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(Strange) meson interferometry at RHIC (2002)

Sven Soff Steffen A. Bass David H. Hardtke Sergey Y. Panitkin

We make predictions for the kaon interferometry measurements in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). A first order phase transition from a thermalized Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) to a gas of hadrons is assumed for the transport calculations. The fraction of kaons that are directly emitted from the phase boundary is considerably enhanced at large transverse momenta K T ~ 1 GeV/c. In this kinematic region, the sensitivity of the R out/R side ratio to the QGP-properties is enlarged. Here, the results of the 1-dimensional correlation analysis are presented. The extracted interferometry radii, depending on K-Theta, are not unusually large and are strongly affected by momentum resolution effects.

The disappearance of flow (1995)

Sven Soff Steffen A. Bass Christoph Hartnack Horst Stöcker Walter Greiner

We investigate the disappearance of collective flow in the reaction plane in heavy-ion collisions within a microscopic model (QMD). A systematic study of the impact parameter dependence is performed for the system Ca+Ca. The balance energy strongly increases with impact parameter. Momentum dependent interactions reduce the balance energies for intermediate impact parameters b ~ 4.5 fm. Dynamical negative flow is not visible in the laboratory frame but does exist in the contact frame for the heavy system Au+Au. For semi-peripheral collisions of Ca+Ca with b ~ 6.5 fm a new two-component flow is discussed. Azimuthal distributions exhibit strong collectiv flow signals, even at the balance energy.

Strangeness dynamics in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collision (2003)

Elena L. Bratkovskaya Marcus Bleicher Wolfgang Cassing M. van Leeuwen Manuel Reiter Sven Soff Horst Stöcker Henning Weber

We investigate hadron production as well as transverse hadron spectra in nucleus-nucleus collisions from 2 A.GeV to 21.3 A.TeV within two independent transport approaches (UrQMD and HSD) that are based on quark, diquark, string and hadronic degrees of freedom. The comparison to experimental data demonstrates that both approaches agree quite well with each other and with the experimental data on hadron production. The enhancement of pion production in central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions relative to scaled pp collisions (the 'kink') is well described by both approaches without involving any phase transition. However, the maximum in the K+/Pi+ ratio at 20 to 30 A.GeV (the 'horn') is missed by ~ 40%. A comparison to the transverse mass spectra from pp and C+C (or Si+Si) reactions shows the reliability of the transport models for light systems. For central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions at bombarding energies above ~ 5 A.GeV, however, the measured K +/- m-theta-spectra have a larger inverse slope parameter than expected from the calculations. The approximately constant slope of K+/-spectra at SPS (the 'step') is not reproduced either. Thus the pressure generated by hadronic interactions in the transport models above ~ 5 A.GeV is lower than observed in the experimental data. This finding suggests that the additional pressure - as expected from lattice QCD calculations at finite quark chemical potential and temperature - might be generated by strong interactions in the early pre-hadronic/partonic phase of central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions.

Nichtlineare Erweiterung der Spin-Eichtheorie der Gravitation (1997)

