeinander. Aber auch tief greifende Differenzen sollten nicht verschwiegen werden.
Kennt die Nächstenliebe Grenzen? : wie christliche Ethik über die aktuelle Migration nachdenkt
(2016)
In der Flüchtlingsdebatte geht es auch um die moralische Frage: Dürfen wir Menschen in Not abweisen? Einfache Antworten sind unseriös. Verschiedenste soziale, kulturelle und religiöse Aspekte müssen berücksichtigt werden. Die christliche Ethik kann zu dieser Diskussion u. a. ihr Handlungsmotiv der "Nächstenliebe" beisteuern, das allerdings auch der Interpretation bedarf.
Cancer research has become a global enterprise, and the number of researchers, as well as the cost for their activities, has skyrocketed. The budget for the National Cancer Institute of the United States National Institutes of Health alone was US$5.2 billion in 2015. Since most of the research is funded by public money, it is perfectly legitimate to ask if these large expenses are worth it. In this brief commentary, we recapitulate some of the breakthroughs that mark the history of breast cancer research over the past decades and emphasize the resulting benefits for afflicted women. In 1971, only 40% of women diagnosed with breast cancer would live another 10 years. Today, nearly 80% of women reach that significant milestone in most developed countries. This dramatic change has afforded breast cancer patients many productive years and a better quality of life. Progress resulted largely from advances in the understanding of the molecular details of the disease and their translation into innovative, rationally designed therapies. These developments are founded on the revolution in molecular and cellular biology, an entirely new array of methods and technologies, the enthusiasm, optimism, and diligence of scientists and clinicians, and the considerable funding efforts from public and private sources. We were lucky to be able to spend our productive years in a period of scientific upheaval in which methods and concepts were revolutionized and that allowed us to contribute, within the global scientific community, to the progress in basic science and clinical practice.
Im Rahmen eines Waldklimafonds-Projektes werden auf
Basis von Daten der Bodenzustandserfassung im Wald (BZE) und zusätzlichen Bodenprofilen Bodendaten auf die Traktecken der Bundeswaldinventur (BWI) so übertragen, dass nicht nur die Schätzdaten für die Parametrisierung klimasensitiver Wachstumsmodelle verfügbar, sondern auch deren Fehler abgeschätzt werden. Auf der Basis einer unabhängigen Validierung werden klassische Regressionstechniken (OLS, Regression-Kriging) alternativ zu Random-Forestsund BRT-Modellen getestet. Die Beobachtungsdatenbasis für die Modellbildung stammt aus den Messungen und Bodenbeschreibungen der BZE, anderen Projektdaten und der Forstlichen Standortskartierung. Die Regiogalisierung von 13 Zielgrößen (Skelettgehalt, Trockenrohdichte, %Sand, %Schluff, %Ton, Gründigkeit, nFK, Hydromorphie, C-Gehalt, C/N-Verhältnis, Basensättigung, effektive Kationen Austauschkapazität, pHKCl) wird in 1–2 Bodentiefen durchgeführt, was je 25 Regionalisierungsmodelle in 8 aggregierten Bodengroßlandschaften der BÜK1000 ergibt. Für die Modellanwendung werden individuell für die Charakteristika dieser Straten angepasste Prädiktorensets identifiziert und so die Erklärungsgüte der Modelle maximiert. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die bundesweite Auswertungsstruktur, beschränkt sich für methodische Details und Ergebnisse aber hauptsächlich auf die Region Alpenvorland und Nördliche Kalkalpen. Dabei wird gezeigt: 1. dass eine objektive Abgrenzung von Regionalisierungsregionen anhand der naturräumlichen Variabilität der Zielvariablen innerhalb und zwischen Regionen 2. sowie eine länderübergreifende Regionalisierung trotz unterschiedlicher Datenqualitäten in den Ländern mit vertretbarem Fehlerrahmen möglich ist, 3. und die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Datenqualitäten auf das Regionalisierungsergebnis quantifiziert werden kann. Bisherige Regionalisierungen von Bodendaten haben gezeigt, dass der Anteil der erklärten Parametervarianz zwischen ca. 50 und 80 % zu erwarten ist, dass die Residuen zufällig verteilt und nicht räumlich autokorreliert sind.
Für die Inventurpunkte der zweiten Bundeswaldinventur (BWI2) im Land Brandenburg liegen umfangreiche Bodenund Standortsinformationen vor, die zum einen direkt aus der Bodenzustandserhebung (BZE) stammen und zum anderen mit Hilfe eines ausgewählten Regionalisierungsansatzes generiert wurden. Es erfolgt eine Verknüpfung der Bestandes- und Bodendaten und eine stichprobenbezogene Modellierung der Standorts-Leistungs-Beziehung für die Baumart Kiefer unter Berücksichtigung des Bestandesalters. Die in unterschiedlichen Teilkollektiven ermittelten Regressionsmodelle liefern bei einem R2-Wert von 0,56 identische Einflussgrößen (Nährkraft, Verdunstung) und vergleichbare Parameterkoeffizienten für die Zielgröße der absoluten Höhenbonität. Im Hinblick auf die Bonitäts-Alters-Beziehung ergibt sich aufgrund allgemein verbesserter Standortsbedingungen ein Vorteil der Jungbestände gegenüber den Altbeständen. Dieser Effekt ist umso stärker, je geringer die Stammnährkraft an einem Standort ist.
Bioindicators are organisms able to provide indirectly or directly information on the impact of pollutants in the environment. The content of heavy metals or other toxic compounds in these living organisms is of great interest to assess the level of contaminants. Leaves of the most common deciduous trees (Acer pseudoplatanus L., Betula pendula Roth, Carpinus betulus L., Cercis siliquastrum L., Ginkgo biloba L., Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus robur L. and Tilia cordata Miller) and two invasive tree species Ailanthus altissima P. Mill. and Robinia pseudoacacia L., in the City of Bolzano (southern Alps in Northern Italy), were therefore studied to assess their suitability as bioindicators for the trace elements Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn, mainly considered as traffic related elements. Leaves and soil samples were investigated, both from high-density traffic roads and control sites of minor traffic impact, such as parks. Our data reveal that Betula pendula has a considerable Zn accumulation potential compared to the other investigated tree species. The maximum value measured for Zn in a Betula specimen is 200 mg kg-1 dry weight. With regard to the soils, considering the geoaccumulation index, most of the analyzed soils belong to the first class, i. e. uncontaminated (Igeo ≤ 0) for all analyzed elements. Moreover, in several samples collected in high traffic areas, Cu and Zn show values within 1 < Igeo ≤ 2 (moderately contaminated). This allows to hypothesize a traffic-related origin for these elements. For this reason, B. pendula can be considered a potential heavy metal accumulator and therefore a good bioindicator for these urban pollutants. Since B. pendula is widely distributed in urban areas in Central and Northern Europe, it can be considered a species suitable for a systematic and comparative monitoring network.
In der Arbeit wird dargestellt, wie bzw. inwieweit Zuweisungen der Stamm-Nährkraft zu konkreten anhydromorphen Bodenprofilen innerhalb des SEA95-Systems auch auf Basis der Merkmale einzelner Bodenlagen (Horizonte i. w. S.) vorgenommen werden können, um einen Übergang von rein bodenklassenbasierter Zuweisung (über Feinbodenformen) zu einem weitgehend quantifizierenden Verfahren zu ermöglichen. Die benötigten Bodenlagenmerkmale sind Tiefe, Körnung, KMgCaP-Serie (Lithochemie) des Substrates, Humosität, Horizontbezeichnung und teilweise der Basenzustand. Schlüsselgröße der bodenlagenbasierten Nährkraftbestimmung sind körnungs- und lithochemieabhängige Nährkraftgrundwerte. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens wird unter anderem bei fehlender oder schwieriger Nährkraft-Zuweisung zu Feinbodenformen (z. B. Kippböden, auch meliorierte), der Bearbeitung von Konzept-Standortskarten auf Basis flexibler Profilverläufe und als Vergleichsbasis für methodisch abweichende Bewertungen der Nährkraft von Profilen gesehen.
Die Zielsetzung dieser Studie war die Evaluierung von publizierten Pedotransferfunktionen (PTF) zur Abschätzung der Trockenrohdichte (TRD) anhand von Ergebnissen der bundesweiten Bodenzustandserhebung im Wald (BZE II). Verschiedene Funktionstypen wurden mit publizierten Parameterwerten am BZE II-Datensatz geprüft. Viele Funktionen zeigten bei einer unkalibrierten Anwendung einen deutlichen Bias (ME) und einen großen Fehler der prognostizierten Werte im Vergleich zu den Messwerten (RMSE). Dem gegenüber erweisen sich die Funktionen von Alexander (1980), Manrique & Jones (1991) und Tamminen & Starr (1994) über alle Bodentiefen als sehr robust. Die Modellgüte der getesteten Funktionen ließ sich durch eine Neukalibrierung am BZE II-Datensatz z. T. wesentlich verbessern, allerdings zeigten viele Funktionen gerade im Bereich hoher TRD systematische Fehler. Die höchste Modellgüte wurde durch ein einfaches gemischtes additives Modell erreicht, das die organische Substanz, die Tiefenstufe, den Skelettgehalt und die Substratgruppe der BZE II als Eingangsdaten berücksichtigt.
