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Das Gedächtnis der Dinge
(2009)
Die politische Praxis von Raub und Plünderung kultureller Wertgegenstände hat eine lange Vorgeschichte. Eine Szene, die geradezu zum Emblem dieses Komplexes geworden ist, findet sich auf einem Relief im Triumphbogen des Titus auf dem Forum Romanum. Dieser Triumphbogen wurde erbaut zur Erinnerung an den Sieg des Titus über die Aufständischen in der römischen Provinz Judäa und die Zerstörung des zweiten Tempels von Jerusalem im Jahre 71 unserer Zeitrechnung. Die einzige Mauer, die von diesem Tempel heute noch erhalten ist, ist die berühmte Klagemauer. Die entscheidende Szene im römischen Triumphbogen zeigt die Soldaten des Titus, wie sie als Kriegsbeute den Tempelschatz von Jerusalem mit sich führen: einen Altar, Silbertrompeten und das wichtigste und älteste jüdische Symbol, das der Staat Israel 1948 als offizielles Symbol wieder eingeführt hat: einen großen siebenarmigen und vermutlich goldenen Leuchter, genannt Menora. […]Die symbolische Praxis, zentrale und kostbare Kunstschätze der feindlichen Kultur als Beute zu beschlagnahmen und sich anzueignen, gehört zur Vorgeschichte der modernen Institution des Museums. Kunst und Kultur gewinnen dabei einen symbolischen und materiellen Wert, der über kulturelle Grenzen hinweg vermittelbar ist und sich aus einer politischen in eine ästhetische Praxis übersetzen lässt. Enteignung und Aneignung gehen dabei Hand in Hand.
This essay is concerned with the state of the concept of »work« in the realm. of literature. Around 1800, "work" becomes a central reflective category in the field of literature, as well as in philosophical and literary aesthetics. In the last two decades of the 18th century, especially within Goethe's and Schiller's classicist concepts of literature, "work" and "art"/"poetry" are generally considered unconnected, as is an economic and aesthetic attitude towards nature. Where the spheres of "art"/"poetry" and "work" are linked to each other this relationship is defined as one of opposition, as can be seen especially in Goethe's novel Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre and in Schiller's essay Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen. This changes significantly with the re-conceptualization of literature by the German Early Romantics. Not only does the sphere of "work" - now regarded as something meaningful - become at this moment in the course of the· evolution of the literary system an eminent topic within literature and literary aesthetics, the poetic activity itself becomes - suddenly - conceptualized as "work" and the writer thought of as a "worker". This essay first raises the question of what cultural changes might follow the approaching end of the "working society" in Western societies before proceeding to this important turning point in the self-conceptualization of the literary system in relation to the modem concept of "work".
Die paradigmatische Institution des Speichergedächtnisses ist das Archiv, das gern als „Schatzkammer des Wissens“ oder „Gedächtnis der Gesellschaft“ angesprochen wird. Welche Aufgaben erfüllt es, wie hat es sich im Medienwandel verändert, mit welchen Problemen ist es konfrontiert? Diese Fragen führen mich im dritten und letzten Teil zu einer Gegenüberstellung von Archiv und Internet. Ich beginne mit einigen Bemerkungen zur Struktur und Organisation des Archivs. Das Archiv ist ein Ort der Ansammlung und nicht der Sammlung. Hier spielt der Zufall eine größere Rolle als die gezielte Steuerung, denn Archivgut fällt an und wird nicht eigens gesucht und in aller Regel nicht käuflich erworben. Mit den Tätigkeiten des Sicherns und Erhaltens ist es ganz auf eine Schutzfunktion zugeschnitten. Der gesellschaftliche Auftrag des Archivs liegt in der Konservierungs-, Ordnungs- und Erschließungsfunktion von Dokumenten. Archivare sind Dienstleister des Speichergedächtnisses in einer Zwischenstellung: sie halten Informationen vor, die später von anderen bewertet, aufbereitet und interpretiert werden. All das kann nicht die Aufgabe der Archivare sein, weshalb sie sich mit der Entscheidung der Auswahl zwischen dem, was relevant und was redundant ist, auch schwer tun und oft überfordert fühlen: „Was wertvoll oder Informationsmüll (wertlos) ist, ist in generellem Sinn theoretisch nicht begründbar.“
This paper addresses an event which started to be perceived and conceived of a long time ago. A change emerged in the 18th century which resulted in the focus of attention being directed onto the interrelationship of past, present and future within the history of European thinking. From this point on, the sciences were also provided with a past characterized by its inaccessibility, and a future characterized by its openness for things to come. From this time on, it was the present that served as a reference point for everything retrieved from the past and everything anticipated from the future - things in the present were thought to have originated in the past and were expected to point forward to the future. My presentation visits this experience as a dilemma in the decades that preceded and then witnessed its emergence, within the context of contemporary natural history and anthropology. In particular the paper will focus on those writings by Johann Gottfried Herder in which specific narratives mediate the problem of a creation which has fust come to its closure while at the same time still being in process; of a progress which is not developmental; of an event which is still suspended in its temporality. The anamnesis ofthe history of science is not for its own sake: the movements preceding the birth of the modern sciences provide important lessons for the process of their present day revision.
