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This research project investigated how motor activity, such as cycling, influences the acquisition of foreign language vocabulary under two distinct conditions of auditory-motor-synchronisation. In a mixed subject design, 48 participants had to learn 40 Polish-German vocabulary pairs by auditory presentation over headphones in two different conditions, in which they performed motor activity cycling on a bicycle ergometer: in experiment 1, vocabulary was presented in a fixed rhythm while in experiment 2, participants self-initiated the presentation of vocabulary through pedalling. After having listened to the word pairs, they had to perform online vocabulary tests, one directly after the learning session and a second one 24 hours later from home. Additionally, the individual pitch perception preference (i.e. fundamental vs. spectral pitch perception) of the participants was determined.
The results showed that fundamental listeners forgot significantly more vocabulary than spectral listeners during the fixed than during the self-initiated condition. There was no difference within the groups for the self-initiated condition. The analysis of the motor data revealed a significantly more accurate synchronisation for fundamental listeners during the fixed condition. Therefore, this study provides first evidence for the benefit of self-initiated auditory-motor synchronisation in the process of learning a foreign language in adults. It also reveals that pitch preference has an effect on auditory-motor synchronisation.
Einleitung: Das Arbeiten in einer Notfallsituation ist stark von einer strukturierten Herangehensweise im Patientenmanagement abhängig. Junge Assistenzärzte sind in ihrem Alltag häufig die ersten vor Ort und sollten daher bereits mit Abschluss des Studiums in der Lage sein, häufige Notfallsituationen zu meistern. In den letzten Jahren hat sich die Simulation als hauptsächlich genutzte Methode für die Ausbildung im Fach Notfallmedizin herauskristallisiert, sodass immer mehr Universitäten realitätsnahe Szenarien für die Ausbildung nutzen. Jedoch ist unklar welches Ausmaß an Realitätsnähe in Hinblick auf Kosten/Aufwand-Nutzen-Bilanz sinnvoll ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den Effekt von zwei unterschiedlich realitätsnahen Lernumgebungen (Seminarraum vs. realistische Simulationsumgebung) auf die erlernten notfallmedizinischen Kompetenzen zu analysieren. Dazu wurden Krankheitsbilder gewählt, die jedem Arzt in Präklinik, auf Station und im ambulanten Bereich begegnen können und die zügig erkannt und behandelt werden müssen: Asthma, Sepsis und Apoplex.
Material und Methoden: Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine vergleichende Effektivitätsanalyse im crossover-Design. Teilnehmende waren Studierende des 4. Studienjahres der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, die den 3-TagesNotfallmedizinkurs im Rahmen ihrer curricularen Ausbildung im Querschnittsbereich Notfallmedizin absolvierten. Am ersten Tag durchliefen alle Studierenden ein standardisiertes Skillstraining notfallmedizinischer Basiskompetenzen. An den Folgetagen wurden verschiedene leitsymptombasierte Module vermittelt, die neben der interaktiven Erarbeitung der theoretischen Lerninhalte eine direkte Anwendung in themenspezifischen Szenarien fokussierten. Für die vorliegende Studie wurden die Teilnehmenden in vier Gruppen randomisiert, wobei Gruppen eins und zwei das Training in der Seminarraumumgebung durchliefen, während drei und vier die Szenarien in der realitätsnahen Simulationsumgebung absolvierten. Am dritten Tag fand eine formative Überprüfung der erlernten Fähigkeiten in Form eines OSCEs statt. Bei dieser Überprüfung absolvierten die Gruppen eins und drei in der Seminarraumumgebung und Gruppen zwei und vier im realitätsnahen Umfeld der Simulation das Assessment. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte mit MS Excel und bias.
Ergebnisse und Fazit: Die vorliegende Studie fand zwischen Juli und Oktober 2018 an der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main statt. 134 Teilnehmer absolvierten die Studie vollständig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in der Performance der vier Gruppen, sowohl insgesamt als auch nach Geschlechtern und mit dem van-Elteren-Test. Prozentual betrachtet zeigten die Teilnehmenden der Gruppe 4 (Training und Prüfung im realitätsnahen Umfeld) die höchsten Ergebnisse. Die Realitätsnähe hat einen positiven Einfluss auf die Performance der Studierenden.
Iron deficiency (ID) is a common manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), arising primarily due to chronic inflammation and/or blood loss. There is no gold standard for ID diagnosis, which is often complicated by concomitant inflammation. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) correlates with parameters of iron homeostasis and has been identified as a promising marker for ID, irrespective of inflammation. We investigated the diagnostic performance of ZnPP in ID, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease and mixed anemia in a cross-sectional study in 130 patients with IBD. Different parameters were compared by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis as detectors of iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE). IRE was detected in 91 patients (70.0%); fifty-nine (64.8%) had absolute ID and 23 (25.4%) functional ID. When inflammation was present, ZnPP was a more reliable sole biomarker of IRE than MCV, transferrin saturation (TSAT) or ferritin (AUC; 0.855 vs. 0.763, 0.834% and 0.772, respectively). The specificity of TSAT was significantly lower than ZnPP when inflammation was present (38% vs. 71%, respectively). We conclude that ZnPP is a reliable biomarker of functional ID in patients with IBD and more dependable than ferritin or TSAT, which are influenced by chronic inflammation. We propose that ZnPP may also have utility in patients with other chronic diseases.
Background: Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent mental health difficulties in the workplace, costing the global economy $1 trillion each year. Evidence indicates that symptoms may be reduced by interventions in the workplace. This paper is the first to systematically review psychosocial interventions for depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and behaviours in small-to medium-size enterprises (SMEs).
Methods: A systematic search following PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020156275), was conducted for psychosocial interventions targeting depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation/behaviour in SMEs. The PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and two specific occupational health databases were searched, as well as four databases for grey literature, without time limit until 2nd December 2019.
Results: In total, 1283 records were identified, 70 were retained for full-text screening, and seven met the inclusion criteria: three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), three before and after designs and one non-randomised trial, comprising 5111 participants. Study quality was low to moderate according to the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Five studies showed a reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms using techniques based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), two reported no significant change.
Limitations: Low number and high heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes, high attrition and lack of rigorous RCTs.
Conclusions: Preliminary evidence indicates CBT-based interventions can be effective in targeting symptoms of depression and anxiety in SME employees. There may be unique challenges to implementing programmes in SMEs. Further research is needed in this important area.
Background: Using data from the COHERE collaboration, we investigated whether primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) might be withheld in all patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with suppressed plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA (≤400 copies/mL), irrespective of CD4 count.
Methods: We implemented an established causal inference approach whereby observational data are used to emulate a randomized trial. Patients taking PcP prophylaxis were eligible for the emulated trial if their CD4 count was ≤200 cells/µL in line with existing recommendations. We compared the following 2 strategies for stopping prophylaxis: (1) when CD4 count was >200 cells/µL for >3 months or (2) when the patient was virologically suppressed (2 consecutive HIV RNA ≤400 copies/mL). Patients were artificially censored if they did not comply with these stopping rules. We estimated the risk of primary PcP in patients on ART, using the hazard ratio (HR) to compare the stopping strategies by fitting a pooled logistic model, including inverse probability weights to adjust for the selection bias introduced by the artificial censoring.
Results: A total of 4813 patients (10 324 person-years) complied with eligibility conditions for the emulated trial. With primary PcP diagnosis as an endpoint, the adjusted HR (aHR) indicated a slightly lower, but not statistically significant, different risk for the strategy based on viral suppression alone compared with the existing guidelines (aHR, .8; 95% confidence interval, .6–1.1; P = .2).
Conclusions: This study suggests that primary PcP prophylaxis might be safely withheld in confirmed virologically suppressed patients on ART, regardless of their CD4 count.
Background: Peanuts are a member of the legume family (botanical family Leguminosae) and peanut allergies are the most common cause of food anaphylaxis in many countries. The prevalence of peanut allergy is increasing.
Methods: Experts from Germany and Austria performed a standardized literature search and published their consensus recommendations in a White Paper on Peanut Allergy, which this care pathway is based upon, thus, providing a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment algorithm.
Results: The most important diagnostic key elements include a detailed clinical medical history, evidence of peanut-specific sensitization by means of skin prick testing and/or in vitro determination of the peanut (extract)-specific IgE and/or the molecular component diagnostics (most important Ara h 2-specific IgE, sometimes also Ara h1-, 3-, 6-, 8- and 9-specific IgE) as well as the gold standard, the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. The diagnostic algorithms were created for the following constellations: Suspected primary peanut allergy with a clear history of systemic immediate-type reaction, suspected primary peanut allergy with questionable symptoms, suspected secondary (possibly pollen-associated) peanut allergy with a history of solely oropharyngeal symptoms and incidental finding of sensitization and no peanut ingestion so far.
Conclusions: After established diagnosis the standard of care is counseling to avoid peanut contact and prescription of emergency medications (oral antihistamines, oral steroids, inhaled β2-agonists, injectable intramuscular epinephrine) as needed. Instruction on the use of these emergency medications should be provided. A preparation for oral immunotherapy (OIT) for 4 to 17 years old peanut allergic children/ adolescents has been recently approved by the regulatory authorities. OIT for peanut allergy shows high efficacy and an acceptable safety profile, improves quality of life, and health economic aspects. Thus it offers a therapeutic option for peanut allergic children and adolescents.