Die Beurteilung von Standortseigenschaften ist eine der wichtigsten forstwirtschaftlichen Voraussetzungen für eine standörtlich angepasste Baumartenwahl. Die traditionelle Standortskartierung Bayerns klassifiziert forstlich relevante Bodeneigenschaften mit einem nominal- und ordinal-skalierten 3-ziffrigen Standortsschlüssel. Im physiographisch
ausgelegten Bayerischen Standortsinformationssystem BaSIS hingegen werden Bodeneinheiten der ÜBK 1 : 25.000 (Übersichtsbodenkarte des Bayerischen Landesamts für Umwelt) mit quantitativen Bodenkenndaten aus zugewiesenen Leitprofilen belegt (nutzbare Feldkapazität, Trockenrohdichte, volumetrischer Skelettgehalt, Tiefenverlauf der Basensättigung u. a.). Ziel dieser Studie ist es, den gutachterlichen Entscheidungsprozess der terrestrischen Wasserhaushaltsstufen (WHH-Stufen) der Standortskartierung unter Verwendung klimatischer und bodenkundlicher Größen statistisch nachzubilden. Datengrundlage sind 1.349 Profile des Bodeninformationssystems des Bayerischen Landesamts für Umwelt, die mit der Standortskarte und Klimakarten verschnitten wurden. Um die Aussagekraft der WHH-Stufe bezüglich der standörtlichen Trockenstress-Gefährdung zu verstehen, wird das Erklärungsmodell der WHH-Stufen mit zwei deterministischen Trockenstress-Größen unterschiedlich komplexer Wasserhaushaltsmodelle verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt klar, dass die Transpirationsdifferenz TDiff als eine der beiden deterministischen Trockenstress-Größen und gleichzeitig Grundlage zur Ansprache des Wasserhaushalts in BaSIS wesentlich stärker niederschlagsgetrieben ist als die WHH-Stufe der Standortskartierung. In einem letzten Schritt wird – ermutigt durch eine relativ erfolgreiche Nachbildung der WHH-Stufen – das Potential der WHH-Stufen zur Schätzung der nutzbaren Feldkapazität als einer der wichtigsten bodenkundlichen Kennwerte untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Einbezug der Standortskartierung in physiographisch basierte Standortsinformationssysteme die Schätzung dieser Parameter verbessern kann. Für die Praxis-Umsetzung empfiehlt sich, stärker nach den Bodeneinheiten oder aggregierten Bodeneinheiten zu differenzieren und Expertenwissen einzubeziehen. Zusammengefasst stellt diese Studie einen Brückenschlag zwischen den genannten Systemen her. Sie bringt einen Erkenntnisgewinn auf beiden Seiten und unterstützt die Kommunikation zwischen Nutzern des einen oder anderen Systems.
Bodeninformationen gehören zu den zentralen Merkmalen, die im Rahmen der forstlichen Standortskartierung erfasst werden. Die Differenzierung orientiert sich dabei weniger an einer streng bodengenetischen Gliederung (Deutsche Bodensystematik), sondern an forstlich relevanten Merkmalen (Standortsbewertungsverfahren). Dabei erweist sich eine Unterscheidung zwischen relativ stabilen Stammeigenschaften und variablen Zustandseigenschaften als sinnvoll. In den forstlichen Kartiersystemen der Bundesländer werden Bodeninformationen in unterschiedlicher Intensität und Qualität aufgenommen. Diese reichen von der bodenkundlich orientierten Bodenformen- oder Substratkartierung mit umfangreicher laboranalytischer Untersetzung bis zu vegetationsökologisch orientierten Aufnahmeverfahren mit indirekter Abschätzung von Bodeneigenschaften. Auch die Abdeckung der kartierten Waldflächen ist unterschiedlich. Perspektiven für die Bereitstellung von Bodeninformationen aus der Standortskartierung ergeben sich durch die Aufarbeitung und Harmonisierung von Altdaten sowie die Integration von weiteren Geodaten und datenintensiven Methoden aus dem Bereich der digitalen Bodenkartierung.
Im Rahmen der Standortskartierung wurde in den ostdeutschen Bundesländern seit den 1950er Jahren über mehrere Jahrzehnte bis heute einheitlich nach einem einstufigen, kombinierten Verfahren kartiert. Dieser Ansatz umfasst die Erkundung von abiotischen und biotischen Standortsfaktoren. Ein Teil der dokumentierten Ergebnisse, die detaillierten Profilbeschreibungen der Weiserprofile für Lokalbodenformen, welche häufig mit bodenphysikalischen und -chemischen Analysen hinterlegt sind, standen bisher nur analog zur Verfügung. Mit der Digitalisierung und expertenbasierten Harmonisierung dieser Altdaten entstehen wertvolle Grundlagen für die rechnergestützte Verarbeitung und Auswertung für aktuelle Fragestellungen. In Thüringen und Sachsen wurden bisher über 2.600 Bodenprofile mit vorliegenden bodenphysikalischen Laboranalysen im Geografischen Informationssystem verortet. Rund 1.000 sächsische Profile wurden vollständig harmonisiert und enthalten horizontweise und lückenlos die bodenphysikalischen Eingangsgrößen für die Anwendung von Pedotransferfunktionen. Mit dieser Datenbasis wurde das Substratfeuchtekonzept angewendet und damit eine räumlich differenzierte Berücksichtigung der Wasserspeicherfähigkeit von Waldböden für waldbauliche Planungen möglich.
Der bisher in Deutschland sehr selten gemeldete Neophyt Phedimus stolonifer wurde im Jahr 2015 in Frankfurt am Main anscheinend erstmals für Hessen nachgewiesen. Das individuenreiche Vorkommen längs eines Bachlaufes wird beschrieben. Eine Einbürgerung kann aufgrund der kurzen Beobachtungsdauer bislang nicht konstatiert werden.
Background: Community acquired viruses (CRVs) may cause severe disease in cancer patients. Thus, efforts should be made to diagnose CRV rapidly and manage CRV infections accordingly.
Methods: A panel of 18 clinicians from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology have convened to assess the available literature and provide recommendations on the management of CRV infections including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus and adenovirus.
Results: CRV infections in cancer patients may lead to pneumonia in approximately 30% of the cases, with an associated mortality of around 25%. For diagnosis of a CRV infection, combined nasal/throat swabs or washes/aspirates give the best results and nucleic acid amplification based-techniques (NAT) should be used to detect the pathogen. Hand hygiene, contact isolation and face masks have been shown to be of benefit as general infection management. Causal treatment can be given for influenza, using a neuraminidase inhibitor, and respiratory syncytial virus, using ribavirin in addition to intravenous immunoglobulins. Ribavirin has also been used to treat parainfluenza virus and human metapneumovirus, but data are inconclusive in this setting. Cidofovir is used to treat adenovirus pneumonitis.
Conclusions: CRV infections may pose a vital threat to patients with underlying malignancy. This guideline provides information on diagnosis and treatment to improve the outcome.
"Sinn - Unsinn - Wahnsinn. Beispiele zur österreichischen Kulturgeschichte". Tagung der Franz Werfel-Stipendiat(inn)en in Wien, 18.-19. März 2016
Das Franz Werfel-Stipendium des Österreichischen akademischen Austauschdienstes (OeAD) wendet sich an junge Germanist(inn)en und UniversitätslehrerInnen, die sich an ihren Heimatuniversitäten in der ganzen Welt schwerpunktmäßig mit der österreichischen Literatur beschäftigen. Als Plattform der ehemaligen sowie aktuellen Franz Werfel-Stipendiat(inn)en an den österreichischen Universitäten wird die alljährliche Franz Werfel-Tagung veranstaltet, die sich jeweils einem Thema aus der österreichischen Literatur widmet. Die Konferenz findet unter der Betreuung der Wiener Germanistin Konstanze Fliedl statt.