Tra le parole che si sono prestate agli usi più difformi e ambigui c'è sicuramente il concetto di progresso. Il motivo del "Fortschritt", che si è affermato nel XVIII secolo in contrapposizione alla visione ciclica propria dell'antichità, era associato all'idea di un incremento della produttività e alla prospettiva di uno sviluppo della storia umana. Questa deinizione positiva del progresso, per la quale al "dopo" corrisponde automaticamente il "meglio", sottende una concezione lineare della storia e rimanda a un modello tipicamente costruttivo. Ma il concetto di Fortschritt ha avuto una vita tutt'altro che pacifica: infatti ben presto si è affacciata prepotentemente sulla scena una visione ben diversa del progresso, che ha messo in crisi l'alone di gloria che sembrava accompagnarlo in dai suoi natali. In pochi luoghi è possibile misurare la crisi di questa gloriosa tradizione come nel capitalismo, dove l'ideologia dell'incremento quantitativo non ha portato ad alcun passo in avanti dal punto di vista qualitativo e in senso umano, ma piuttosto si è risolta in problemi globali e in dinamiche distruttive. Di fronte all'attestarsi di un progresso che è manifestazione di negatività, occorre mettere in guardia da un uso acritico della categoria del Fortschritt. È quanto sostiene Bloch in una conferenza tenuta nel 1955 e pubblicata l'anno successive con il titolo "Differenzierungen im Begriff Fortschritt". Come se non bastasse, sul fronte opposto c'è un'altra deriva da scongiurare: il problema che insorge sull'altro versante è quello di un totale rinnegamento del progresso. Si tratta di un errore teorico in cui molti sono caduti, e che segnala la necessità di una rilessione approfondita su questo tema. L'urgenza di interrogarsi sul "Was ist Fortschritt?" non deriva, per Bloch, dal fatto che il termine progresso sia di per sé poco chiaro e manifesto, ma semmai dal cattivo uso che ne è stato fatto Il primo passo da fare, secondo il programma blochiano di un recupero critico del "progresso", è quello di arginare gli intralci. Sono quei percorsi che sembrano condurre al Tiefenweg dell’Umano, e che invece si rivelano "vicoli ciechi" che non portano a nulla, o che sono costellati da botole che fanno ripiombare il viandante al punto di partenza. Da evitare sono inoltre quelle false piste che conducono in direzione contraria, nel senso opposto rispetto alla dimensione della Selbstbegegnung. Ciò che interessa a Bloch è denunciare le aporie contenute nel concetto stesso di "progresso", facendo afiorare quelle differenziazioni che lo rendono al contempo estremamente fragile ed ambiguo.
C'est dans une de ses analyses les plus suggestives du concept de mort que Lévinas suggère une comparaison entre la pensée de Bloch et celle de Jankélévitch. Et cela, comme l'on sait, bien que Jankélevitch, à l'exception de Schelling, n'ait jamais eu d'intérêt particulier pour la culture allemande et ses auteurs. Le point de départ de ces pages très denses, qu'on lit dans "Dieu, la mort et le temps" (1993), est la relation entre le thème de la mort et le projet que Bloch considère, à l'instar de Jankélevitch, comme la tâche irréalisable à laquelle, pourtant, on ne peut renoncer.