Hintergrund: Die Verankerung der Kompetenzorientierung und die Betonung der praktisch-klinischen Ausbildung im Rahmen des Medizinstudiums sind zentrale Punkte in den Neuerungen der Ärztlichen Approbationsordnung. Mit der Entwicklung des Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs Medizin (NKLM) ist ein Rahmenwerk erstellt und verabschiedet worden, das die Inhalte des gesamten Medizinstudiums in Deutschland abbilden und eine Implementierung kompetenzorientierter Lernziele an den Fakultäten forcieren soll. Um diesem Ziel gerecht zu werden, müssen bereits an den Fakultäten vorhandene Lehrveranstaltungen mit dem NKLM abgeglichen und im Rahmen eines Curriculum Mappings kartiert werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist daher die Kartierung der im Frankfurter Blockpraktikum Chirurgie erlernten Kompetenzen im Sinne eines Curriculum Mappings in Anlehnung an die im NKLM formulierten Lernziele. Zudem wurde folgenden Fragestellungen nachgegangen: Welcher Umfang kompetenzorientierter Lernziele kann Studierenden in einem zweiwöchigen Praktikum Chirurgie vermittelt werden? Wie ist die Vermittlung der einzelnen Kapitel des NKLM im Blockpraktikum Chirurgie gewichtet? Gibt es Unterschiede der erreichten Lernziele in Abhängigkeit des Geschlechts der Studierenden, der besuchten Fachrichtung bzw. des besuchten Lehrkrankenhauses?
Material und Methoden: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Medizinstudierende im zweiten bzw. dritten klinischen Semester unmittelbar nach Abschluss ihres Blockpraktikums Chirurgie gebeten, unter Nutzung eines Online-Fragebogens anzugeben, welche der im NKLM formulierten Lernziele sie im zweiwöchigen Blockpraktikum Chirurgie gelernt haben. Somit konnte für jedes Kapitel dargestellt werden, zu welchem prozentualen Anteil die Lernziele dieses Kapitels erreicht worden sind. Zudem wurden die soziodemographischen Daten der Studierenden, die Fachrichtung des Blockpraktikums und das Lehrkrankenhaus erfasst. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit dem Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test und dem Kruskal-Wallis Test.
Ergebnisse: Insgesamt nahmen 81 Studierenden (28 Männer, 53 Frauen) aus dem 2. bzw 3. klinischen Semester an der Studie teil. Insgesamt wurden im zweiwöchigen Blockpraktikum Chirurgie 8,78 ± 5,10% (Min. 1,01%; Max. 29,84%) aller Lernziele von den Studierenden erreicht. Hierbei wurden anteilig die meisten Lernziele in den Kapiteln 5-11 (Abschnitt 1 „Ärztliche Rollen“) mit 29,92 ± 15,22% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 63,10%) vermittelt. Aus Abschnitt 2 („Medizinisches Wissen, klinische Fähigkeiten und professionelle Haltungen“) wurden vor allem die Lernziele der Kapitel 14b „Klinisch-praktische Fertigkeiten“ (15,49 ± 7,78% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 41,30%) und 14c „Ärztliche Gesprächsführung“ (22,98 ± 16,47% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 70,69%) von den Studierenden erreicht. Männer geben durchschnittlich an, mehr Lernziele erreicht zu haben als Frauen (9,84% vs. 8,22%; p=0.104731). Weiterhin haben Studierende, die ihr Praktikum in einem Lehrkrankenhaus mit weniger als 100 chirurgischen Bettenplätzen (10,60 ± 6,75%; Min. 2,33%; Max. 29,84%) oder in einer Rotation (9,95 ± 6,67%; Min. 1,90%; Max. 29,84%) durch mehrere Fachrichtungen absolvierten, angegeben mehr Lernziele erreicht zu haben als andere Studierende insgesamt.
Schlussfolgerung: Das zweiwöchige Blockpraktikum Chirurgie in Frankfurt kann den Studierenden (im Hinblick auf die Gesamtdauer des Medizinstudiums) einen großen Anteil der im NKLM formulierten Lernziele vermitteln. Vor allem die Lernziele der „Ärztlichen Rollen“ und der „klinisch-praktischen Fertigkeiten“ werden erlernt. Die Vermittlung gelingt besonders umfangreich in kleineren Lehrkrankenhäusern. Trotzdem bietet das Blockpraktikum Chirurgie den Teilnehmer nur einen kleinen Einblick in den Fachbereich Chirurgie. Für die Vermittlung von spezifischen chirurgischen Fähigkeiten, Prinzipen chirurgischer Diagnostik und Therapie, sowie Aspekte der „Patientenzentrierten Gesundheitsversorgung“ sind andere Formate notwendig.
Trotz der Relevanz des Themas Suizidalität und gut bekannter Risikofaktoren gibt es bisher keine deutsche Leitlinie zur Suizidalität im Erwachsenenalter. In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die Geschichte und die Hintergründe der Arbeit mit Leitlinien beschrieben. Der aktuelle Stand der Leitlinien für psychische Erkrankungen in Deutschland wird dargestellt und auf suizidpräventive Inhalte hin untersucht. Die Notwendigkeit evidenzbasierter Suizidprävention und einer spezifischen Leitlinie zur Suizidprävention bei Erwachsenen wird diskutiert.
Nur durch gezielte Suizidpräventionsstrategien und Interventionen für die jeweiligen Risikogruppen und unter Beachtung von Alters- und Geschlechtsspezifität kann für alle Betroffenen eine flächendeckende, gut erreichbare, bedarfs- und versorgungsgerechte, finanzierbare sowie nachhaltige medizinische Versorgung auf einem hohen Niveau sichergestellt werden. Dies gilt für den ambulanten und den stationären Bereich sowie für deren Schnittstellen. Bei Suizidalität handelt es sich um ein diagnoseübergreifendes, in unterschiedlichen Versorgungskontexten auftretendes Syndrom mit komplexem Behandlungsbedarf, weshalb intersektorale und multiprofessionelle Aspekte in einer entsprechenden Leitlinie besonders zu adressieren sind. Wissenschaftliche Evidenz und interdisziplinärer Konsens unter Expertinnen und Experten zum Umgang mit suizidalem Verhalten in der medizinischen Versorgung können dazu beitragen, Morbidität und Mortalität im Zusammenhang mit Suizidalität zu reduzieren. Im August 2021 wurde die Finanzierung einer S3-Leitlinie „Umgang mit Suizidalität“ vom Innovationsfonds des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses bewilligt.
In recent years, the clinical usefulness of the Wada test (WT) has been debated among researchers in the field. Therefore, we aimed to assess its contribution to the prediction of change in verbal learning and verbal memory function after epilepsy surgery. Data from 56 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent WT and subsequent surgery were analyzed retrospectively. Additionally, a standard neuropsychological assessment evaluating attentional, learning and memory, visuospatial, language, and executive function was performed both before and 12 months after surgery. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to determine the incremental value of WT results over socio-demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological characteristics in predicting postsurgical change in patients’ verbal learning and verbal memory function. The incorporation of WT results significantly improved the prediction models of postsurgical change in verbal learning (∆R2 = 0.233, p = .032) and verbal memory function (∆R2 = 0.386, p = .005). Presurgical performance and WT scores accounted for 41.8% of the variance in postsurgical change in verbal learning function, and 51.1% of the variance in postsurgical change in verbal memory function. Our findings confirm that WT results are of significant incremental value for the prediction of postsurgical change in verbal learning and verbal memory function. Thus, the WT contributes to determining the risks of epilepsy surgery and, therefore, remains an important part of the presurgical work-up of selected patients with clear clinical indications.
Hintergrund: Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen sind die Haupttodesursache in den Industrienationen. Viele betroffene Patienten haben nur ein geringes Verständnis für ihre Erkrankung. Insbesondere endovaskuläre Eingriffe überschreiten Vorstellungskraft und Verständnis der Patienten häufig um ein Vielfaches. Die ärztliche Eingriffsaufklärung soll den Patienten Einsicht über das Verfahren und mögliche Komplikationen ermöglichen, um dem Patienten autonome Entscheidungen zu erleichtern. In der einschlägigen Literatur wird vielfach diskutiert, wie sich der Aufklärungsprozess komplizierter Prozeduren, wie etwa einer Herzkatheteruntersuchung, optimieren lässt. Jüngst wurden dabei insbesondere moderne Ansätze, wie multimediale Verfahren oder interaktive Tools evaluiert, wobei diese Methoden nach aktueller Studienlage zu einer Verbesserung des Verständnisses und einer Reduktion der Untersuchungsangst führen konnten. Insbesondere Patienten mit geringem Bildungsniveau profitieren dabei von persönlichen Erfahrungen zur Verbesserung des prozeduralen Verständnisses. Diesen Ergebnissen entsprechend, macht es sich die vorliegende Arbeit zur Aufgabe, zu evaluieren, ob sich die Implementierung eines VR-Simulators in den Aufklärungsprozess einer Herzkatheteruntersuchung positiv auf Informiertheit und Untersuchungsangst bei den Patienten auswirkt.
Patienten und Methoden: Nach mündlicher Einwilligung zur Teilnahme an unserer Studie, erhielt ein Teil der Patienten zusätzlich zur herkömmlichen verbalen Aufklärung eine Demonstration des Untersuchungsablaufs einer PCI an einem VR-Simulator. Zusätzlich erhielten diese Patienten die Möglichkeit eine Katheteruntersuchung am Simulator nachzuempfinden. Für unsere Studie verwendeten wir einen VR-Simulator der Firma Xitact® (später Mentice®) mit einer Software der Firma Cathi®. Der Simulationsgruppe wurden 3 verschiedene Komplikationen mittels Abbildungen demonstriert. Im Anschluss beantworteten sowohl die konventionell, als auch die mit Simulation aufgeklärten Patienten einen von uns konzipierten Fragebogen.
Ergebnisse: Beide Gruppen fühlten sich nach der Aufklärung ausreichend informiert. Bezüglich der subjektiven Informiertheit zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zur konventionellen Aufklärungsmethode (p=0.11). In der Kontrollgruppe bestanden nach konventioneller Aufklärung, trotz guter subjektiver Informiertheit, bei fast 90% der Patienten weiterhin offene Fragen bezüglich der Untersuchung, während sich diese Diskrepanz in der Simulationsgruppe nicht ergab (p<0.00001). Ferner standen die Patienten der Simulationsgruppe der anstehenden Untersuchung ruhiger gegenüber (0=0.049), während die Patienten der Kontrollgruppe angaben, tendenziell unruhig in die Untersuchung zu gehen (p=0.002). Es boten sich keinerlei Hinweise darauf, dass die Demonstration möglicher Komplikationen zu einer verstärkten Untersuchungsangst geführt hätte. Die Implementierung des Simulators hat sich insgesamt positiv auf das prozedurale Interesse des Patienten ausgewirkt.
Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt hatte die Implementierung des VR Simulators in die Patientenaufklärung überwiegend positive Effekte und keinerlei negativen Effekte. Im direkten Vergleich zur konventionellen Aufklärung zeigten sich bezüglich der Informiertheit zunächst keine signifikanten Unterschiede zur konventionellen Aufklärungsmethode. Die erhobenen Daten deuten jedoch auf eine Überlegenheit der simulationsgestützten Aufklärung in Bezug auf Verständnis und Untersuchungsangst hin. Festzuhalten ist allerdings der hohe zusätzliche zeitliche Aufwand, mit dem eine simulationsgestützte Aufklärung verbunden ist. Die generelle Implementierung eines VR Simulators allein zum Zwecke der Patientenaufklärung wird daher nur bedingt empfohlen. Kliniken, die bereits über einen VR Simulator verfügen, sollten allerdings erwägen, diesen nicht nur für Ausbildungszwecke zu verwenden, sondern auch zum Zwecke der Patientenaufklärung.
The evaluation of pharmacological data using machine learning requires high data quality. Therefore, data preprocessing, that is, cleaning analytical laboratory errors, replacing missing values or outliers, and transforming data adequately before actual data analysis, is crucial. Because current tools available for this purpose often require programming skills, preprocessing tools with graphical user interfaces that can be used interactively are needed. In collaboration between data scientists and experts in bioanalytical diagnostics, a graphical software package for data preprocessing called pguIMP is proposed, which contains a fixed sequence of preprocessing steps to enable reproducible interactive data preprocessing. As an R-based package, it also allows direct integration into this data science environment without requiring any programming knowledge. The implementation of contemporary data processing methods, including machine-learning-based imputation techniques, ensures the generation of corrected and cleaned bioanalytical data sets that preserve data structures such as clusters better than is possible with classical methods. This was evaluated on bioanalytical data sets from lipidomics and drug research using k-nearest-neighbors-based imputation followed by k-means clustering and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise. The R package provides a Shiny-based web interface designed to be easy to use for non–data analysis experts. It is demonstrated that the spectrum of methods provided is suitable as a standard pipeline for preprocessing bioanalytical data in biomedical research domains. The R package pguIMP is freely available at the comprehensive R archive network (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pguIMP/index.html).
Dual-energy CT (DECT) has emerged into clinical routine as an imaging technique with unique postprocessing utilities that improve the evaluation of different body areas. The virtual non-calcium (VNCa) reconstruction algorithm has shown beneficial effects on the depiction of bone marrow pathologies such as bone marrow edema. Its main advantage is the ability to substantially increase the image contrast of structures that are usually covered with calcium mineral, such as calcified vessels or bone marrow, and to depict a large number of traumatic, inflammatory, infiltrative, and degenerative disorders affecting either the spine or the appendicular skeleton. Therefore, VNCa imaging represents another step forward for DECT to image conditions and disorders that usually require the use of more expensive and time-consuming techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography/CT, or bone scintigraphy. The aim of this review article is to explain the technical background of VNCa imaging, showcase its applicability in the different body regions, and provide an updated outlook on the clinical impact of this technique, which goes beyond the sole improvement in image quality.
Purpose: Early detection of adenocarcinomas in the esophagus is crucial for achieving curative endoscopic therapy. Targeted biopsies of suspicious lesions, as well as four-quadrant biopsies, represent the current diagnostic standard. However, this procedure is time-consuming, cost-intensive, and examiner-dependent. The aim of this study was to test whether impedance spectroscopy is capable of distinguishing between healthy, premalignant, and malignant lesions. An ex vivo measurement method was developed to examine esophageal lesions using impedance spectroscopy immediately after endoscopic resection. Methods: After endoscopic resection of suspicious lesions in the esophagus, impedance measurements were performed on resected cork-covered tissue using a measuring head that was developed, with eight gold electrodes, over 10 different measurement settings and with frequencies from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. Results: A total of 105 measurements were performed in 60 patients. A dataset of 400 per investigation and a total of more than 42,000 impedance measurements were therefore collected. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was able to detect dysplastic esophageal mucosa with a sensitivity of 81% in Barrett’s esophagus. Conclusion: In summary, EIS was able to distinguish different tissue characteristics in the different esophageal tissues. EIS thus holds potential for further development of targeted biopsies during surveillance endoscopy.
Objective: Vertigo is a common side effect of cochlear implant (CI) treatment. This prospective study examines the incidence of postoperative vertigo over time and aims to analyze influencing factors such as electrode design and insertion angle (IA).
Study Design and Setting: This is a prospective study which has been conducted at a tertiary referral center (academic hospital).
Patients: A total of 29 adults were enrolled and received a unilateral CI using one of six different electrode carriers, which were categorized into “structure-preserving” (I), “potentially structure-preserving” (II), and “not structure-preserving” (III).
Intervention: Subjective vertigo was assessed by questionnaires at five different time-points before up to 6 months after surgery. The participants were divided into four groups depending on the time of the presence of vertigo before and after surgery. Preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively, a comprehensive vertigo diagnosis consisting of Romberg test, Unterberger test, subjective visual vertical, optokinetic test, video head impulse test, and caloric irrigation test was performed. In addition, the IA was determined, and the patients were divided in two groups (<430°; ≥430°).
Main Outcome Measures: The incidence of vertigo after CI surgery (group 1) was reported, as well as the correlation of subjective vertigo with electrode array categories (I–III) and IA.
Results: Among the participants, 45.8% experienced new vertigo after implantation. Based on the questionnaire data, a vestibular origin was suspected in 72.7%. The results did not show a significant correlation with subjective vertigo for any of the performed tests. In group 1 with postoperative vertigo, 18% of patients showed conspicuous results in a quantitative analysis of caloric irrigation test despite the fact that the category I or II electrodes were implanted, which are suitable for structure preservation. Average IA was 404° for the overall group and 409° for group 1. There was no statistically significant correlation between IA and perceived vertigo.
Conclusions: Though vertigo after CI surgery seems to be a common complication, the test battery used here could not objectify the symptoms. Further studies should clarify whether this is due to the multifactorial cause of vertigo or to the lack of sensitivity of the tests currently in use. The proof of reduced probability for vertigo when using atraumatic electrode carrier was not successful, nor was the proof of a negative influence of the insertion depth.
Hintergrund: Die Atheroskleroseexpression unterscheidet sich nicht nur in unterschiedlichen Gefässbetten (koronar, zerebrovaskulär, peripher), sondern auch innerhalb des peripheren Gefässbettes. Der zugrundeliegende Mechanismus für unterschiedliche Atherosklerose-Phänotypen mit proximalem (iliakale Arterien) oder distalem (infragenikuläre Arterien) Atheroskleroseverteilungsmuster ist bis jetzt noch nicht abschliessend geklärt.
Zielsetzung: Das Ziel dieser monozentrischen retrospektiven Kohortenstudie ist es, den Zusammenhang zwischen kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren und dem Atheroskleroseverteilungs-muster bei Patienten mit PAVK zu untersuchen. Dafür werden symptomatische Patienten mit extremen Atherosklerosephänotypen (proximale vs. distale Atherosklerose) genauer untersucht.
Methodik: Für diese Querschnittsstudie wurden Daten von 15’000 Patienten, welche sich im Zeitraum von 2000-2018 aufgrund einer symptomatischen PAVK einer primären endovaskulären Rekanalisation an den unteren Extremitäten unterziehen liessen, ausgewertet. Dabei wurden die Patienten herausgefiltert, welche angiographisch ein proximales (iliakal) oder distales (krural) Atheroskleroseexpressionsmuster aufwiesen. Von diesen Personen wurden in der Datenbank personen- und gesundheitsbezogene klinischen Angaben extrahiert. In einer multiplen logistischen Regressionsanalyse mit Rückwärtselimination der unabhängigen Variablen wurde der Einfluss verschiedener kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren mit proximaler oder distaler Atherosklerosexpression ermittelt.
Resultate: Von insgesamt 637 indentifizierten Patienten (29% Frauen) mit einer primären endovaskulären Rekanalisation hatten 351 (55%) ein proximales und 286 (45%) ein distales Atheroskleroseverteilungsmuster. Weibliches Geschlecht (OR 0.33, (95%CI 0.20-0.54), p=0.011), aktiver Nikotinkonsum (OR 0.16, (95%CI 0.09-0.28), p<0.001), vormaliger Nikotinkonsum (OR 0.33, (95%CI 0.20-0.57), p<0.001), Hypertriglyzeridämie (OR 0.76, (95%CI 0.60-0.96), p=0.021) waren assoziiert mit einem proximalen Befall. Diabetes mellitus (OR 3.25, (95%CI 1.93-5.46), p<0.001), chronische Niereninsuffizienz (OR 1.18, (95%CI 1.08-1.28), p<0.001) und höheres Alter (OR 1.31, (95%CI 1.06-1.61), p=0.011) waren hin-gegen mit einem distalen Befall assoziiert. Andere Faktoren wie Body Mass Index, arterielle Hypertonie, HDL-, LDL-Cholesterin zeigten keine Assoziation mit den untersuchten atherosklerotischen Prädilektionsstellen. Die Resultate der primären Analysen konnten mit den Subgruppenanalysen (Geschlecht, Nikotinkonsum, Diabetes) bestätigt werden.
Schlussfolgerung: Für distale (krurale) Atherosklerose wurden als Hauptrisikofaktoren Diabetes mellitus und chronische Niereninsuffizienz ermittelt. Obwohl kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren auf das gesamte Gefässbett wirken, lassen sich aus den Daten in Bezug auf das Atheroskleroseverteilungsmuster eine geschlechtspezifische und eine individuelle Suszeptibilität für kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren vermuten. Ausserdem deuten die Daten darauf hin, dass die PAVK mindestens zwei verschiedene atherosklerotische Phänotypen aufweist.
Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Für Menschen mit Depression gestaltet sich der Zugang zu adäquater Versorgung oft schwierig. Sie müssen sich in einer äußerst komplexen Versorgungslandschaft mit vielen Behandlungsoptionen und verschiedenen Anlaufstellen orientieren, sind aber aufgrund der Depressionssymptome teilweise nicht in der Lage, sich selbst aktiv um ihre Behandlung zu kümmern. Für Frauen der ersten Einwanderergeneration konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese zwar mindestens ebenso häufig an Depression erkranken wie Menschen ohne Migrationshintergrund, aber nicht im gleichen Maße an Versorgungsangeboten teilhaben wie die restliche Bevölkerung. Ziel ist es daher, mehr darüber zu erfahren, wie Migrantinnen den Zugang zu Versorgung bei Depression erleben und welche Schwierigkeiten und Verbesserungswünsche sie haben. Es sollen konkrete Ansatzpunkte zur Verbesserung der Versorgung aufgezeigt werden.
Methodisches Vorgehen: Es wurden zwölf teilstrukturierte qualitative Einzelinterviews mit Migrantinnen der ersten Einwanderergeneration geführt, die aufgrund von Depression in Deutschland behandelt wurden. Die Auswertung der Interviews erfolgte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse.
Ergebnisse: Die Teilnehmerinnen beschreiben zahlreiche Unsicherheiten und Ängste beim Versorgungszugang, den sie als zu schwierig, kompliziert und langwierig erleben. Konkrete Schwierigkeiten sind fehlendes Wissen zu Depressionssymptomen und Behandlungsoptionen, der Umgang mit Stigmatisierung und Vorurteilen, mangelnde Behandlungskoordination und Beratung insbesondere beim Zugang zu ambulanter Psychotherapie, lange Wartezeiten sowie Verständigungsschwierigkeiten. Die Teilnehmerinnen wünschen sich bessere Beratung und Informationsmöglichkeiten zu geeigneten Behandlungsoptionen, niedrigschwelligere Behandlungsangebote, sprachliche Unterstützung insbesondere zu Beginn der Behandlung sowie Aufklärungskampagnen zum Thema Depression für die breite Öffentlichkeit.
Diskussion: Beim Versorgungszugang von Migrantinnen mit Depression besteht Verbesserungsbedarf. Die beschriebenen Schwierigkeiten und Wünsche sollten bei der Planung von Versorgungsangeboten und bei der Behandlung stärker berücksichtigt werden. Konkrete Ansatzpunkte für eine bessere Versorgung sind entstigmatisierende, öffentlichkeitswirksame Informationskampagnen zu den Symptomen und der Behandlung von Depression sowie muttersprachliche Informationsmaterialien für Patientinnen und Patienten zu Depression, den Versorgungsangeboten und den relevanten Grundlagen des Gesundheits- und Sozialsystems. Auch sprachliche Unterstützung im Einzelfall, etwa durch professionelle Sprachmittlerdienste, sollte bei Bedarf ermöglicht werden. Darüberhinaus sind individuelle Unterstützungsangebote bei der Behandlungskoordination und beim Zugang zu ambulanter Psychotherapie nötig sowie mehr Aufmerksamkeit und Einfühlungsvermögen der Behandlerinnen und Behandler für individuell bestehende Vorbehalte und Ängste von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund.
Ziel der Studie: Eine psychische Komorbidität spielt im Kontext mit weiteren persönlichen, sozialen und beruflichen Faktoren bei der Ermittlung des spezifischen Rehabilitationsbedarfs der Patienten in Deutschland eine immer bedeutendere Rolle. Um die Zuweisung von Patienten zu einer Rehabilitationsform besser ausdifferenzieren zu können, soll im Rahmen dieser retrospektiven Analyse ermittelt werden, von welchem der beiden untersuchten Rehabilitationskonzepte (OR/VMO) Patienten mit psychischer Komorbidität unter Berücksichtigung von Geschlecht, Erwerbsstatus und orthopädischer Hauptdiagnose stärker profitieren.
Methodik: Mittels der Screening-Fragebögen HADS-A, HADS-D, SIMBO und BPI sowie eines Klinikfragebogens zu Beginn der Rehabilitation wurden Angaben von 913 Probanden (529 m/384 w) ausgewertet. Hiervon wurden 43 % der OR und 57 % der VMO zugewiesen. So wurde die Häufigkeitsverteilung der Faktoren psychische Komorbidität, Geschlecht, Erwerbsstatus und orthopädische Hauptdiagnose festgestellt. Mittels HADS wurde am Ende der Therapie der Benefit durch Vergleich der Scorewert-Mediane ermittelt.
Ergebnisse: Häufigkeitsverteilungen und die Entwicklung der HADS-Scores zeigen, dass die im Vorfeld erfolgte Einteilung gemäß psychischer Komorbidität korrekt war. Frauen waren häufiger von einer psychischen Komorbidität betroffen und erzielten in der VMO größere Erfolge. Bezüglich der orthopädischen Hauptdiagnose ergab sich eine hohe Prävalenz von HWS- und LWS-Beschwerden. Beim Erwerbsstatus (Arbeits(un)fähigkeit, Arbeitslosigkeit, berufliche Problemlage) zeigte sich ein diffuseres Bild, das keine generalisierende Aussage bezüglich der arbeitsweltbezogenen Faktoren zulässt.
Schlussfolgerungen: Das Vorliegen einer psychischen Komorbidität stellt einen zielführenden Indikator dar, der als eines der Hauptzuweisungskriterien zur VMO beizubehalten ist. Auch das weibliche Geschlecht in Verbindung mit dem Vorliegen einer psychischen Komorbidität ist als adäquates Kriterium anzusehen. Bezüglich der orthopädischen Hauptdiagnose können insbesondere HWS-Beschwerden als Zuweisungskriterium geeignet sein. Aufgrund der sehr heterogenen Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Aspekte des Erwerbsstatus lässt sich festhalten, dass diesbezüglich eine Zuweisung zu einem arbeitsweltbezogenen Therapiekonzept (z. B. MBOR) zielführender erscheint.
Adolescence has been linked to an enhanced tolerance of uncertainty and risky behavior and is possibly connected to an increased response toward rewards. However, previous research has produced inconsistent findings. To investigate whether these findings are due to different reward probabilities used in the experimental design, we extended a monetary incentive delay (MID) task by including three different reward probabilities. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, 25 healthy adolescents and 22 adults were studied during anticipation of rewards in the VS. Differently colored cue stimuli indicated either a monetary or verbal trial and symbolized different reward probabilities, to which the participants were blinded. Results demonstrated faster reaction times for lower reward probabilities (33%) in both age groups. Adolescents were slower through all conditions and had less activation on a neural level. Imaging results showed a three-way interaction between age group x condition x reward probability with differences in percent signal change between adolescents and adults for the high reward probabilities (66%, 88%) while adolescents demonstrated differences for the lowest (33%). Therefore, previous inconsistent findings could be due to different reward probabilities, which makes examining these crucial for a better understanding of adolescent and adult behavior.
Vascular biotransformation of organic nitrates is independent of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases
(2021)
Background and Purpose: Organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin (NTG) or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) have been used for over a century in the treatment of angina or ischaemic heart disease. These compounds are prodrugs which release their nitrovasodilators upon enzymic bioactivation by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) or cytochromes P450 (CYP). Whereas ALDH2 is known to directly activate organic nitrates in vessels, the contribution of vascular CYPs is unknown and was studied here.
Experimental Approach: As all CYPs depend on cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) as electron donor, we generated a smooth muscle cell-specific, inducible knockout mouse of POR (smcPOR−/−) to investigate the contribution of POR/CYP to vascular biotransformation of organic nitrates.
Key Results: Microsomes containing recombinant CYPs expressed in human vascular tissues released nitrite from NTG and PETN with CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 being most efficient. SFK525, a CYP suicide inhibitor, blocked this effect. smcPOR−/− mice exhibited no obvious cardiovascular phenotype (normal cardiac weight and endothelium-dependent relaxation) and plasma and vascular nitrite production was similar to control (CTL) animals. NTG- and PETN-induced relaxation of isolated endothelium-intact or endothelium-denuded vessels were identical between CTL and smcPOR−/−. Likewise, nitrite release from organic nitrates in aortic rings was not affected by deletion of POR in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In contrast, inhibition of ALDH2 by benomyl (10 μM) inhibited NTG-induced nitrite production and relaxation. Deletion of POR did not modulate this response.
Conclusions and Implications: Our data suggest that metabolism by vascular CYPs does not contribute to the pharmacological function of organic nitrates.
Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.
Biological exploration of early biomarkers for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in (pre)diabetic individuals is crucial for personalized management of diabetes. Here, we evaluated two candidate biomarkers of incident CKD (sphingomyelin (SM) C18:1 and phosphatidylcholine diacyl (PC aa) C38:0) concerning kidney function in hyperglycemic participants of the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) cohort, and in two biofluids and six organs of leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice and wild type controls. Higher serum concentrations of SM C18:1 and PC aa C38:0 in hyperglycemic individuals were found to be associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and higher odds of CKD. In db/db mice, both metabolites had a significantly lower concentration in urine and adipose tissue, but higher in the lungs. Additionally, db/db mice had significantly higher SM C18:1 levels in plasma and liver, and PC aa C38:0 in adrenal glands. This cross-sectional human study confirms that SM C18:1 and PC aa C38:0 associate with kidney dysfunction in pre(diabetic) individuals, and the animal study suggests a potential implication of liver, lungs, adrenal glands, and visceral fat in their systemic regulation. Our results support further validation of the two phospholipids as early biomarkers of renal disease in patients with (pre)diabetes.