When becoming integrated into the German vocabulary, foreign words reflect paradigmatic changes regarding orthography, grammar as well as semantics. In this context, German orthography is also highly determined by orthographic codification, which continues to influence the development of spelling to the present day. This study compares digital linguistically annotated corpora containing texts written by professional as well as non-professional writers; these corpora contain several billion foreign words (of Greek, Latin and French origin, and in the second part of the study of English/American and Italian origin), studied over a period of 20 years following the German orthographic reform of 1996. The results may potentially help the official regulations to adapt to the spelling practices observed – either by describing the rules more precisely or by proposing possible spelling variants or eliminating those which are not in common use. The study may also help to support correct lexicographic codification in dictionaries.
The First World War brought devastating consequences for German linguistics. Formerly one of the most prestigious foreign languages taught at schools and universities outside Germany, after the war German disappeared from almost all curricula abroad. Furthermore, it proved impossible to establish a structuralist school (such as the Prague school) in Germany. The article suggests that this was neither due to the long tradition of the Jungian grammarians nor due to the Nazis' official condemnation of structuralism as being incompatible with the ideology of the state. It is shown that such a development should instead be attributed to the so-called "Krieg der Geister" ("war of the intellect"), which remained present even after the military peace (1918) amid a feeling of national insecurity. The article concludes that such a nationalistic social and political environment proved to be fertile ground for Whorfianism, and the influence of the so-called 'Sprachinhaltsforschung' prevailed towards structuralism.
The article describes the role of German as a working language and official language of the European Union. It also focuses on issues associated with the notion of an 'overarching' language of general use: especially in the field of law, each language reflects the specific legal and administrative traditions of the society in which it developed, meaning that different languages frequently lack precise one-to-one equivalents for particular legal concepts. Finally, the author assesses the 'economic value' of several European languages as proposed by Ulrich Ammons, demonstrating that German plays a leading role in this regard.
Mit dem Entschluss, aus der Sünde eine Tugend zu machen bzw. aus dem Faustischen oder Teuflischen heraus, aber ohne diese Ebene je vollständig zu verlassen, spielerisch zum Guten zu gelangen, unterläuft der Erzähler des Simplicissimus Teutsch die beschriebene manichäische Unterscheidung des Erzählers des Faustbuchs, die besagt, dass man nur entweder ein Glied Gottes sein oder zur Partei des Teufels gehören könne — und damit auch die Negation einer Entschuldung. Das Besondere an dieser Widerlegung des lutherischen 'Tertium non datur' des Faustbuchs-Erzählers besteht nun darin, dass sie aus dem Faustbuch heraus entwickelt wird. Denn Grimmelshausens Erzähler macht in der Schwarzkünstler-Episode nichts anderes, als die Vorgaben für einen ökonomisch gedachten Teufelspakt aus den Schwank-Partien des Faustbuchs konsequent zu Ende zu denken. Auch wenn es dem lutherischen Erzähler, zumindest in seinen moralisierenden Kommentaren zu den Exempeln der Faust-Geschichte, bitter ernst ist, lässt es sich Grimmelshausen nicht nehmen, aus den exempelhaften Schwank-Episoden mit teuflischem Humor den Funken der Moralität zu schlagen und damit das Grundprinzip satirischen Erzählens zu entwickeln.
2003 konstatiert Erwin Pracht in den Weimarer Beiträgen für den Beginn der 1990er Jahre einen "Ästhetisierungs-Boom" in Bezug auf die häufige Verwendung des Begriffs in zeitgenössisch aktuellen Debatten. Ästhetisierung erscheint in diesen Debatten nicht selten als postmoderne Modevokabel, wenngleich der Begriff bereits eine gut 200-jährige Verwendungsgeschichte hat: Ästhetisierung ist ein Neologismus der 'Sattelzeit' (Reinhart Koselleck), womit die Begriffsbildung von den gesellschaftlichen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Umbrüchen um 1800 zeugt. Gleichzeitig ist Ästhetisierung im Sinne einer Idee auch als Antwort auf diese Umbrüche zu verstehen. Aus der Ästhetisierung spricht ein Wunsch nach ästhetischer Bildung und politischer Teilhabe an Debatten gesellschaftlich relevanter Fragen. Im Kern liegt in der Ästhetisierung das Utopiepotential für ein besseres, das heißt schöneres Leben, welches weniger vollständig erreichbar, denn mehr als Ideal erstrebenswert scheint. Es zeugt von der Möglichkeit, die Perspektive zu wechseln und ästhetisierend wahrnehmen zu können. Dabei erweist sich eine ästhetisierende Haltung nicht als Flucht, sondern mehr als Vorsatz des Individuums, in der modernen Gesellschaft ein kultiviertes Leben zu führen und persönliche Gestaltungsoptionen, die zunehmend demokratischere Gesellschaftsstrukturen bieten, zu nutzen. Ästhetisierend wahrzunehmen ist so weniger Ausdruck davon, andere Perspektiven in den Hintergrund zu drängen, vielmehr zeigt sich daran, dass die unmittelbaren Lebensbedürfnisse gestillt sind. Zudem beinhaltet Ästhetisierung im Sinne individueller Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten einen Kern rebellierenden Protests, wie er sich besonders in den Ausprägungen des Dandys und Flaneurs äußert. Analog zum Anwachsen von Wohlstand, Bildung und politischer Teilhabe in Deutschland wird der Begriff der Ästhetisierung im Verlauf des 19. Jahrhunderts immer häufiger gebraucht. Die Fundierung des Begriffs liegt dabei im Nachdenken über Literatur.
Pastor Silber gehört zu den evangelischen Geistlichen seiner Zeit, die im Bereich ihrer Pfarrerpflichten nicht nur den gewöhnlichen, alltäglichen Schreibaufgaben nachgingen, sondern darüber hinaus sich der intensiven Produktion religiöser, aber auch teilweise weltlicher Texte widmeten, die sie auch drucken ließen. Obschon zerstreut in mehreren polnischen und deutschen Archiven und Bibliotheken lässt sich heutzutage sein gedrucktes Werk nachvollziehen. Es zeugt von seiner bemerkenswerten Produktivität. Seine gedruckten Werke repräsentieren vorwiegend die Textsorte Predigt, wobei die Subtextsorten Hochzeitspredigt und Leichenpredigt unter den Drucken quantitativ dominieren. Das umfangreichste (873 bedruckte Seiten), in der auf Kirchengeschichte und Ortsgeschichte bezogenen Fachliteratur häufig zitierte und für Forscher unterschiedlicher Disziplinen relevante Buch, das lange Zeit als verschollen galt, ist eine Predigtsammlung aus dem Jahre 1619, die – wie oben bereits erwähnt – 2016 bei der Bestandsaufnahme der deutschsprachigen Archivalien im Greiffenberger Pfarramt gefunden wurde.
Flashmob, App, E-Bike, Gendermainstreaming, bloggen, skypen, gefaked/gefakt, geliked/gelikt, Coffee-to-go, Latte macchiato, Gnocchi, Yallah, Shisha oder Sushi – die beherrschenden Fremdwörter aus Wissenschaft und Alltag der Gegenwartssprache im 21. Jahrhundert sind englischen Ursprungs, im letzten Jahrzehnt auch zunehmend aus anderen modernen europäischen und außereuropäischen Sprachen entlehnt. Die Entlehnungsbedingungen dieser Wörter unterscheiden sich damit grundsätzlich von den Gegebenheiten, die für die Integrationsentwicklungen bei Gräzismen und Latinismen sowie für Gallizismen bestimmend waren. Während die Fremdwörter aus den drei bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein wesentlichen Gebersprachen über Jahrhunderte hinweg in mehreren Phasen schrittweise Eingang in die deutsche Sprache fanden und dabei durch einen kontinuierlichen, wenn auch nicht immer widerspruchsfreien Prozess orthografischer Normierung begleitet wurden, erfolgte die Übernahme einer Vielzahl von Anglizismen und anderer Neologismen erheblich schneller im Rahmen umfassender Internationalisierung und Globalisierung von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Die entlehnten Wörter bezeichnen zum allergrößten Teil neue Phänomene, Wortbedeutungen oder Sachverhalte, sie sind Indizien für fundamentale gesellschaftliche Veränderungen, die einen grundlegenden Sprach- und schließlich auch Schreibwandel zur Folge haben. Im Gegensatz zum Umfeld früherer Entlehnungen bieten normierende Texte wie Grammatiken oder Wörterbücher daher zunächst noch keine orthografische Orientierung. Stattdessen gewinnt das Internet, bestimmt von professionellen wie auch informellen Schreibern, sowohl als Bezugsquelle von Informationen als auch als Orientierungsrahmen für die Schreibung neuer Wörter eine immer stärkere Bedeutung. Anglizismen spielen dabei eine Sonderrolle: Sie werden sowohl von englischen als auch von deutschen Quelltexten aus rezipiert und zum Teil in ihrem gebersprachlichen graphemischen Status übernommen, zum Teil modifiziert.