Il vincolo dell'origine nella letteratura austriaca del secondo novecento : Il caso Thomas Bernhard
(2009)
La letteratura austriaca del secondo Novecento apre i battenti sotto il segno della ricerca della propria identità culturale, distinta da quella tedesca – alla quale era stata omologata durante il Terzo Reich – e vincolata, ma senza nostalgia, alle coordinate tracciate dalla "età dell’oro" mitteleuropea. È su queste posizioni che si attestano le opere dei cosiddetti "superstiti" della grande tradizione austriaca: Ingeborg Bachmann, Thomas Bernhard, Peter Handke. La loro rilevante produzione, insieme a quella di altri affermati autori – ha avuto da un lato, il merito di restituire l’Austria alla grande letteratura mondiale, dall’altro, di inaugurare la vivace stagione contemporanea, ancora in pieno fermento.
The present paper offers a summary of the results of two earlier experiments (Nawrocki and Gonet 2004; Nawrocki 2004), in which acoustic properties of the voiceless velar fricative phoneme /x/ in Southern Polish were investigated.
As is found in both studies (Nawrocki and Gonet 2004; Nawrocki 2004), speakers of both genders favour glottal articulation, with partial or full voicing. Word final contexts are decisively in favour of [x]. The word initial, prevocalic positions seem to allow quite a number of allophonic variants of /x/ . These are: [x], [ɦ], [ç] and, additionally, the voiceless glottal, the pharyngeal or the epiglottal [h]/[ħ]/[ʜ]. Another factor taken into account is the coarticulation effect of the vocalic context on the choice of articulation. Based on the results of the experiments, a reformulated allophonic composition is proposed for Polish /x/. It makes room for previously unconsidered pharyngeal and glottal allophones.
In order to inspect the acoustic properties of the allophones of Polish /x/ further, their static and dynamic spectral features are compared to those of phonetically similar sounds in other languages where they have the status of independent phonemes. Special attention is paid to the distribution of spectral peaks and their intensity. The fact that in Polish there are no 'back' fricative phonemes that would contrast with /x/ creates a wide range of acceptable allophonic articulations that cannot be challenged from either articulatory or perceptual points of view.
The article aims to give an overview about the application of Optimality Theory (OT) to the domain of pragmatics. In the introductory part we discuss different ways to view the division of labor between semantics and pragmatics. Rejecting the doctrine of literal meaning we conform to (i) semantic underdetermination and (ii) contextualism (the idea that the mechanism of pragmatic interpretation is crucial both for determining what the speaker says and what he means). Taking the assumptions (i) and (ii) as essential requisites for a natural theory of pragmatic interpretation, section 2 introduces the three main views conforming to these assumptions: Relevance theory, Levinson’s theory of presumptive meanings, and the Neo-Gricean approach. In section 3 we explain the general paradigm of OT and the idea of bidirectional optimization. We show how the idea of optimal interpretation can be used to restructure the core ideas of these three different approaches. Further, we argue that bidirectional OT has the potential to account both for the synchronic and the diachronic perspective on pragmatic interpretation. Section 4 lists relevant examples of using the framework of bidirectional optimization in the domain of pragmatics. Section 5 provides some general conclusions. Modeling both for the synchronic and the diachronic perspective on pragmatics opens the way for a deeper understanding of the idea of naturalization and (cultural) embodiment in the context of natural language interpretation.
To some, the relation between bidirectional optimality theory and game theory seems obvious: strong bidirectional optimality corresponds to Nash equilibrium in a strategic game (Dekker and van Rooij 2000). But in the domain of pragmatics this formally sound parallel is conceptually inadequate: the sequence of utterance and its interpretation cannot be modelled reasonably as a strategic game, because this would mean that speakers choose formulations independently of a meaning that they want to express, and that hearers choose an interpretation irrespective of an utterance that they have observed. Clearly, the sequence of utterance and interpretation requires a dynamic game model. One such model, and one that is widely studied and of manageable complexity, is a signaling game. This paper is therefore concerned with an epistemic interpretation of bidirectional optimality, both strong and weak, in terms of beliefs and strategies of players in a signaling game. In particular, I suggest that strong optimality may be regarded as a process of internal self-monitoring and that weak optimality corresponds to an iterated process of such self-monitoring. This latter process can be derived by assuming that agents act rationally to (possibly partial) beliefs in a self-monitoring opponent.