The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is a preferred method for the detection of functional, SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies from serum samples. Alternatively, surrogate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using ACE2 as the target structure for the detection of neutralization-competent antibodies have been developed. They are capable of high throughput, have a short turnaround time, and can be performed under standard laboratory safety conditions. However, there are very limited data on their clinical performance and how they compare to the PRNT. We evaluated three surrogate immunoassays (GenScript SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Kit (GenScript Biotech, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA), the TECO® SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Assay (TECOmedical AG, Sissach, Switzerland), and the Leinco COVID-19 ImmunoRank™ Neutralization MICRO-ELISA (Leinco Technologies, Fenton, MO, USA)) and one automated quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-based IgG antibody assay (Abbott GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany) by testing 78 clinical samples, including several follow-up samples of six BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York, NY, USA) vaccinated individuals. Using the PRNT as a reference method, the overall sensitivity of the examined assays ranged from 93.8 to 100% and specificity ranged from 73.9 to 91.3%. Weighted kappa demonstrated a substantial to almost perfect agreement. The findings of our study allow these assays to be considered when a PRNT is not available. However, the latter still should be the preferred choice. For optimal clinical performance, the cut-off value of the TECO assay should be individually adapted.
Durch die weltweite Verbreitung von bakteriellen Resistenzgenen wie der Carbapenemase New-Delhi-Metallo-β-Laktamase (NDM), die nahezu alle Beta-Laktamantibiotika spalten kann, und die langwierige Entwicklung neuer Antibiotika, hat die Erforschung von Resistenzdeterminanten eine hohe Priorität. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die neu entdeckte Variante NDM 16b unter epidemiologischen Gesichtspunkten, mit einem in vivo Infektionsmodell sowie die Interaktion von NDM-Varianten mit dem menschlichen Komplementsystem untersucht.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit erfolgte eine epidemiologische Datenerhebung für 60 blaNDM tragende Patientenisolate des Zeitraums 2007 - 2017 auf Basis klinikinterner Datenbanken zu multiresistenten Erregern und zudem eine quantitative Empfindlichkeitstestung für 13 (Reserve-)Antibiotika. Es fiel eine kontinuierliche Zunahme an NDM-Isolaten und insbesondere von NDM-Varianten mit der Punktmutation M154L auf, da diese Mutation eine erhöhte Hydrolaseaktivität vermittelt. Deutlich erkennbar war eine Korrelation der M154L-Varianten und E. coli. Im Resistenzprofil der blaNDM-positiven Isolate zeigten sich hohe Resistenzraten (> 94%) gegen alle Beta-Laktam-Antibiotika und Fluorchinolone. Fosfomycin und Colistin waren in über 75% der Fälle noch wirksam.
Im zweiten Teil wurden Infektionsversuche mit dem Modellorganismus Galleria mellonella (Larve der großen Wachsmotte) durchgeführt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die NDM-Produktion der injizierten Erreger keinen Einfluss auf die Pathogenität hatte. Zudem konnte in Therapieversuchen mit Imipenem im lebenden Organismus gezeigt werden, dass über die bakterielle NDM-Produktion die Resistenz gegen Imipenem vermittelt wird.
Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurden die NDM-Varianten NDM 1Δ28, NDM 4Δ28 und NDM 16bΔ28 hinsichtlich ihres inhibitorischen Potentials auf Komplement untersucht. Mit den erzielten Ergebnissen der funktionellen Tests konnte für den klassischen und den Lektinweg eine signifikante Hemmung durch alle drei NDM Varianten nachgewiesen werden. Ein direkter Vergleich der einzelnen NDM-Varianten ergab, dass NDM 1Δ28 die stärkste und NDM 16bΔ28 die schwächste Inhibition auf den klassischen Komplementweg ausübte. Bindungsanalysen mit einzelnen Komplementkomponenten (C3, C3b, C3c, C4 und C4b) ließen auf eine Interaktion von NDM 1Δ28 mit C4b schließen.
Zusammenfassend leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Fortführung epidemiologischer Untersuchungen von NDM Varianten und erbringt den in vivo Nachweis für Resistenzvermittlung durch NDM. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass NDM neben der Carbapenemasefunktion auch eine immunmodulierende Wirkung erfüllt, indem der klassische und Lektinweg des Komplementsystems gehemmt wird. Damit liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass die globale Ausbreitung von NDM-produzierenden Erregern nicht nur durch die Vermittlung der Antibiotikaresistenz, sondern auch durch eine Immunevasion bedingt ist. Zukünftig könnte somit die Erforschung des Mechanismus der Immunevasion ebenso interessant sein wie die Suche nach wirksamen Inhibitoren der NDM.
Untersuchungen zum HIV-assoziierten Immun-Rekonstitutions-Inflammationssyndrom bei Tuberkulose
(2021)
HIV- und Tuberkulose (TB)-koinfizierte Patienten können nach Beginn einer antiretroviralen Therapie (ART) als Komplikation ein Immunrekonstitutionssyndrom (IRIS) entwickeln. Dabei kommt es zu einem Neuauftreten oder einer Verschlechterung von klinischen Symptomen oder radiologischen Befunden im Zusammenhang mit der TB. Präsentieren kann sich ein IRIS entweder als eine plötzliche Verschlechterung der Infektion nach ART-Beginn („paradoxical/paradoxes IRIS“) oder durch ein Demaskieren einer vorher klinisch inapparenten und unbehandelten Infektion („unmasking/demaskierendes IRIS“). Aufgrund nicht einheitlich definierter Diagnosekritierien kann die Diagnosestellung im klinischen Alltag eine Herausforderung darstellen.
Ziel dieser Dissertation war es deshalb, klinische Charakteristika, Risikofaktoren und ggf. protektive Faktoren für die Entwicklung eines IRIS bei TB zu identifizieren. Diese Ergebnisse sollten zu besseren Verständnis und Vorhersagen von IRIS im Zusammenhang mit TB beitragen.
Dazu wurden retrospektiv Daten von 52 Patienten, die im Zeitraum 01.01.2010 - 30.06.2016 mit einer HIV-Infektion und zur Behandlung einer aktiven Tuberkulose stationär in der Infektiologie des Uniklinikums Frankfurts aufgenommen wurden, pseudonymisiert erfasst. Es wurden u. a. Arztbriefe, Laborbefunde, Fieberkurven und Visitenberichte aus dem Patientenmanagementprogramm „ORBIS“, der Datenbank „epidem“ und des Laborinformationsprogramms „Nexus swisslab“ des Uniklinikums Frankfurt genutzt. Zu den Parametern gehörten neben patientenspezifischen Daten wie Alter und Geschlecht unter anderem auch Routinelaborparameter, Serologien, Art der TB, genaue ART und TB-Therapien und Laborparameter, die zur Beurteilung einer Entwicklung der Immunrekonstitution und der virologischen Suppression hinweisend sind. Dazu zählen insbesondere HI-Viruslastwerte, CD4- und CD8-Zellzahlen für einen Zeitraum von 48 Wochen ab ART-Beginn.
Zur Untersuchung der unterschiedlichen IRIS-Arten wurden die Patienten in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt: bereits mit einer ART vorbehandelte Patienten, bei denen somit die Entwicklung eines demaskierendem IRIS möglich war, und ART-naive Patienten, die theoretisch ein paradoxes IRIS entwickeln konnten. Durch Beurteilung des Krankheitsverlaufes und unter spezieller Berücksichtigung der HI-Viruslast im Verlaufe der ART wurde nach der IRIS-Definition von French et al. (2004) festgelegt, ob ein IRIS vorlag. Bei unklaren Fällen erfolgte eine gemeinsame Besprechung und definitive Einteilung im kliniksinternen Kolloquium. Schließlich wurde die statistische Auswertung mithilfe des Statistikprogramms „bias“ durchgeführt und dabei jeweils die „IRIS“ mit der „Nicht-IRIS“-Gruppe verglichen. Angewandt wurden der Exakte Fisher-Test für kategorische und der Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-Test für numerische Variablen.
Die paradoxe IRIS-Inzidenz betrug 29,7 %, die demaskierende IRIS-Inzidenz 46,7 %. Am häufigsten präsentierte sich das IRIS in der Frankfurter Kohorte mit Fieber, am zweithäufigsten als Lymphadenopathie oder mit respiratorischen Beschwerden. Für sowohl Patienten mit paradoxem als auch demaskierendem IRIS zeigte sich ein signifikant längerer Krankenhausaufenthalt als für Patienten, die kein IRIS entwickelten. Sonst wurden für das demaskierende IRIS keine weiteren statistisch signifikanten Parameter gefunden, u. a. aufgrund Limitationen wie der sehr kleinen Studienpopulation (15 Patienten).
Patienten mit paradoxem IRIS hatten zudem eine signifikant höhere Rehospitalisierungsrate (63,3 % vs. 15,4 %; p= 0,006), was die klinische Relevanz aufzeigt. Außerdem korrelierten extrathorakale TB-Manifestationen (p= 0,025), niedrige CD4+-Lymphozyten-Zellzahl (p= 0,006) und hohe Viruslast (p= 0,017) vor ART-Beginn mit einer paradoxen TB-IRIS-Entwicklung. Diese Patienten sollten folglich nach ART-Beginn besonders engmaschig klinisch kontrolliert werden, da bei ihnen ein IRIS wahrscheinlicher ist. Ebenfalls statistisch signifikant zeigte sich erhöhte Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH) und erniedrigtes Albumin im Serum. In Kombination mit den davorgenannten Parametern könnten die Werte dabei behilflich sein, das individuelle paradoxe IRIS-Risiko bei Tuberkulose einzuschätzen. ART-Bestandteile oder Zeit zwischen dem Beginn der TB-Therapie und ART hatten in der Studie keinen Einfluss.