The article starts by giving a brief survey of the current state of German-Czech and Czech-German lexicography in the field of learners' dictionaries. It then continues with a metalexicographic examination of two translational dictionaries published since 2000. Attention focuses on the ways in which each team of authors addresses some basic metalexicographic problems in the introductory texts. The article then explores the methods of description used for fixed lexical phrases, which are critically analyzed (using as an example the dictionary entry for the lemma Kopf (head).
Türkiye ile Almanya arasında siyasi, ekonomik, bilimsel, ticari, kültürel ve daha birçok alanda yoğun bir işbirliği söz konusudur. Ayrıca Almanya’da yaklaşık üç milyon Türkiye vatandaşı yaşamakta ve Türkiye'ye uzun yıllardır en fazla yabancı turist Almanya'dan gelmektedir. Bütün bu nedenlerden dolayı Almanca konuşabilmek Türkiye'de farklı sektörlerden birçok iş kolunda çalışanlarda aranan bir nitelik haline gelmiştir. Turizm bu sektörlerin başında gelmektedir. Turizm çalışanlarının ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda kurslarda, ilgili fakülte ve yüksekokullarda mesleki Almanca dersleri verilmektedir. Mesleki Almanca öğretimi için bilinen dil öğretim yöntemleri kullanılmakla birlikte, ilgili meslek kolunun gerektirdiği dilsel beceriler göz ününde bulundurularak farklı yöntem ve tekniklerden de yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada turizm mesleki dili tanımlanıp, örneklerle açıklanmış ve yabancı dil öğretim yöntemlerinin özellikleri açıklanarak, turizm için mesleki Almanca bilgi ve becerilerini kazandırmadaki yeterliliği üzerine bir tartışma yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada herhangi bir örneklem grubu üzerinde deney veya gözlem yapılmaksızın, konuyla ilgili yapılan çalışmalar, öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşleri dikkate alınmıştır.
Endometriosis and its global research architecture : an in-depth density-equalizing mapping analysis
(2016)
Background: Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases. It is still a chameleon in many aspects and urges intense research activities in the fields of diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Despite the need to foster research in this area, no in-depth analysis of the global architecture of endometriosis research exists yet.
Methods: We here used the NewQIS platform to conduct a density equalizing mapping study, using the Web of Science as database with endometriosis related entries between 1900 and 2009. Density equalizing maps of global endometriosis research encompassing country-specific publication activities, and semi-qualitative indices such as country specific citations, citation rates, h-Indices were created.
Results: In total, 11,056 entries related to endometriosis were found. The USA was leading the field with 3705 publications followed by the United Kingdom (952) and Japan (846). Concerning overall citations and country-specific h-Indices, the USA again was the leading nation with 74,592 citations and a modified h-Index of 103, followed by the UK with 15,175 citations (h-Index 57). Regarding the citation rate, Sweden and Belgium were at top positions with rates of 22.46 and 22.26, respectively. Concerning collaborative studies, there was a steep increase in numbers present; analysis of the chronological evolution indicated a strong increase in international collaborations in the past 10 years.
Conclusions: This study is the first analysis that illustrates the global endometriosis research architecture. It shows that endometriosis research is constantly gaining importance but also underlines the need for further efforts and investments to foster research and ultimately improve endometriosis management on a global scale.
Objectives: This study aimed to analyse and compare differences in occupational stress, depressive symptoms, work ability and working environment among residents working in various medical specialties.
Methods: 435 German hospital residents in medical training working in 6 different medical specialties participated in a cross-sectional survey study. Physicians were asked about their working conditions and aspects of mental health and work ability. The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, the Work Ability Index, the ICD-10 Symptom Rating and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire were used to measure working conditions, mental health and work ability.
Results: Results show that up to 17% of the physicians reported high levels of occupational distress and 9% reported high levels of depressive symptoms. 11% of the hospital physicians scored low in work ability. Significant differences between medical specialties were demonstrated for occupational distress, depressive symptoms, work ability, job demands and job resources. Surgeons showed consistently the highest levels of perceived distress but also the highest levels of work ability and lowest scores for depression. Depressive symptoms were rated with the highest levels by anaesthesiologists. Significant associations between physicians’ working conditions, occupational distress and mental health-related aspects are illustrated.
Conclusions: Study results demonstrated significant differences in specific job stressors, demands and resources. Relevant relations between work factors and physicians' health and work ability are discussed. These findings should be reinvestigated in further studies, especially with a longitudinal study design. This work suggests that to ensure physicians' health, hospital management should plan and implement suitable mental health promotion strategies. In addition, operational efficiency through resource planning optimisation and work process improvements should be focused by hospital management.
"Concordia domi, foris pax" : zur sprichwörtlichen Mehrsprachigkeit der Rhetorik Helmut Schmidts
(2016)
In den zahlreichen Büchern Helmut Schmidts, die in Sammelbänden auch seine Interviews, Reden und Aufsätze enthalten, spielen fremdsprachliche Phraseologismen eigentlich nur eine kleine Rolle. Dieser Beitrag enthält im Prinzip alle aufgefundenen Belege, was deutlich zu erkennen gibt, dass Helmut Schmidt im Vergleich zu Otto von Bismarck und Willy Brandt seine lateinischen und englischen Sprachkenntnisse weniger unter Beweis stellt. Französisch fehlt wegen seiner Unkenntnis der ehemals so bedeutenden Diplomatensprache fast völlig, während sich die beiden aussagekräftigen lateinischen Sprichwörter "Concordia domi, foris pax" und "Salus publica suprema lex" als gewichtige Leitmotive der politischen Rhetorik Schmidts erweisen. Erwartungsgemäß vertritt die moderne lingua franca des Angloamerikanischen die Mehrsprachigkeit Schmidts am deutlichsten. Zusätzlich zu englischen Zwillingsformeln und Redensarten kommt es hier in der Tat zu einer Reihe von englischen und amerikanischen Sprichwörtern, die eine erhebliche kommunikative Funktion übernehmen. Zweifelsohne hätte Schmidt deutschsprachige Äquivalente finden können, doch will er offensichtlich seine Betrachtungen zur politischen Situation in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt durch angloamerikanische Sprichwortweisheiten international untermauern. Dafür gab es vormals Latein und Französisch, doch hat nuneinmal die englische Weltsprache diese Rolle im modernen Zeitalter übernommen.
Mehrsprachigkeit wird heute in vielen Kontexten diskutiert und unter verschiedenen Aspekten erforscht. Vor allem im Zuge der gegenwärtigen Migrationsbewegungen und der steigenden privaten und professionellen Mobilität wird unsere Gesellschaft immer häufiger vor neue Aufgaben und Herausforderungen gestellt. Dem Fremdsprachenunterricht kommt in diesem Kontext eine große Bedeutung zu.
Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die grundlegenden bildungspolitischen Ziele zur Förderung individueller bzw. gesellschaftlicher Mehrsprachigkeit auf europäischer Ebene wird in diesem Beitrag der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit die neuen Erkenntnisse der Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung sich im Zweitsprachunterricht effizient einsetzen lassen und zur Förderung einer mehrsprachigen Kompetenz beitragen können.
Unequivocal international guidelines regarding the diagnosis and management of patients with acute appendicitis are lacking. The aim of the consensus meeting 2015 of the EAES was to generate a European guideline based on best available evidence and expert opinions of a panel of EAES members. After a systematic review of the literature by an international group of surgical research fellows, an expert panel with extensive clinical experience in the management of appendicitis discussed statements and recommendations. Statements and recommendations with more than 70 % agreement by the experts were selected for a web survey and the consensus meeting of the EAES in Bucharest in June 2015. EAES members and attendees at the EAES meeting in Bucharest could vote on these statements and recommendations. In the case of more than 70 % agreement, the statement or recommendation was defined as supported by the scientific community. Results from both the web survey and the consensus meeting in Bucharest are presented as percentages. In total, 46 statements and recommendations were selected for the web survey and consensus meeting. More than 232 members and attendees voted on them. In 41 of 46 statements and recommendations, more than 70 % agreement was reached. All 46 statements and recommendations are presented in this paper. They comprise topics regarding the diagnostic work-up, treatment indications, procedural aspects and post-operative care. The consensus meeting produced 46 statements and recommendations on the diagnostic work-up and management of appendicitis. The majority of the EAES members supported these statements. These consensus proceedings provide additional guidance to surgeons and surgical residents providing care to patients with appendicitis.
