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We report measurements of the deuterium content of molecular hydrogen (H2) obtained from a suite of air samples that were collected during a stratospheric balloon flight between 12 and 33 km at 40º N in October 2002. Strong deuterium enrichments of up to 400 permil versus Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) are observed, while the H2 mixing ratio remains virtually constant. Thus, as hydrogen is processed through the H2 reservoir in the stratosphere, deuterium is accumulated in H2 . Using box model calculations we investigated the effects of H2 sources and sinks on the stratospheric enrichments. Results show that considerable isotope enrichments in the production of H2 from CH4 must take place, i.e., deuterium is transferred preferentially to H2 during the CH4 oxidation sequence. This supports recent conclusions from tropospheric H2 isotope measurements which show that H2 produced photochemically from CH4 and non-methane hydrocarbons must be enriched in deuterium to balance the tropospheric hydrogen isotope budget. In the absence of further data on isotope fractionations in the individual reaction steps of the CH4 oxidation sequence, this effect cannot be investigated further at present. Our measurements imply that molecular hydrogen has to be taken into account when the hydrogen isotope budget in the stratosphere is investigated.
Die Motivation dieser Diplomarbeit bestand darin, die Unterschiede zwischen der 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitenden und der normalleitenden Phase der Quarkmaterie aufzuzeigen und die Auswirkungen der 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitenden Phase auf Quarksterne zu untersuchen. Dabei sollte festgestellt werden, wie groß der farbsupraleitende Gap sein muß, damit sich die Eigenschaften der Quarksterne merklich ändern. Dazu wurde die Kopplungskonstante variiert. Die Ergebnisse aus Kapitel 5 lassen sich somit zu folgenden Resultaten zusammenfassen: Die 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende wird immer der normalleitenden Phase der Quarkmaterie vorgezogen, weil sie energetisch günstiger ist. Zudem muß die Quarkmaterie neutral sein, denn sonst würde sie wegen der abstoßenden Coulombkraft nicht stabil sein und die Quarksterne würden explodieren. 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende Quarkmateriemit freien, massiven strange Quarks besitzt den höchsten Druck bei gegebenem quarkchemischen Potential und ist damit am meisten bevorzugt vor allen anderen in dieser Diplomarbeit betrachteten Quarkmateriephasen. Durch das Einführen des farbchemischen und elektrischen Potentials wird die 2SC-< ud >- farbsupraleitende Quarkmaterie neutralisiert. In der 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitenden Phase ohne strange Quarks werden jedoch so viele Elektronen zur Neutralisation benötigt, daß der farbsupraleitende Gap erheblich verringert wird. Die 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende Phase mit freien, massiven strange Quarks wird gegenüber der 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitenden Phase ohne strange Quarks energetisch bevorzugt, weil erstere nicht so viele Elektronen zur Neutralisation benötigt, da diese Aufgabe hauptsächlich von den strange Quarks übernommen und dadurch der Gap nicht so erheblich reduziert wird. Zudem kommt noch der freie strange Quarkdruck hinzu, der diesen Zustand energetisch begünstigt. 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende Quarksterne ohne strange Quarks besitzen einen maximal 122 Meter kleineren Radius und eine maximal 0.016 M⊙ kleinere Masse als normalleitende Quarksterne ohne strange Quarks. 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende Quarksterne mit strange Quarks besitzen einen maximal 72 Meter kleineren Radius und eine maximal 0.023 M⊙ kleinere Masse als normalleitende Quarksterne mit strange Quarks. Erhöht man den farbsupraleitenden Gap, dann werden die Quarksterne größer und schwerer. Vergrößert man die Kopplungskonstante um das 1.5-fache des angegebenen Referenzwertes (5.2), dann ungefähr verdoppelt sich der farbsupraleitende Gap. Ein Quarkstern mit strange Quarks weist dann eine Radiusdifferenz von einem Kilometer und eine Massendifferenz von 0.31 M⊙ zu einem Quarkstern mit normalleitender Phase auf. Durch Verringern des Referenzwertes der Kopplungskonstante wird auch der farbsupraleitende Gap reduziert und es treten so gut wie keine Unterschiede mehr zur normalleitenden Phase des Quarksterns auf.
After more than a decade of post-socialist transition, transition theories are increasingly criticised for their inability to grasp the new post-socialist reality. However, even in the light of political, economic, social and cultural restructuring processes taking place on a global scale, the structural legacies of socialist and pre-socialist development are not erased. On the contrary, they continue to play an important role by filtering the impact of global tendencies upon post-socialist societies. With reference to a case study from the Romanian city of Timisoara I will address in the following the ambivalencies connected to the efforts of local elites in the process of implementing global-level requirements in a post-socialist environment.