Im EU-Projekt „Regulatory Control Networks of Synthetic Lethality“ (SYNLET) wurden durch Vergleich der Genexpressionsprofile auf Transkriptionsebene von parentalen sensitiven Neuroblastom-Zelllinien und ihren Vincristin-resistenten Sublinien bioinformatisch 40 Kandidatengene ermittelt, die für Vincristin-Resistenz und damit Zellüberleben essentiell sein könnten. Diese Kandidatengene wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation einzeln in Neuroblastomzellen der Vincristin-resistenten Sublinie UKF-NB-2rVCR20 herunterreguliert durch Transfektion (Elektroporation) von small interfering RNAs (siRNAs; knock down). Anschließend wurden die Zellen ohne und mit verschiedenen Vincristin-Konzentrationen auf Zellviabilitätsveränderungen getestet. Beim Kandidatengen mit den niedrigsten Zellviabilitäten (SMARCC1) wurde ein Western Blot gemacht, um die Herunterregulierung zu bestätigen. Zu Beginn wurde das effektivste Programm zur Elektroporation der UKF-NB-2rVCR20-Zellen durch eine Transfektionsoptimierung ermittelt. Alle Kandidatengene wurden 2x transfiziert, bei unklaren oder besonders interessanten Ergebnissen auch 3x. Als positive Kontrolle wurde der ABC-Transporter MDR1 herunterreguliert, da hier die Auswirkungen auf die Resistenz gegen Vincristin bekannt sind. Bei 10 von 40 Kandidatengenen waren die Zellviabilitäten ohne Vincristin und/oder bei mindestens einer Vincristin-Konzentration extrem verändert (FOXJ1, MAP2K1, NFYB, RICS, SMARCA1, SMARCB1, SMARCC1, STK35, TOCA1 und TPM2). Das entspricht einem Prozentsatz von 25 % Kandidatengenen, bei denen die bioinformatisch vorhergesagte Wirkung in vitro bestätigt werden konnte. Allerdings sind bei diesen 10 effektiven Kandidatengenen auch 2 Gene dabei, nach deren Herunterregulierung es zu einer erhöhten Zellviabilität kam (FOXJ1 und RICS). Bei der Frage, welche Gene das Absterben der Tumorzellen beschleunigen und als ein mögliches Therapieziel in Frage kommen könnten, bleiben also 8 Kandidatengene (20 % aller Kandidatengene). Das interessanteste Kandidatengen ist SMARCC1, da die Herunterregulierung alleine (ohne Zugabe von Vincristin) zu einer massiven Abnahme der Zellviabilität führte. Damit stellt SMARCC1 ein interessantes Ziel zur Therapie in Tumorzellen dar.
Due to their physiological role in removing damaged cells, natural killer (NK) cells represent ideal candidates for cellular immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Thereby, the cytotoxicity of NK cells is regulated by signals on both, the NK cells as well as the targeted tumor cells, and the interplay and balance of these signals determine the killing capacity of NK cells. One promising avenue in cancer treatment is therefore the combination of NK cell therapy with agents that either help to increase the killing capacity of NK cells or sensitize tumor cells to an NK cell-mediated attack. In this mini-review, we present different strategies that can be explored to unleash the potential of NK cell immunotherapy. In particular, we summarize how modulation of apoptosis signaling within tumor cells can be exploited to sensitize tumor cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Recently, significant advances have been made by identifying the levels of synchronicity of the underlying dynamics of a given brain state. This research has demonstrated that unconscious dynamics tend to be more synchronous than those found in conscious states, which are more asynchronous. Here we go beyond this dichotomy to demonstrate that the different brain states are always underpinned by spatiotemporal chaos but with dissociable turbulent dynamics. We investigated human neuroimaging data from different brain states (resting state, meditation, deep sleep, and disorders of consciousness after coma) and were able to distinguish between them using complementary model-free and model-based measures of turbulent information transmission. Our model-free approach used recent advances describing a measure of information cascade across spatial scales using tools from turbulence theory. Complementarily, our model-based approach used exhaustive in silico perturbations of whole-brain models fitted to the empirical neuroimaging data, which allowed us to study the information encoding capabilities of the brain states. Overall, the current framework demonstrates that different levels of turbulent dynamics are fundamental for describing and differentiating between brain states.
In dieser Dissertation wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern sich unangemessene Behandlung in der praktischen Ausbildung zwischen Medizinstudierenden und Studierenden anderer Studienfächer unterscheidet. Zudem wird untersucht, welcher Einfluss der Hierarchie im angestrebten Beruf von den Probanden diesbezüglich zugemessen wird. Auch wird untersucht, wie sich Persönlichkeitsmerkmale auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit, unangemessene Behandlung zu erleben, auswirken.
NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the first enzyme complex of the respiratory chain. Complex I is a redox-driven proton pump that contributes to the proton motive force that drives ATP synthase. The structure of complex I has been analyzed by x-ray crystallography and electron cryo-microscopy and is now well-described. The ubiquinone (Q) reduction site of complex I is buried in the peripheral arm and a tunnel-like structure is thought to provide access for the hydrophobic substrate from the membrane. Several intermediate binding positions for Q in the tunnel were identified in molecular simulations. Structural data showed the binding of native Q molecules and short chain analogs and inhibitors in the access pathway and in the Q reduction site, respectively. We here review the current knowledge on the interaction of complex I with Q and discuss recent hypothetical models for the coupling mechanism.
Purpose: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replicates predominantly in the upper respiratory tract and is primarily transmitted by droplets and aerosols. Taking the medical history for typical COVID-19 symptoms and PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 testing have become established as screening procedures. The aim of this work was to describe the clinical appearance of SARS-CoV-2-PCR positive patients and to determine the SARS-CoV-2 contact risk for health care workers (HCW).
Methods: The retrospective study included n = 2283 SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests from n = 1725 patients with otorhinolaryngological (ORL) diseases performed from March to November 2020 prior to inpatient treatment. In addition, demographic data and medical history were assessed.
Results: n = 13 PCR tests (0.6%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The positive rate showed a significant increase during the observation period (p < 0.01). None of the patients had clinical symptoms that led to a suspected diagnosis of COVID-19 before PCR testing. The patients were either asymptomatic (n = 4) or had symptoms that were interpreted as symptoms typical of the ORL disease or secondary diagnoses (n = 9).
Conclusion: The identification of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients is a considerable challenge in clinical practice. Our findings illustrate that taking a medical history alone is of limited value and cannot replace molecular SARS-CoV-2 testing, especially for patients with ORL diseases. Our data also demonstrate that there is a high probability of contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive patients in everyday clinical practice, so that the use of personal protective equipment, even in apparently “routine cases”, is highly recommended.
Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become the standard of care for metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progressing during or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Real-world clinical practice tends to represent more diverse patient characteristics than randomized clinical trials. We sought to evaluate overall survival (OS) outcomes in the total study population and in key subsets of patients who received nivolumab for previously treated advanced NSCLC in real-world settings in France, Germany, or Canada.
Materials and methods: Data were pooled from two prospective observational cohort studies, EVIDENS and ENLARGE, and a retrospective registry in Canada. Patients included in this analysis were aged ≥18 years, had stage IIIB/IV NSCLC, and received nivolumab after at least one prior line of systemic therapy. OS was estimated in the pooled population and in various subgroups using the Kaplan-Meier method. Timing of data collection varied across cohorts (2015–2019).
Results: Of the 2585 patients included in this analyses, 1235 (47.8 %) were treated in France, 881 (34.1 %) in Germany, and 469 (18.1 %) in Canada. Median OS for the total study population was 11.3 months (95 % CI: 10.5–12.2); this was similar across France, Germany, and Canada. The OS rate was 49 % at 1 year and 28 % at 2 years for the total study population. In univariable Cox analyses, the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in nonsquamous disease, liver, or bone metastases were associated with significantly shorter OS, whereas tumor programmed death ligand 1 expression and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0–1 were associated with significantly prolonged OS. Similar OS was noted across subgroups of age and prior lines of therapy.
Conclusion: OS rates in patients receiving nivolumab for previously treated advanced NSCLC in real-world clinical practice closely mirrored those in phase 3 studies, suggesting similar effectiveness of nivolumab in clinical trials and clinical practice.
Background: The surgical treatment of giant olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs) with marked perilesional brain oedema is still a surgical challenge. After tumour resection, increase of brain oedema may occur causing dramatic neurological deterioration and even death of the patient. The objective of this paper is to describe surgical features of a two-step staged resection of these tumours performed to counter increase of postoperative brain oedema.
Methods: This two-step staged resection procedure was carried out in a consecutive series of 19 patients harbouring giant OGMs. As first step, a bifrontal craniectomy was performed followed by a right-sided interhemispherical approach. About 80% of the tumour mass was resected leaving behind a shell-shaped tumour remnant. In the second step, carried out after the patients’ recovery from the first surgery and decline of oedema, the remaining part of the tumour was removed completely followed by duro- and cranioplasty.
Results: Ten patients recovered quickly from first surgery and the second operation was performed after a mean of 12.4 days. In eight patients, the second operation was carried out later between day 25 and 68 due to surgery-related complications, development of a trigeminal zoster, or to a persisting frontal brain oedema. Mean follow-up was 49.3 months and all but one patient had a good outcome regardless of surgery-related complications.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that a two-step staged resection of giant OGMs minimizes the increase of postoperative brain oedema as far as possible and translates into lower morbidity and mortality.
Background: A trend towards inverse stage migration in prostate cancer (PCa) was reported. However, previous analyses did not take into account potential differences in sampling strategies (number of biopsy cores), which might have confounded these reports.
Material and Methods: Within our single-institutional database we identified PCa patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) between 2000 and 2020 (n = 21,646). We calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) for D'Amico risk groups, biopsy Gleason Grade Group (GGG), PSA and cT stage as well as postoperative RP GGG and pT stage relying on log linear regression methodology. Subsequently, we repeated the analyses after adjustment for number of cores obtained at biopsy.
Results: Absolute rates of D'Amico low risk decreased (−30.1%), while intermediate and high risk increased (+21.2% and +9.0%, respectively). Rates of GGG I decreased (−50.0%), while GGG II–V increased, with the largest increase in GGG II (+22.5%). This trend, albeit less pronounced, was also recorded after adjusted EAPC analyses (p < .05). Specifically, EAPC values for D'Amico low vs intermediate vs high risk were −1.07%, +0.37%, +0.45%, respectively, and EAPC values for GGG ranged between −0.71% (GGG I) and +0.80% (GGG IV). Finally, an increase in ≥cT2 (EAPC: +3.16%) was displayed (all p < .001). These trends were confirmed in EAPC calculations in RP GGG and pT stages (p < .001).