Matthias Hanauske

Es wurde in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, daß es möglich ist, die der Spin-Eichtheorie zugrundeliegende Lagrangedichte so zu verallgemeinern, daß die aus ihr folgende Higgsfeldgleichung eine gravitationsähnliche Wechselwirkung enthält. Der symmetrische Teil des kanonische Energie-Impulstensors des Higgsfeldes tritt als Quelle der symmetrischen Bewegungsgleichung der angeregten Higgsfelder in Erscheinung. Ein Vergleich der zweiten Ordnung des symmetrischen Teils der Higgsfeldgleichung mit der zweiten Ordnung der Einsteingleichung im materiefreien Fall zeigt, daß beide bis auf einen antisymmetrischen Divergenzterm A m n a a der den Energie Impuls-Erhaltungssatz nicht beeinflußt, übereinstimmen. Geht man wegen der Nichtlokalität des EIST's des Gravitationsfeldes, auf der Seite der klassischen Beschreibung zu einem grobkörnigen EIST über, so stimmt dieser mit dem EIST des Higgsfeldes überein. Sieht man von in kleinen Raumzeitvolumen stark uktuierenden Termen ab, so sind die Differentialgleichungen von Gravitations und Higgsfeldwellen bis zur zweiten Ordnung identisch. Betrachtet man eine Raumzeit mit fermionischer Materie, so stimmt die erste Ordnung der Feldgleichungen ebenfalls überein. Die Higgsfeldgleichung in zweiter Ordnung koppelt halb so stark an die fermionische Materie wie es die klassische Gleichung in zweiter Ordnung tut, was auf zusätzliche Spinanteile der Higgsfelder zurückzuführen ist. Die Arbeit hat damit gezeigt, daß die durch das Higgsfeld vermittelte Kraft die Eigenschaften einer gravitativen Wechselwirkung besitzt. Daraus ergibt sich, daß nun folgende Punkte interessant sind: 1) Die in dieser Arbeit nicht betrachteten antisymmetrischen Anteile der Higgsfeldgleichung sollten auf ihre physikalische Relevanz untersucht werden, um eventuell entstehende Torsions und Nichtmetrizitätsanteile aufzuzeigen. 2) Die durch den Divergenzterm auftretenden Unterschiede der zweiten Ordnung der Spin-Eichtheorie mit der klassischen Theorie sollten genauer untersucht werden, um mögliche meßbare Unterschiede offen zu legen und die Interpretation des A m n a a-terms zu klären 3) Die in der Spin-Eichtheorie mögliche mikroskopische Betrachtungsweise sollte man quantentheoretisch formulieren und alle der Spin-Eichtheorie eigenen Felder quantisieren. 4) Der in dieser Arbeit betrachtete Iso-skalare Fall sollte Iso-vektoriell verallgemeinert werden, um so eine Vereinheitlichung mit den anderen drei Wechselwirkungen zu ermöglichen

Antiflow of nucleons at the softest point of the EoS (1999)

Jörg Brachmann Sven Soff Adrian Dumitru Horst Stöcker Joachim A. Maruhn Walter Greiner Dirk-Hermann Rischke

Report-no: UFTP-492/1999 Journal-ref: Phys.Rev. C61 (2000) 024909 We investigate flow in semi-peripheral nuclear collisions at AGS and SPS energies within macroscopic as well as microscopic transport models. The hot and dense zone assumes the shape of an ellipsoid which is tilted by an angle Theta with respect to the beam axis. If matter is close to the softest point of the equation of state, this ellipsoid expands predominantly orthogonal to the direction given by Theta. This antiflow component is responsible for the previously predicted reduction of the directed transverse momentum around the softest point of the equation of state.

Local equilibrium in heavy-ion collisions: microscopic analysis of a central cell versus infinite matter (2000)

Larissa V. Bravina Eugene E. Zabrodin Steffen A. Bass Marcus Bleicher Mathias Brandstetter Sven Soff Horst Stöcker Walter Greiner

REVTEX, 27 pages incl. 10 figures and 3 tables; Phys. Rev. C (in press) Journal-ref: Phys.Rev. C62 (2000) 064906. We study the local equilibrium in the central V = 125 fm3 cell in heavy-ion collisions at energies from 10.7 A GeV (AGS) to 160 A GeV (SPS) calculated in the microscopic transport model. In the present paper the hadron yields and energy spectra in the cell are compared with those of infinite nuclear matter, as calculated within the same model. The agreement between the spectra in the two systems is established for times t >= 10 fm/c in the central cell. The cell results do not deviate noticeably from the infinite matter calculations with rising incident energy, in contrast to the apparent discrepancy with predictions of the statistical model (SM) of an ideal hadron gas. The entropy of this state is found to be very close to the maximum entropy, while hadron abundances and energy spectra differ significantly from those of the SM.