This paper investigates various theories explaining banks´ overbidding in the fixed rate tenders of the European Central Bank (ECB). Using auction data from both the Bundesbank and the ECB, we show that none of the theories can on its own explain the observed overbidding. This implies that the proposed new rules by the ECB, aimed at neutralizing interest rate expectations, would not eliminate overbidding if the rationing rule in the fixed rate tenders remains unchanged. JEL - Klassifikation: D44 , E32
A distinguishing feature of the ECB’s monetary policy setup is the preannouncement of a minimum bid rate in its weekly repo auctions. However, whenever interest rates are expected to decline, the minimum bid rate is viewed as too high and banks refrain from bidding, severely impeding the ECB’s money market management. To shed more light on banks’ underbidding, we perform a panel analysis of the bidder behavior in the repo auctions of the Bundesbank where no minimum bid rate was set. Our results indicate that neither bank’s participation nor the submitted bid amount is significantly affected by an expected rate cut. This suggests that abandoning the minimum bid rate might increase the efficiency of the ECB’s money market management.
Spacially dispersed transnational professional communities can be perceived of as cultural formations living in a global frame of reference, transgressing existing political and cultural boundaries. In their capacity as members of local technical and knowledgebased elites, they take part in circulating and connecting cultural meanings that are both locally produced, and continuously re-working non- local flows. I argue that those elites can be described as actors at cultural interfaces, taking part in shaping and mediating social change. The aim is twofold: one, to point to mutually opposed tendencies, and ambivalences in the framework of a „culture of change“, and two, to look into the question how such situations and groups can be methodologically approached.
The imagination has become a major site for studying transnational cultural flows. Yet it is mainly the mass media that are explored as channels directing the imagination from "the West" towards "the rest". And there is still little empirical "testing" of this field. How do such ‐ and other ‐ imaginary sources work into social practice? And what does such "practised imagination" imply for the practice of transnational anthropology? This article attempts to address these questions from the perspective of fieldwork in progress. In and between Crete and Germany I traced transnational networks based on the reciprocal mobilities of migration, remigration, and tourism. Here, multiple domains of imagination are drawn upon by various audiences, thus effectively contributing to the creation of these relations and the places in which they localise. Anthropological research on tourism and migration has tended to separate the imagination ‐ as being an external impact ‐ from local practice. Yet, transnational ethnography needs to challenge this opposition and is in itself a strategy to do so, in that it perceives the imagination as a practice of transcending physical and cultural distance.
This paper focuses on Eastern European migrants who, since the beginning of the 1990s, are entering the Republic Cyprus as “artistes”. This is a visa permit status as well as an euphemism for short-term work permits in the local sex industry. In addition to exploring the migrational experiences of these women and their living and working conditions in the Republic of Cyprus, the paper reconstructs, empirically and analyt ically, the connection between immigration and the local sex industry. Here, several categories of social actors and institutions in Cyprus are actively involved. The rhetoric of government representatives, entrepreneurs and clients in the sex business on the one hand is contrasted with the discourse of local NGO representatives concerned with immigrants’ rights on the other hand. The paper comes to the conclusion that all of these discursive positions ultimately do not do justice to the complex process of decisionmaking that women undergo who migrate into the sex industry. Either, freedom of choice is emphasized – such as by entrepreneurs and the government – or the domination of women – as in the public statements of the NGO. In order to analyze the ambivalent tension between freedom of choice and submission to force by which the women’s decision is characterized, the author employs Michel Foucault’s concept of governmentality, which describes forms of political regulation that use the individual’s freedom of action as an instrument to exercise power.
The main purpose of the paper is to explain the divergent paths of development of ethno-territorial protest movements in modern democratic political systems. By focusing on the interaction between these movements and the state, the different systems of accommodation between the relevant regional and central elites will be analyzed. The study concentrates on the case studies of Québec (Canada) and Corsica (France). The paper is divided into three parts. The first part describes the traditional systems of accommodation in France and Canada. The second part is focused on the process of socio-economic modernization in the 1950s and 1960s in those countries that threatened the established patterns of elite accommodation. The third part deals with the consequences for the established patterns of elite-accommodation and new concepts of territorial management that the central states tried to establish. By looking at the different degrees of centralization and decentralization in the mentioned political systems, the question of access to the political system by new social and political actors will be discussed in detail.