Conclusion: Our findings confirm the trend towards less frequent treatment of low risk PCa and more frequent treatment of high risk PCa, also after adjustment for number of biopsy cores.
Background: Abnormalities of heart rate (HR) and its variability are characteristic of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, circadian rhythm is rarely taken into account when statistically exploring state or trait markers for depression. Methods: A 4-day electrocardiogram was recorded for 16 treatment-resistant patients with MDD and 16 age- and sex-matched controls before, and for the patient group only, after a single treatment with the rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine or placebo (clinical trial registration available on https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ with EUDRACT number 2016-001715-21). Circadian rhythm differences of HR and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) were compared between groups and were explored for classification purposes. Baseline HR/RMSSD were tested as predictors for treatment response, and physiological measures were assessed as state markers. Results: Patients showed higher HR and lower RMSSD alongside marked reductions in HR amplitude and RMSSD variation throughout the day. Excellent classification accuracy was achieved using HR during the night, particularly between 2 and 3 a.m. (90.6%). A positive association between baseline HR and treatment response (r = 0.55, p = 0.046) pointed toward better treatment outcome in patients with higher HR. Heart rate also decreased significantly following treatment but was not associated with improved mood after a single infusion of ketamine. Limitations: Our study had a limited sample size, and patients were treated with concomitant antidepressant medication. Conclusion: Patients with depression show a markedly reduced amplitude for HR and dysregulated RMSSD fluctuation. Higher HR and lower RMSSD in depression remain intact throughout a 24-h day, with the highest classification accuracy during the night. Baseline HR levels show potential for treatment response prediction but did not show potential as state markers in this study.
Aim: Comparison of the clinical efficacy (digitally volumetric, aesthetic, patient-centred outcomes) of tunnel technique (TUN) with subepithelial connective tissue graft (CTG) versus coronally advanced flap (CAF) with enamel matrix derivate (EMD) 5 years after gingival recession therapy. Materials and methods: In 18 patients contributing 36 RT1 recessions, study models were collected at baseline and follow-ups. Optical scans assessed recessions computer-assisted [recession depth, recession reduction (RECred), complete root coverage (CRC), percentage of root coverage (RC), pointwise (pTHK) and mean areal (aTHK) marginal soft tissue thickness]. Root coverage aesthetic Score (RES) was used for aesthetic evaluation and visual analogue scales for patient-centred data collection applied. Results: Sixty months after surgery, 50.0% (TUN+CTG) and 0.0% (CAF+EMD) of sites showed CRC (p = 0.0118), 82.2% (TUN+CTG) and 32.0% (CAF+EMD) achieved RC, respectively (p = 0.0023). CTG achieved significantly better RECred (TUN+CTG: 1.75±0.74 mm; CAF+EMD: 0.50 ± 0.39 mm; p = 0.0009) and aTHK (TUN+CTG: 0.95 ± 0.41 mm; CAF+EMD: 0.26 ± 0.28 mm; p = 0.0013). RES showed superior outcomes (p = 0.0533) for TUN+CTG (6.86 ± 2.31) compared to CAF+EMD (4.63 ± 1.99). The study failed to find significant differences related to patient-centred outcomes (TUN+CTG: 8.30 ± 2.21; CAF+EMD: 7.50 ± 1.51; p = 0.1136). Conclusions: Five years after treatment, CTG resulted in better clinical and aesthetic outcomes than CAF+EMD. Increased THK was associated with improved outcomes for RECred and RC.
Despite recent advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), patient’s individual response and clinical follow-up vary considerably with tumor intrinsic factors to contribute to an enhanced malignancy and therapy resistance. Among these markers, upregulation of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family effects on tumorigenesis and radiation- and chemo-resistance by multiple pathways, covering a hampered induction of apoptosis/autophagy, regulation of cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. These mechanisms are tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor p53 and thus transcriptional and post-translational regulation of IAPs by p53 is expected to occur in malignant cells. By this, cellular IAP1/2, X-linked IAP, Survivin, BRUCE and LIVIN expression/activity, as well as their intracellular localization is controlled by p53 in a direct or indirect manner via modulating a multitude of mechanisms. These cover, among others, transcriptional repression and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 pathway. In addition, p53 mutations contribute to deregulated IAP expression and resistance to therapy. This review aims at highlighting the mechanistic and clinical importance of IAP regulation by p53 in CRC and describing potential therapeutic strategies based on this interrelationship.
Objective: In light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the associated hospitalization of an overwhelming number of ventilator-dependent patients, medical and/or ethical patient triage paradigms have become essential. While guidelines on the allocation of scarce resources do exist, such work within the subdisciplines of intensive care (e.g., neurocritical care) remains limited.
Methods: A 16-item questionnaire was developed that sought to explore/quantify the expert opinions of German neurointensivists with regard to triage decisions. The anonymous survey was conducted via a web-based platform and in total, 96 members of the Initiative of German Neurointensive Trial Engagement (IGNITE)-study group were contacted via e-mail. The IGNITE consortium consists of an interdisciplinary panel of specialists with expertise in neuro-critical care (i.e., anesthetists, neurologists and neurosurgeons).
Results: Fifty members of the IGNITE consortium responded to the questionnaire; in total the respondents were in charge of more than 500 Neuro ICU beds throughout Germany. Common determinants reported which affected triage decisions included known patient wishes (98%), the state of health before admission (96%), SOFA-score (85%) and patient age (69%). Interestingly, other principles of allocation, such as a treatment of “youngest first” (61%) and members of the healthcare sector (50%) were also noted. While these were the most accepted parameters affecting the triage of patients, a “first-come, first-served” principle appeared to be more accepted than a lottery for the allocation of ICU beds which contradicts much of what has been reported within the literature. The respondents also felt that at least one neurointensivist should serve on any interdisciplinary triage team.
Conclusions: The data gathered in the context of this survey reveal the estimation/perception of triage algorithms among neurointensive care specialists facing COVID-19. Further, it is apparent that German neurointensivists strongly feel that they should be involved in any triage decisions at an institutional level given the unique resources needed to treat patients within the Neuro ICU.
Background: Cirrhosis is known to have a high prevalence and mortality worldwide. However, in Europe, the epidemiology of cirrhosis is possibly undergoing demographic changes, and etiologies may have changed due to improvements in standard of care. The aim of this population-based study was to analyze the trends and the course of liver cirrhosis and its complications in recent years in Germany.
Methods: We analyzed the data of all hospital admissions in Germany within diagnosis-related groups from 2005 to 2018. The diagnostic records of cirrhosis and other categories of diseases were based on ICD-10-GM codes. The primary outcome measurement was in-hospital mortality. Trends were analyzed through Poisson regression of annual number of admissions. The impact of cirrhosis on overall in-hospital mortality were assessed through the multivariate multilevel logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities.
Findings: Of the 248,085,936 admissions recorded between 2005 and 2018, a total of 2,302,171(0•94%) were admitted with the diagnosis of cirrhosis, mainly as a comorbidity. Compared with other chronic diseases, patients admitted with cirrhosis were younger, mainly male and had the highest in-hospital mortality rate. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was an independent risk factor of in-hospital mortality with the highest odds ratio (OR:6•2[95%CI:6.1-6•3]) among all diagnoses. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has increased four times from 2005 to 2018, while alcoholic cirrhosis is 20 times than other etiologies. Bleeding was found to be decreasing over time, but ascites remained the most common complication and was increasing.
Interpretation: This nationwide study demonstrates that cirrhosis represents a considerable healthcare burden, as shown by the increasing in-hospital mortality, also in combination with other chronic diseases. Alcohol-related cirrhosis and complications are on the rise. More resources and better management strategies are warranted.
Trehalose, a sugar from fungi, mimics starvation due to a block of glucose transport and induces Transcription Factor EB- mediated autophagy, likely supported by the upregulation of progranulin. The pro-autophagy effects help to remove pathological proteins and thereby prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Enhancing autophagy also contributes to the resolution of neuropathic pain in mice. Therefore, we here assessed the effects of continuous trehalose administration via drinking water using the mouse Spared Nerve Injury model of neuropathic pain. Trehalose had no effect on drinking, feeding, voluntary wheel running, motor coordination, locomotion, and open field, elevated plus maze, and Barnes Maze behavior, showing that it was well tolerated. However, trehalose reduced nerve injury-evoked nociceptive mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity as compared to vehicle. Trehalose had no effect on calcium currents in primary somatosensory neurons, pointing to central mechanisms of the antinociceptive effects. In IntelliCages, trehalose-treated mice showed reduced activity, in particular, a low frequency of nosepokes, which was associated with a reduced proportion of correct trials and flat learning curves in place preference learning tasks. Mice failed to switch corner preferences and stuck to spontaneously preferred corners. The behavior in IntelliCages is suggestive of sedative effects as a 'side effect' of a continuous protracted trehalose treatment, leading to impairment of learning flexibility. Hence, trehalose diet supplements might reduce chronic pain but likely at the expense of alertness.
Aim of the study: This RCT assesses patients’ 18-month clinical outcomes after the regenerative therapy of periimplantitis lesions using either an electrolytic method (EC) to remove biofilms or a combination of powder spray and an electrolytic method (PEC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients (24 implants) suffering from periimplantitis were randomly treated by EC or PEC followed by augmentation and submerged healing. Probing pocket depth (PPD), Bleeding on Probing (BoP), suppuration, and standardized radiographs were assessed before surgery (T0), 6 months after augmentation (T1), and 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months after the replacement of the restoration. Results: The mean PPD changed from 5.8 ± 1.6 mm (T0) to 3.1 ± 1.4 mm (T3). While BoP and suppuration at T0 were 100%, BoP decreased at T2 to 36.8% and at T3 to 35.3%. Suppuration was found to be at a level of 10.6% at T2 and 11.8% at T3. The radiologic bone level measured from the implant shoulder to the first visible bone to the implant contact was 4.9 ± 1.9 mm at mesial sites and 4.4 ± 2.2 mm at distal sites at T0 and 1.7 ± 1.7 mm and 1.5 ± 17 mm at T3. Conclusions: Significant radiographic bone fill and the improvement of clinical parameters were demonstrated 18 months after therapy.