Nonequilibrium models of relativistic heavy-ion collisions (2004)

Horst Stöcker Elena L. Bratkovskaya Marcus Bleicher Sven Soff Xianglei Zhu

To be published in J. Phys. G - Proceedings of SQM 2004 : We review the results from the various hydrodynamical and transport models on the collective flow observables from AGS to RHIC energies. A critical discussion of the present status of the CERN experiments on hadron collective flow is given. We emphasize the importance of the flow excitation function from 1 to 50 A.GeV: here the hydrodynamic model has predicted the collapse of the v2-flow ~ 10 A.GeV; at 40 A.GeV it has been recently observed by the NA49 collaboration. Since hadronic rescattering models predict much larger flow than observed at this energy we interpret this observation as evidence for a first order phase transition at high baryon density r b. Moreover, the connection of the elliptic flow v2 to jet suppression is examined. It is proven experimentally that the collective flow is not faked by minijet fragmentation. Additionally, detailed transport studies show that the away-side jet suppression can only partially (< 50%) be due to hadronic rescattering. Furthermore, the change in sign of v1, v2 closer to beam rapidity is related to the occurence of a high density first order phase transition in the RHIC data at 62.5, 130 and 200 A.GeV.

Review of QGP signatures - ideas versus observables (2004)

Elena L. Bratkovskaya Marcus Bleicher Adrian Dumitru Kerstin Paech Manuel Reiter Sven Soff Horst Stöcker Henning Weber M. van Leeuwen Wolfgang Cassing

We investigate hadron production and transverse hadron spectra in nucleus-nucleus collisions from 2 A·GeV to 21.3 A·TeV within two independent transport approaches (UrQMD and HSD) based on quark, diquark, string and hadronic degrees of freedom. The enhancement of pion production in central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions relative to scaled pp collisions (the ’kink’) is described well by both approaches without involving a phase transition. However, the maximum in the K+ p+ ratio at 20 to 30 A·GeV (the ’horn’) is missed by ~ 40%. Also, at energies above ~5 A·GeV, the measured K± mT-spectra have a larger inverse slope than expected from the models. Thus the pressure generated by hadronic interactions in the transport models at high energies is too low. This finding suggests that the additional pressure - as expected from lattice QCD at finite quark chemical potential and temperature - might be generated by strong interactions in the early pre-hadronic/partonic phase of central heavy-ion collisions. Finally, we discuss the emergence of density perturbations in a first-order phase transition and why they might affect relative hadron multiplicities, collective flow, and hadron mean-free paths at decoupling. A minimum in the collective flow v2 excitation function was discovered experimentally at 40 A·GeV - such a behavior has been predicted long ago as signature for a first order phase transition.

Strangeness dynamics and transverse pressure in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions (2004)

Sven Soff Elena L. Bratkovskaya Marcus Bleicher Manuel Reiter Horst Stöcker M. van Leeuwen Steffen A. Bass Wolfgang Cassing

We investigate hadron production as well as transverse hadron spectra from proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions from 2 A·GeV to 21.3 A·TeV within two independent transport approaches (HSD and UrQMD) that are based on quark, diquark, string and hadronic degrees of freedom. The comparison to experimental data on transverse mass spectra from pp, pA and C+C (or Si+Si) reactions shows the reliability of the transport models for light systems. For central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions at bombarding energies above ~5 A·GeV, furthermore, the measured K± transverse mass spectra have a larger inverse slope parameter than expected from the default calculations. We investigate various scenarios to explore their potential effects on the K± spectra. In particular the initial state Cronin effect is found to play a substantial role at top SPS and RHIC energies. However, the maximum in the K+/..+ ratio at 20 to 30 A·GeV is missed by 40% and the approximately constant slope of the K± spectra at SPS energies is not reproduced either. Our systematic analysis suggests that the additional pressure - as expected from lattice QCD calculations at finite quark chemical potential µq and temperature T- should be generated by strong interactions in the early pre-hadronic/partonic phase of central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions.

Phi-Meson production at RHIC, strong color fields and intrinsic transverse momenta (2004)

Sven Soff Srikumar Kesavan Jørgen Randrup Horst Stöcker Nu Xu

We investigate the effects of strong color fields and of the associated enhanced intrinsic transverse momenta on the phi-meson production in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC. The observed consequences include a change of the spectral slopes, varying particle ratios, and also modified mean transverse momenta. In particular, the composition of the production processes of phi-mesons, that is, direct production vs. coalescence-like production, depends strongly on the strength of the color fields and intrinsic transverse momenta and thus represents a sensitive probe for their measurement.

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