Neural responses to heartbeats in the default network encode the self in spontaneous thoughts
(2016)
The default network (DN) has been consistently associated with self-related cognition, but alsoto bodily state monitoring and autonomic regulation. We hypothesized that these two seemingly disparate functional roles of the DN are functionally coupled, in line with theories proposing that selfhood is grounded in the neural monitoring of internal organs, such as the heart. We measured with magnetoencephalograhy neural responses evoked by heartbeats while human participants freely mind-wandered. When interrupted by a visual stimulus at random intervals, participants scored the self-relatedness of the interrupted thought. They evaluated their involvement as the firstperson perspective subject or agent inthethought (“I”), and on another scaleto what degreethey werethinking aboutthemselves (“Me”). During the interrupted thought, neural responses to heartbeats in two regions of the DN, the ventral precuneus and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, covaried, respectively, with the “I” and the “Me” dimensions of the self, even at the single-trial level. No covariation between self-relatedness and peripheral autonomic measures (heart rate, heart rate variability, pupil diameter, electrodermal activity, respiration rate, and phase) or alpha power was observed. Our results reveal a direct link between selfhood and neural responses to heartbeats in the DN and thus directly support theories grounding selfhood in the neural monitoring of visceral inputs. More generally, the tight functional coupling between self-related processing and cardiac monitoring observed here implies that, even in the absence of measured changes in peripheral bodily measures, physiological and cognitive functions have to be considered jointly in the DN.
The article consists in a comparative reading of three novels: Um rio chamado tempo by Mia Couto, Le pain des corbeaux by Lhoussain Azergui and Paw królowej by Dorota Masłowska. In spite of the difference of the historical circumstances of Mozambique, Morocco and Poland, these three books meet at an intersecting point: the emergence of an intelligentsia that uses literacy and writing as an instrument to deconstruct the post-colonial concept of nation and to operate a trans-colonial renegotiation of identity. By the notion of trans-colonial, I understand the opposition against new kinds of symbolic violence that emerged after the end of the colonial period; here this new form of oppression is related to the concept of national unity – an artificial construct that leaves no place for a dualism or pluralism of cultural reality (two shores of the Zambezi river, Arab and Berber dualism in Morocco, "small homelands" in Poland).
The young heroes of the novels grasp the pen in order to break through the falseness or the taboos created by the fathers, establishing, at the same time, the relation of solidarity with the world of the grandfathers. The act of writing becomes an actualization of the ancestral universe of magic. The settlement of accounts with the parental generation concerns the vision of nation built upon the resistance against the colonizer (it also refers to the Polish cultural formation, based on the tradition of uprisings and resistance against the Russians).
Hinter dem kritischen und kommerziellen Erfolg literarischer Texte stehen nicht selten Autor(inn)en, verstanden als mächtige Akteure des literarischen Feldes sowie als Marken, die beim Publikum bestimmte Erwartungen erwecken und zur Gestaltung von entsprechenden Wertungsstrategien beitragen. Derartige Wertungen überschreiten nicht immer nationale Grenzen. Am Beispiel der polnischen Rezeption der deutschsprachigen Literatur kann bewiesen werden, dass die Macht der genannten Akteure kulturgeographisch begrenzt ist und dass sie im Kulturtransfer stereotypisiert werden. So lassen sich einzelne Rezeptionsfälle in Figuren ausdrücken: Metapher (Allgegenwart) - Günter Grass, Metonymie (Repräsentation) - Elfriede Jelinek, Litotes (Abwesenheit) - Daniel Kehlmann und Wolf Haas im polnischen Feld.
Den Traditionsbruch der Rhetorik im 18. Jahrhundert und die Verlagerung ihrer Wissensbestände in andere Disziplinen hat die jüngere Forschung detailliert untersucht. Was das Verhältnis der Rhetorik zu Theologie und Religion betrifft, so konzentrieren sich die Darstellungen häufig auf die Feststellung, der Pietismus habe die Lehre von den Affekten (vom movere und delectare) isoliert, was, verkürzt gesagt, die Entstehung sowohl der Ästhetik wie der Erfahrungsseelenkunde beförderte. Dagegen gelte für die der Ironie verwandten, in den Poetiken, Politik- und Klugheitslehren verwendeten technischen Termini der Simulation (Vorspiegelung des Falschen) und Dissimulation (Verbergung des Wahren), dass sie durch die Codes der Aufklärung (Mensch-Schauspieler, Natürlichkeit-Künstlichkeit, Innerlichkeit-Äußerlichkeit) ihre Selbstverständlichkeit als Mittel der Selbstdarstellung und Selbsterhaltung verloren hätten. Als probates Mittel der höfischen und Ständegesellschaft seien Methoden der Vortäuschung und Verstellung moralisch und politisch desavouiert worden, da sie dem Ideal körpersprachlicher Unmittelbarkeit einerseits, rationaler Argumente und Überzeugungen, aufrichtiger moralischer Intention und einer Sprache unverzerrter Mitteilung andererseits widersprachen. Täuschung und Verstellung lebten in Folge der aufklärerischen Kritik vornehmlich in Theorien des Theaters weiter. In der Theologie dagegen fände das Ideal unverstellter Authentizität seinen Ausdruck zum Beispiel in Lavaters theologisch interessierter Physiognomie. Dem steht zunächst der Befund gegenüber, dass seit dem 18. Jahrhundert gerade in den zentralen Debatten um Religion und Theologie das Spiel mit Maskierungen und Demaskierungen, Verschleierungen und Entschleierungen, Verhüllungen und Enthüllungen (die tatsächlich auf das Theaterregister verweisen, aber zugleich literalisiert werden) ubiquitär ist.
"Grenzüberschreitungen: Migration und Literatur aus der Perspektive der Literatursoziologie". Tagung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 20.-21. Juni 2016
Die zeitgenössische Literaturproduktion reagiert seit Längerem auf Thematiken wie Kulturkonflikte, Fremdheit, Einwanderung und Migration. Das Forschungsprojekt Literature on the Move untersuchte die Migration von Autor(inn)en nach Österreich und deren Möglichkeiten bzw. Schwierigkeiten beim Eintritt in das Feld der österreichischen Literatur. Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, die Rahmenbedingungen, die Struktur und die Konsequenzen literarischer Produktion miteinander in Beziehung zu bringen und mit Hinblick auf die literarischen Texte zu analysieren.
Metahistoriographische Fiktion in Christoph Ransmayrs "Die Schrecken des Eises und der Finsternis"
(2016)
Die historischen Ereignisse, die in Christoph Ransmayrs 'Die Schrecken des Eises und der Finsternis' nach und nach aufgerollt werden, muten zunächst so an, als hätten sie sich Karl Kraus, Robert Musil und Fritz von Hermanovsky-Orlando gemeinsam an einem von vielen Flaschen Gumpoltskirchner befeuerten Abend ausgedacht. Sie sind, wie der als Chronist auftretende Ich-Erzähler selbst anmerkt, "so dramatisch, so bizarr und am Ende so unwahrscheinlich [...] wie sonst nur eine Phantasie". Es handelt sich um die 1872 unter dem Kommando von Carl Weyprecht und Julius Payer gestartete österreichischungarische Expedition im Nordpolgebiet, die den letzten weißen Fleck auf dem Globus erforschen wollte. Wie so viele habsburgische Unternehmungen endete auch dieses in einem grandiosen Fiasko: Das K.-u.k.-Expeditionsschiff, die Admiral Tegetthoff, saß nach bereits vier Wochen im Packeis fest. Mehr als zwei Jahre hielt die Besatzung in der Arktis aus, dann trat sie, unter unvorstellbaren Strapazen, den Heimweg nach Europa zu Fuß übers Eis an und wurde schließlich von russischen Transchiffen aufgelesen. Das einzig vorzeigbare Ergebnis der Expedition war die Entdeckung eines Archipels im Polarmeer, gelegen auf 79 Grad 43 Minuten nördlicher Breite und 59 Grad 33 Minuten östlicher Länge, etwa 60 von gewaltigen Gletschern überzogene Inseln aus rauem Urgestein, welche die österreichischen Kommandanten zu Ehren ihres Kaisers Franz-Joseph-Land nannten. Auch wenn das völlig unwirtliche Konglomerat aus Fels und Eis heute zu Russland gehört, der Name ist ihm geblieben (Semlja Frantsa Josifa lautet er auf Russisch), ebenso die anderen österreichischen Benennungen: Insel Klagenfurt, Insel Wiener Neustadt, Kap Tyrol und Kap Klagenfurt
Study of hard core repulsive interactions in an hadronic gas from a comparison with lattice QCD
(2016)
We study the influence of hard-core repulsive interactions within the Hadron-Resonace Gas model in comparison to first principle calculation performed on a lattice. We check the effect of a bag-like parametrization for particle eigenvolume on flavor correlators, looking for an extension of the agreement with lattice simulations up to higher temperatures, as was yet pointed out in an analysis of hadron yields measured by the ALICE experiment. Hints for a flavor depending eigenvolume are present.