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is an important cytokine with pivotal pro-survival functions in the adaptive immune system. However, the role of IL-7 in innate immunity is not fully understood. In the present study, the impact of hepatic IL-7 on innate immune cells was assessed by functional experiments as well as in patients with different stages of liver cirrhosis or acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Human hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells secreted IL-7 in response to stimulation with interferons (IFNs) of type I and II, yet not type III. De novo translation of interferon-response factor-1 (IRF-1) restricted IL-7 production to stimulation with type I and II IFNs. LPS-primed human macrophages were identified as innate immune target cells responding to IL-7 signaling by inactivation of Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). IL-7-mediated GSK3 inactivation augmented LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and blunted LPS tolerance of macrophages. The IFN-IRF-1-IL-7 axis was present in liver cirrhosis patients. However, liver cirrhosis patients with or without ACLF had significantly lower concentrations of IL-7 in serum compared to healthy controls, which might contribute to LPS-tolerance in these patients. In conclusion, we propose the presence of an inflammatory cascade where IFNs of type I/II induce hepatocellular IL-7 in an IRF-1-restriced way. Beyond its role in adaptive immune responses, IL-7 appears to augment the response of macrophages to LPS and to ameliorate LPS tolerance, which may improve innate immune responses against invading pathogens.
Introduction: There is limited awareness of von Willebrand disease (VWD), leading to challenges in both diagnosis and defining the optimal treatment approach for these patients. Patients with VWD are typically treated on-demand, with short-term prophylaxis used during surgery. In contrast, early initiation, and long-term use of prophylaxis is the standard of care in patients with severe haemophilia and can be successfully used to prevent joint bleeding and reduce chronic arthropathy.
Aim: To provide an understanding of the current evidence for the prophylactic treatment of patients with VWD and compare this to the management of patients with haemophilia.
Methods: Review of published literature using a non-systematic search of PubMed and reference lists of sourced articles.
Results: The successes seen with prophylaxis in haemophilia provide the rationale for long-term prophylaxis in patients with severe forms of VWD; preventing spontaneous, excessive and sometimes life-threatening bleeding, and reducing chronic joint disease. Currently, there are a few clinical trials assessing the long-term benefits of prophylaxis in VWD, and guidelines for the optimal prophylaxis treatment approach are lacking. Greater attempts to provide comprehensive, long-term care for patients with VWD are needed but still lacking within the community. This review highlights the success of prophylaxis in haemophilia and how this knowledge might be applied and translated to patients with VWD.
Conclusions: Lessons can be learned from the use of prophylaxis in haemophilia and prophylaxis should be considered the standard of care for a subgroup of patients with severe VWD.
Despite a high clinical need for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, targeted therapies are still limited. The multifunctional enzyme Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), which harbors transamidation and GTPase activity, has been implicated in the development and progression of different types of human cancers. However, the mechanism and role of TGM2 in colorectal cancer are poorly understood. Here, we present TGM2 as a promising drug target.
In primary patient material of CRC patients, we detected an increased expression and enzymatic activity of TGM2 in colon cancer tissue in comparison to matched normal colon mucosa cells. The genetic ablation of TGM2 in CRC cell lines using shRNAs or CRISPR/Cas9 inhibited cell expansion and tumorsphere formation. In vivo, tumor initiation and growth were reduced upon genetic knockdown of TGM2 in xenotransplantations. TGM2 ablation led to the induction of Caspase-3-driven apoptosis in CRC cells. Functional rescue experiments with TGM2 variants revealed that the transamidation activity is critical for the pro-survival function of TGM2. Transcriptomic and protein–protein interaction analyses applying various methods including super-resolution and time-lapse microscopy showed that TGM2 directly binds to the tumor suppressor p53, leading to its inactivation and escape of apoptosis induction.
We demonstrate here that TGM2 is an essential survival factor in CRC, highlighting the therapeutic potential of TGM2 inhibitors in CRC patients with high TGM2 expression. The inactivation of p53 by TGM2 binding indicates a general anti-apoptotic function, which may be relevant in cancers beyond CRC.
Transdiagnostic comparison of visual working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
(2021)
Background: Impaired working memory is a core cognitive deficit in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Its study might yield crucial insights into the underpinnings of both disorders on the cognitive and neurophysiological level. Visual working memory capacity is a particularly promising construct for such translational studies. However, it has not yet been investigated across the full spectrum of both disorders. The aim of our study was to compare the degree of reductions of visual working memory capacity in patients with bipolar disorder (PBD) and patients with schizophrenia (PSZ) using a paradigm well established in cognitive neuroscience.
Methods: 62 PBD, 64 PSZ, and 70 healthy controls (HC) completed a canonical visual change detection task. Participants had to encode the color of four circles and indicate after a short delay whether the color of one of the circles had changed or not. We estimated working memory capacity using Pashler’s K.
Results: Working memory capacity was significantly reduced in both PBD and PSZ compared to HC. We observed a small effect size (r = .202) for the difference between HC and PBD and a medium effect size (r = .370) for the difference between HC and PSZ. Working memory capacity in PSZ was also significantly reduced compared to PBD with a small effect size (r = .201). Thus, PBD showed an intermediate level of impairment.
Conclusions: These findings provide evidence for a gradient of reduced working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, with PSZ showing the strongest degree of impairment. This underscores the importance of disturbed information processing for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Our results are compatible with the cognitive manifestation of a neurodevelopmental gradient affecting bipolar disorder to a lesser degree than schizophrenia. They also highlight the relevance of visual working memory capacity for the development of both behavior- and brain-based transdiagnostic biomarkers.
Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been investigated regarding its therapeutic properties in several several conditions such as epilepsy, migraine and major depressive disorder and was shown to access similar neural pathways as invasive vagus nerve stimulation. While the vagus nerve's role in gut motility is physiologically established, the effect of taVNS has scarcely been investigated in humans and yielded conflicting results. Real-time gastric magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI) is an established reproducible method to investigate gastric motility non-invasively. Objective: To investigate the influence of taVNS on gastric motility of healthy participants using rtMRI. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind study using high-frequency (HF) stimulation at 25Hz or low-frequency (LF) taVNS at 1Hz after ingestions of a standardized meal in 57 healthy participants. The gastric motility index (GMI) was determined by measuring the amplitude and velocity of the peristaltic waves using rtMRI. Results: After HF taVNS, GMI was significantly higher than after LF stimulation (p = 0.005), which was mainly attributable to a higher amplitude of the peristaltic waves (p = 0.003). Conclusion: We provide evidence that 4-h of taVNS influences gastric motility in healthy human participants for the first time using rtMRI. HF stimulation is associated with higher amplitudes of peristaltic waves in the gastric antrum compared to LF stimulation. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of different frequencies of taVNS and its therapeutic properties in conditions with impaired gastric motility.
PAX6 is a highly conserved transcription factor and key regulator of several neurogenic processes, including the continuous generation of dopaminergic/GABAergic interneurons in the adult ventricular-subventricular (V-SVZ) neurogenic system in mice. Here we report that PAX6 cooperates with the TALE-homeodomain transcription factor PBX1 in this context. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation showed that PBX1 and PAX6 co-occupy shared genomic binding sites in adult V-SVZ stem- and progenitor cell cultures and mouse embryonic stem cells, while depletion of Pbx1 revealed that association of PAX6 with these sites requires the presence of PBX1. Expression profiling together with viral overexpression or knockdown of Pax6 or Pbx1 identified novel PBX1-PAX6 co-regulated genes, including several transcription factors. Computational modeling of genome wide expression identified novel cross-regulatory networks among these very transcription factors. Taken together, the results presented here highlight the intimate link that exists between PAX6 and TALE-HD family proteins and contribute novel insights into how the orchestrated activity of transcription factors shapes adult V-SVZ neurogenesis.
Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) occurs in 3–7% of all pregnancies and about 35% of women after preterm birth (PTB) meet the criteria for acute stress reaction. Known risk factors are trait anxiety and pain intensity, whereas planned delivery mode, medical support, and positive childbirth experience are protective factors. It has not yet been investigated whether the effects of anxiety and delivery mode are mediated by other factors, and whether a PTB-risk alters these relationships. 284 women were investigated antepartum and six weeks postpartum (risk-group with preterm birth (RG-PB) N = 95, risk-group with term birth (RG-TB) N = 99, and control group (CG) N = 90). CB-PTSD symptoms and anxiety were measured using standardized psychological questionnaires. Pain intensity, medical support, and childbirth experience were assessed by single items. Delivery modes were subdivided into planned vs. unplanned delivery modes. Group differences were examined using MANOVA. To examine direct and indirect effects on CB-PTSD symptoms, a multi-sample path analysis was performed. Rates of PTS were highest in the RG-PB = 11.58% (RG-TB = 7.01%, CG = 1.1%). MANOVA revealed higher values of CB-PTSD symptoms and pain intensity in RG-PB compared to RG-TB and CG. Women with planned delivery mode reported a more positive birth experience. Path modeling revealed a good model fit. Explained variance was highest in RG-PB (R2 = 44.7%). Direct enhancing effects of trait anxiety and indirect reducing effects of planned delivery mode on CB-PTSD symptoms were observed in all groups. In both risk groups, CB-PTSD symptoms were indirectly reduced via support by medical staff and positive childbirth experience, while trait anxiety indirectly enhanced CB-PTSD symptoms via pain intensity in the CG. Especially in the RG-PB, a positive birth experience serves as protective factor against CB-PTSD symptoms. Therefore, our data highlights the importance of involving patients in the decision process even under stressful birth conditions and the need for psychological support antepartum, mainly in patients with PTB-risk and anxious traits.