Chronic hepatitis C is a major reason for development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and a leading cause for liver transplantation. The development of direct-acting antiviral agents lead to (pegylated) interferon-alfa free antiviral therapy regimens with a remarkable increase in sustained virologic response (SVR) rates and opened therapeutic options for patients with advanced cirrhosis and liver graft recipients. This concise review gives an overview about most current prospective trials and cohort analyses for treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis and liver graft recipients. In patients with compensated cirrhosis Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CTP) class A, all approved agents are safe and SVR rates do not significantly differ from patients without cirrhosis in general. In patients with decompensated cirrhosis CTP class B or C, daclastasvir, ledipasvir, velpatasvir, and sofosbuvir are approved, and SVR rates higher than 90% can be achieved. Especially for patients with a model of end stage liver disease score higher than 15 and therefore eligible for liver transplantation, data is scarce. Reported SVR rates in patients with cirrhosis CTP class C are lower compared to patients with a less severe liver disease. In liver transplant recipients with a maximum of CTP class A, SVR rates are comparable to patients without LT. Patients with decompensated graft cirrhosis should be treated on an individual basis.
The data provided is related to the article "Phylogenetic analyses of gazelles reveal repeated transitions of key ecological traits and provide novel insights into the origin of the genus Gazella". The data is based on 48 tissue samples of all nine extant species of the genus Gazella, namely Gazella gazella, Gazella arabica, Gazella bennettii, Gazella cuvieri, Gazella dorcas, Gazella leptoceros, Gazella marica, Gazella spekei, and Gazella subgutturosa and four related taxa (Saiga tatarica, Antidorcas marsupialis, Antilope cervicapra and Eudorcas rufifrons). It comprises alignments of sequences of a cytochrome b data set and of six nuclear intron markers. For the latter new primers were designed based on cattle and sheep genomes. Based on these alignments phylogenetic trees were inferred using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods. Furthermore, ancestral character states (inferred with BayesTraits 1.0) and ancestral ranges based on a Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model were estimated and results׳ files were stored within this article.
The paper broaches the issue of unfair trading practices (UTPs) at the expense of, economically spoken, weaker actors among the food supply chain in context of the EU. For illustrating the concept of UTPs and delivering a theoretical basis for scrutinizing the term of fairness in respective trading practices the paper suggests the three variables 1) bargaining power, 2) market power/anti competitive practices and 3) unequal gain distribution. Subsequently the article presents selected national food-specific legislative based reactions towards UTPs evolved in context of the three variables. Ultimately the paper presents a qualitatively generated hypothesis which presumes that legislative food-specific measurements focussing on protecting suppliers lead to a beneficial monetary share for farmers, by means of influencing the producer price to a monetarily advantageous extent. The hypothesis was generated unprejudiced in the run-up to the paper. The research design which led to the hypothesis mentioned will be presented.
Altitude training and respiratory muscle training (RMT) have been reported to improve performance in elite and well-trained athletes. Several devices (altitude and RMT) have been developed to help athletes gain the competitive edge. The Elevation Training Mask 2.0 (ETM) purportedly simulates altitude training and has been suggested to increase aerobic capacity (VO2max), endurance performance, and lung function. Twenty-four moderately trained subjects completed 6 weeks of high-intensity cycle ergometer training. Subjects were randomized into a mask (n = 12) or control (n = 12) group. Pre and post-training tests included VO2max, pulmonary function, maximal inspiration pressure, hemoglobin and hematocrit. No significant differences were found in pulmonary function or hematological variables between or within groups. There was a significant improvement in VO2max and PPO in both the control (13.5% and 9.9%) and mask (16.5% and 13.6%) groups. There was no difference in the magnitude of improvement between groups. Only the mask group had significant improvements in ventilatory threshold (VT) (13.9%), power output (PO) at VT (19.3%), respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) (10.2%), and PO at RCT (16.4%) from pre to post-testing. The trends for improvements in VT and PO at VT between groups were similar to improvements in RCT and PO at RCT, but did not reach statistical significance (VT p = 0.06, PO at VT p = 0.170). Wearing the ETM while participating in a 6-week high-intensity cycle ergometer training program does not appear to act as a simulator of altitude, but more like a respiratory muscle training device. Wearing the ETM may improve specific markers of endurance performance beyond the improvements seen with interval training alone.
The shrub Nematolepis ovatifolia (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson (family Rutaceae) is endemic to the alpine and subalpine areas of the Snowy Mountains, Australia, where it dominates large areas of heath. Mass dieback was observed in the spring/summer of 2012. Damage at first was confined to the tips of branches, a symptom that could be due to frost damage and/or pathogen-induced water stress. Subsequently, whole stems and shrubs died and new areas of chlorosis appeared on smaller shrubs. Surveys of 186 sites covering the geographical range of the shrub in the summers of 2013/14 and 2014/15 found that 59 populations were definitely dieback affected, 92 had early symptoms and 35 were healthy. Two possible causes were investigated: killing frost and pathogens, with insect attack being a further cause of defoliation. The root rot pathogen, Phytophthora cambivora was isolated from one washed root sample and from one of five soil/ root samples. In 2014/15, in five sites where symptomatic plants were monitored, most plants recovered to a condition where they were considered unaffected in March 2015. It is possible that symptomatic plants had in fact suffered frost damage. Hence populations with early symptoms were grouped with healthy populations for analysis of proximity to trails. Compared with these, dieback affected populations were significantly closer to trails. It could not be determined when the pathogen was introduced, as it could have been imported on earthmoving equipment or by subsequent users of trails. It was apparently well spread before spring of 2012 but infection of plants was not evident. Its sudden eruption in spring of 2012 may have been facilitated by two warm and wet La Nina years, with mean growing season soil temperature up to 1.5°C higher than the long term mean and growing season rainfall double the long term mean. Plant death occurred in the hottest year on record in Australia, with the average alpine treeline growing season soil temperature of 9.2°C in 2012/13 being >2.0°C above the long term mean.
MLL-r Leukemia
(2016)
The writer Lion Feuchtwanger makes an appeal against World War I with two dramatic adaptations of ancient texts: 'Die Perser des Aischylos' ('Aeschylus' Persians'), and – based on two works by Aristophanes – 'Friede' (‘Peace’). Feuchtwanger uses metaphors in various parts of these plays to express emotions concerning the war (across the spectrum of human emotions). These metaphors function as instruments for reinforcing the intended criticism of war in both works.
Der ehemalige Schwerzer Berg nordöstlich von Halle (Saale) - ein Nachruf aus floristischer Sicht
(2016)
Die ehemalige Porphyrkuppe des Schwerzer Berges 15 km nordöstlich von Halle (Saale) wurde durch Steinbruchbetrieb bis 2013 vollständig in Anspruch genommen und abgebaut. Nachfolgend wird ein Überblick gegeben über die floristisch ehemals artenreiche Lokalität. Die Entwicklung am Schwerzer Berg ist ein weiteres Beispiel für das lokale oder regionale Aussterben verschiedener seltener und gefährdeter Pflanzenarten im Umfeld von Halle (Saale).
In her article, Karin Littau proposes a material or medial turn in the humanities and social sciences to end the neglect of the material basis to every act of communication, including translation. This proposal is warmly welcomed. As a comparatist who has for some time been trying to build bridges between literary studies and book history, I strongly support Littau's point of view – all the more since I am less optimistic regarding the general acceptance of such ideas in the humanities, and especially in literary and translation studies. I am not so sure that McLuhan and the other authorities for the importance of mediality and technicity whom Littau quotes (e.g. Kittler, Ong, and Gumbrecht) have really provoked a "crisis in the self-understanding of the human sciences". For brevity's sake, in my response below, I leave aside literary studies to focus on translation studies.
Klima wird in der industriellen Moderne zum Problem des Wissens. Anders als das Wetter ist das Klima der direkten Wahrnehmung entzogen; ein Umstand, der paradoxerweise immer problematischer zu werden scheint, je mehr Wissen über die komplexen Zusammenhänge von lokalen Wetterereignissen und globalem Klima existiert. Das moderne Klima ist ein wandelbares, globales Phänomen, dessen Erkenntnis doppelt vermittelt ist, insofern es weder sinnlich erfahrbar noch verstandesmäßig erfassbar und somit auf Modellierung angewiesen ist. Diese findet jedoch nicht allein im wissenschaftlichen Kontext statt. Vielmehr ist die Herstellung von Klima als Bedingung von (Lebens-)Wirklichkeit und Zukunft trotz ihres unterschiedlichen epistemischen Status das Ergebnis wechselseitiger Einflussnahme wissenschaftlicher und nicht-wissenschaftlicher Modelle.
Das wissenschaftliche Interesse auf dem Feld der Germanistik ist in den letzten Jahren in Rumänien, besonders nach der blutigen und gewaltsamen Wende, stark gestiegen. Die Germanistikabteilung der Philologischen Fakultät in Kronstadt/Braşov veranstaltete in Zusammenarbeit mit der Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens [GGR] (Zweigstelle Kronstadt) zwischen dem 07. - 09. April 2016 ihre XIX. Internationale Tagung zum Thema Konstruktionen von Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit in der deutschen Kultur, Literatur und Sprache.
Nach einer Rekonstruktion des Forschungsstandes (I.) soll in dieser Studie die literarische Modellierung des Frauenmörders Moosbrugger aus Musils "Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften" nach Bleulers (II.), vor allem aber nach Freuds Konzept der Paranoia (IJI.) untersucht werden. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei Moosbruggers narzisstische Persönlichkeitsstruktur und die, aus einer freudschen Perspektive gesprochen, damit zusammenhängende Vorstellung, dass "hinter den Weibern der andere Mann" steckt. In einem letzten Schritt wird untersucht, inwieweit diese Persönlichkeitsstruktur die Voraussetzung für eine, mit Ulrich parallelisierte, mystische Öffnung Moosburggers darstellt (IV.).
This article is a linguistic study of David Bellos’ indirect translation of Ismail Kadare’s The File on H (1997), a novel first published in 1980-1981 in the Albanian literary review Nëntori, and translated into English on the basis of Jusuf Vrioni’s French version, Le Dossier H (1989). Also called "double", "mediated" or "second-hand", indirect translation is an understudied phenomenon, often criticised by scholars because of its greater distance to the original. Cay Dollerup (2000: 23), for example, argues that the grammatical structure of the mediating language (ML) obscures the distinctions made in the source language (SL), and that possible "mistakes" in the ML may be repeated in the target language (TL). Do fidelity and loyalty to the author become weakened in Bellos’ indirect translation? To what extent is such weakening discernible linguistically? And does this particular case of indirect translation reveal notable patterns or recurring types of linguistic shifts between ST and TT? Showing that some of the features specific to Kadare’s Albanian writing are tempered in the doubly-translated English text, yet highlighting that similar shifts occur in the three language directions involved, this article demonstrates that changes between ST and TT may occur in indirect translation regardless of the strategies adopted by MT – thus challenging the hypothesis that linguistic shifts in indirect translation follow a single or consistent pattern.
Causative, which is analyzed in the context of voice, differs widely in Turkish and German languages. A causative can be obtained nearly from each verb in Turkish language while this category is not productive in German Language. Like prefixes, which are of great importance in German language, the causative has the same significance in Turkish language. Causatives can be divided into three: a) lexical causative, causative existing in words' own meaning; for instance, there exists such a relationship between the words "slide" and "fall"; b) morphological causative consists of morphemes (öl-dür-t-mek); c) whereas, the context is important for the operant causative. When we say “It smells gas in here’ it may have been intended to open a window and we can make it done. There is a direct connection between the causative and causality. Because, in causative instead of doing something directly, it may be caused to be done or occurred. The notion of causative in German has been reviewed in the semantic context at a low degree. This is because of the fact that, morphological causative verbs are fewer and new causative voices can't be formed. However, this issue has been handled in a very detailed manner especially at morphological level in Turkish language. There is even fine detail under the title causative itself. The most important characteristic of causative is to change the combination value of the verbs. However, the relation between causative and passive is just the opposite of this and asymmetric. Structures having semantic similarities with causatives and named as Funktionsverbgefüge (put into practice = apply) in German exist. Reciprocal voices and reflexive voices, the most important voices of Turkish language, generally allow the formation of causative verb.
Abnormitäten oder Analogien bei Übersetzungen deutscher und türkischer Nebensatzkonstruktionen
(2016)
Jede Sprache hat ihre eigene grammatikalische Struktur und dementsprechend unterscheidet sich auch der Aufbau der Sätze. Was in der Grammatik als ein Teilsatz bezeichnet wird, ist ein Nebensatz, welcher in jeder Sprache seine eigene Struktur besitzt. Diese strukturellen Merkmale, Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten im Deutschen und im Türkischen werden in dieser Arbeit dargestellt und miteinander verglichen. In dieser Arbeit werden die deutschen Nebensatzarten samt den dazugehörigen Beispielen dargestellt. Nach denselben Gesichtspunkten werden auch die jeweiligen türkischen Übersetzungen wiedergegeben. Diese Aufteilung soll als Mittel zum Zweck der übersichtlicheren Darlegung der Nebensätze und zur Erklärung der Übersetzungsmöglichkeiten dienen. Es ist klar, dass eine konkrete Übersetzung mehr oder weniger angleichend bzw. mehr oder weniger verfremdend erscheint, welche auf Varietät der Zielsprache zurückzuführen ist. Die Gegenüberstellung zwischen von Grund aus unterschiedlichen Sprachen scheint in erster Linie in Bezug auf den Wortschatz (z. B. kulturspezifische Begriffe) und Redeweisen getroffen worden zu sein. Sie ist jedoch auch für den grammatikalischen Bereich relevant. Nach diesem Exkurs werden einige deutsche Märchen mit ihren türkischen Übersetzungen verglichen und analysiert
Dass der Tanz und die Pantomime sehr nahe verwandt sind, betont Hofmannsthal in seinem 1911 entstandenen Essay "Über die Pantomime", den er in Anlehnung an die gleichnamige Schrift von Lukian ausarbeitet: Danach sind die mimetische Darstellung und der amimetische Ausdruckstanz vom Pantomimischen und von rhythmischer Bewegung durchwirkt. Was aber in diesem Text hervorgehoben wird, ist vor allem die "reine Gebärde", die den Kern der Pantomime bildet, und am besten das Innere des Individuums zu offenbaren vermag. Die "reine Gebärde" verwirklicht sich, laut Hofmannsthal, in einem religiös motivierten, ursprünglichen Tanz, der in seinem Kern aus einem zeremoniellen Akt entsteht: "Auf Zeremonie läuft alles hinaus". Sie vermag "ein Verhältnis zu umgebenden Personen, gedrängter, und bedeutender als die Sprache es vermöchte, auszusprechen, etwas an den Tag zu geben, was zu groß, zu allgemein, zu nahe ist, um in Worte gefasst zu werden". Hier artikuliert Hofmannsthal sein Erfahrungswissen in Fragen nach dem Schöpferischen des Körpers im Tanz, sowie nach der Inspirationsquelle. So benötigt der Tänzer nicht nur eine entsprechende körperliche Eignung, sondern auch ein spezielles, kulturelles Wissen - memoria -, auf Grund dessen er eine gemeinmenschliche Gebärde, wie ein für alle verständliches Symbol konstruiert. Seine Wirkung wird weiterhin in der Selbstvergessenheit des Körpers im Tanz intuitiv-individuell vervollständigt.
Das neue Tanzmodell eroberte nicht nur die Aufmerksamkeit solcher dichterischen Größen wie Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Ludwig Hevesi oder des Kulturkritikers Hermann Bahr, es galt auch als Inspirationsquelle für die historische Avantgarde in der bildenden Kunst und Literatur. Solch ein "choreographisches Gedicht" wählt der bedeutendste Vertreter der Wiener Jahrhundertwende, Egon Schiele (1890-1918) zu seinem Hauptthema. Ins Zentrum dieser "Choreographien" rückt er seinen eigenen Körper, den er in fast manischer Weise gestaltet.
Background: Clonidine effectively decreases perioperative mortality by reducing sympathetic tone. However, application of clonidine might also restrict anaemia tolerance due to impairment of compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, the influence of clonidine induced, short-term sympathicolysis on anaemia tolerance was assessed in anaesthetized pigs. We measured the effect of clonidine on anaemia tolerance and of the potential for macrohemodynamic alterations to constrain the acute anaemia compensatory mechanisms.
Methods: After governmental approval, 14 anaesthetized pigs of either gender (Deutsche Landrasse, weight (mean ± SD) 24.1 ± 2.4 kg) were randomly assigned to intravenous saline or clonidine treatment (bolus: 20 μg · kg−1, continuous infusion: 15 μg · kg−1 · h−1). Thereafter, the animals were hemodiluted by exchange of whole blood for 6 % hydroxyethyl starch (MW 130.000/0.4) until the individual critical haemoglobin concentration (Hbcrit) was reached. Primary outcome parameters were Hbcrit and the exchangeable blood volume (EBV) until Hbcrit was reached.
Results: Hbcrit did not differ between both groups (values are median [interquartile range]: saline: 2.2 (2.0–2.5) g · dL−1 vs. clonidine: 2.1 (2.1–2.4) g · dL−1; n.s.). Furthermore, there was no difference in exchangeable blood volume (EBV) between both groups (saline: 88 (76–106) mL · kg−1 vs. clonidine: 92 (85–95) mL · kg−1; n.s.).
Conclusion: Anaemia tolerance was not affected by clonidine induced sympathicolysis. Consequently, perioperative clonidine administration probably has not to be omitted in view of acute anaemia.
Dem Beobachter der literarischen Szene in Deutschland fällt früher oder später auf, dass Alexander von Humboldt - von einem Vorgriff um 1980 abgesehen - im ersten Dezennium des 21. Jahrhunderts zu einer Hauptgestalt literarischer Fiktion geworden ist. Wie ist die Ikonisierung des Forschungsreisenden und Universalgelehrten im deutschen Roman zu erklären? Was fasziniert, was provoziert die Autoren an diesem Mann, an diesem Leben? Welche Motive, welche subjektiven Haltungen, welche substantiellen Gehalte lassen sich bei der Lektüre dieser Romane erschließen? Welche stilistischen Differenzierungen haben Humboldts Diktion in seinem eigenen Bericht über seine berühmte Forschungsreise und seine distanzierte Haltung gegenüber dem human factor bei Autoren der Gegenwart herausgefordert? Kaum einem Autor geht es lediglich um eine fiktionalisierte Biographie oder um eine populärwissenschaftliche Aufbereitung von Humboldts Forschungen mit literarischen Mitteln. In einer Zeit, in der auch die Wissenschaftsgeschichte ihre Narrative kreiert, wird bei den Schriftstellern der Lebensstoff des Gelehrten und Reisenden zum Material poetischer Transformation. Es sind die Autoren, die Schwerpunkte setzen, Konfigurationen erfinden, Obsessionen und Idiosynkrasien artikulieren. Besonderes Interesse verdienen in den deutschen Romanen die Figurenkonstellationen, in die Humboldt versetzt wird: Humboldt und sein Diener Seifert, Humboldt und sein Freund und Begleiter Aimé Bonpland, Humboldt mit Goethe und anderen, Humboldt und Gauß. Auch im internationalen Kontext betrachtet rückt in etwa zeitgleich entstandenen Romanen Humboldts Leben ins Zentrum, wo es noch freier behandelt wird: als Gegenstand einer modernen wissenschaftlichen Forschungsreise, als Graphic Novel, als Muster für eine Parallel-Biographie. Da nicht vorausgesetzt werden kann, dass die zu besprechenden Werke allgemein bekannt sind, soll eine differenzierte Bestandsaufnahme, in der auch ein geschärfter Blick aufs Detail gerichtet wird, den Leser in die Lage versetzen, den Vergleich der verschiedenen Annäherungen an Alexander von Humboldt besser beurteilen zu können.
In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben Deutschlands Teilung und die darauf folgende Wiedervereinigung die Art und Weise beeinflusst, wie die Geschichte des Landes verstanden wird, wobei östlich und westlich geprägte Erzählungen zu einer neuen Geschichtsschreibung verschmolzen. Die verschiedenen Sichtweisen auf das Leben und den Tod der jüdisch-deutschen Kommunistin Olga Benario, der Lebensgefährtin des brasilianischen Freiheitskämpfers Luis Carlos Prestes, dienen der deutschen Autorin Dea Loher in diesem Zusammenhang als aussagekräftige Fallstudie. In ihrem Theaterstück Olgas Raum (1994) werden die leeren Wände der Bühne genutzt, um auf ihnen Geschichte, Geschichten und Mythen zu projizieren, bevor die Figuren durch ihre eigenen tragischen Fehler diese Entwürfe dekonstruieren. Dabei werden die Konstruktionsmechanismen, die hinter der Entstehung von Geschichte und Geschichten liegen, enthüllt. Das Publikum wird so in eine aktive Rezipientenrolle gedrängt, nicht zuletzt wenn es mit dem leeren Raum, den Olga und die anderen Akteure nach einander verlassen, alleingelassen wird. Eine Flucht in den Mythos ist nicht mehr möglich in Anbetracht der Erkenntnis, dass Gewalt und allgemeine Fehlbarkeit zutiefst menschlich sind.
"Österreich - USA: Künstlerischer und interkultureller Dialog". Konferenz der Austrian Studies Association (ASA) an der Universität Wien, 14.-17. März 2016
Zum zweiten Mal seit Bestehen der 1961 ins Leben gerufenen Austrian Studies Association (ASA) fand die jährliche ASA-Konferenz in Europa, und zwar wieder in Wien, statt. Organisiert wurde sie von Pia Janke (Forschungsplattform Elfriede Jelinek, Universität Wien), Maria-Regina Kecht (Rice University) und Teresa Kovacs (Forschungsplattform Elfriede Jelinek, Universität Wien). Die Veranstaltung vernetzte durch ein vielfältiges Programm an wissenschaftlichen Vorträgen und künstlerischen Programmpunkten die Universität Wien mit anderen in Wien beheimateten Institutionen, die als Kooperationspartner fungierten, namentlich mit dem Wien Museum, dem Österreichischen Filmmuseum und dem Amerika-Haus.
"Raum Gefühl Heimat - Literarische Repräsentationen nach 1945". Internationale Tagung an der Universität des Baskenlandes in Vitoria-Gasteiz, 23.-25. September 2015
Nach einem einleitenden Vortrag von Thomas Anz (Marburg) über literarische Techniken der Emotionalisierung in der Repräsentation protoypischer Räume und Szenarien widmeten sich die Vortragenden aufbauend auf den theoretischen Grundlagen des Spatial und Emotional Turns aus verschiedenen Perspektiven und mit verschiedenen Foki dem Tagungsthema.
Nuclear export factor 1 (NXF1) exports mRNA to the cytoplasm after recruitment to mRNA by specific adaptor proteins. How and why cells use numerous different export adaptors is poorly understood. Here we critically evaluate members of the SR protein family (SRSF1-7) for their potential to act as NXF1 adaptors that couple pre-mRNA processing to mRNA export. Consistent with this proposal, >1000 endogenous mRNAs required individual SR proteins for nuclear export in vivo. To address the mechanism, transcriptome-wide RNA-binding profiles of NXF1 and SRSF1-7 were determined in parallel by individual-nucleotide-resolution UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP). Quantitative comparisons of RNA-binding sites showed that NXF1 and SR proteins bind mRNA targets at adjacent sites, indicative of cobinding. SRSF3 emerged as the most potent NXF1 adaptor, conferring sequence specificity to RNA binding by NXF1 in last exons. Interestingly, SRSF3 and SRSF7 were shown to bind different sites in last exons and regulate 3' untranslated region length in an opposing manner. Both SRSF3 and SRSF7 promoted NXF1 recruitment to mRNA. Thus, SRSF3 and SRSF7 couple alternative splicing and polyadenylation to NXF1-mediated mRNA export, thereby controlling the cytoplasmic abundance of transcripts with alternative 3' ends.
Background: Although noise is one of the leading work-related health risk factors for teachers, many nursery schools lack sufficient noise reduction measures. Methods: This intervention study evaluated the noise exposure of nursery school teachers when dropping DUPLO toy bricks into storage cases. Sound analyses of the impact included assessment of the maximum sound pressure level (LAFmax) as well as frequency analyses with 1/3 octave band filter. For the purpose of standardization, a customized gadget was developed. Recordings were performed in 11 cases of different materials and designs to assess the impact on sound level reduction. Thereby, the acoustic effects of three damping materials (foam rubber, carpet, and PU-foam) were investigated. Results: The lowest LAFmax was measured in cases consisting of “metal grid” (90.71 dB) or of a woven willow “basket” (91.61 dB), whereas a case of “aluminium” (103.34 dB) generated the highest impact LAFmax. The frequency analyses determined especially low LAFmax in the frequency bands between 80 and 2500 Hz in cases designs “metal grid” and “basket”. The insertion of PU-foam achieved the most significant attenuation of LAFmax (−13.88 dB) and, in the frequency analyses, the best sound damping. Conclusion: The dropping of DUPLO bricks in cases contributes to the high noise level in nursery schools, but measured LAFmax show no evidence for the danger of acute hearing loss. However, continuous exposure may lead to functional impairment of the hair cells and trigger stress reactions. We recommend noise reduction by utilizing cases of woven “basket” with an insert of PU-foam.
I review the state-of-the-art concerning the treatment of high energy cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere, discussing in some detail the underlying physical concepts and the possibilities to constrain the latter by current and future measurements at the Large Hadron Collider. The relation of basic characteristics of hadronic interactions tothe properties of nuclear-electromagnetic cascades induced by primary cosmic rays in the atmosphere is addressed.