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Da consideração de que moral e direito implicam uma referência ao ponto de vista do participante, o autor explica que o segundo compensa a fraqueza da primeira nas condições modernas. Apoiando-se na teoria do discurso de Habermas, ele argumenta por uma relação interna entre Estado de direito e democracia. Primeiro, porque direitos humanos e soberania popular se implicam mutuamente. Depois, porque a idéia de Estado de direito envolve agora o conceito de poder comunicativo: a sobreposição e interligação de formas de comunicação baseadas em argumentos. Desta segunda relação, o autor extrai uma concepção de democracia em que a fonte de legitimidade não é mais a vontade pré-determinada dos indivíduos, mas o próprio processo de deliberação.
Rezension zu Volker Zenk: Innere Forschungsreisen. Literarischer Exotismus in Deutschland zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts, Oldenburg (Igel Verlag Wissenschaft) 2003 (= Literatur- und Medienwissenschaft; Bd. 89). 424 Seiten.
Mit seiner Dissertation legt der Autor eine Synthese der in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in Einzeluntersuchungen zerstreuten Forschung zur exotistischen Literatur der Jahrhundertwende vor.
In hac lacrimarum valle. Adornos Stellung zur Metaphysik in ihrem Stande einer mataphysica deiecta
(2004)
Eröffnungsvortrag der "Die Lebendigkeit kritischer Gesellschaftstheorie", einer Arbeitstagung aus Anlass des 100. Geburtstages von Theodor W. Adorno, die am 4. - 6. Juli 2003 an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main statfand. Koordiniert von Prof. Dr. Andreas Gruschka und Prof. Dr. Ulrich Oevermann. Die Tagungsbeiträge können auch auf CD (je CD ein Vortrag) oder als DVD (alle Vorträge im MP3-Format) käuflich erworben werden. S.a. "Die Lebendigkeit der kritischen Gesellschaftstheorie", herausgegeben von Andreas Gruschka und Ulrich Oevermann. Dokumentation der Arbeitstagung aus Anlass des 100. Geburtstages von Theodor W. Adorno. Büchse der Pandora 2004, ISBN 3-88178-324-5
Financial theory creates a puzzle. Some authors argue that high-risk entrepreneurs choose debt contracts instead of equity contracts since risky but high returns are of relatively more value for a loan-financed firm. On the contrary, authors who focus explicitly on start-up finance predict that entrepreneurs are the more likely to seek equity-like venture capital contracts, the more risky their projects are. Our paper makes a first step to resolve this puzzle empirically. We present microeconometric evidence on the determinants of debt and equity financing in young and innovative SMEs. We pay special attention to the role of risk for the choice of the financing method. Since risk is not directly observable we use different indicators for financial and project risk. It turns out that our data generally confirms the hypothesis that the probability that a young high-tech firm receives equity financing is an increasing function of the financial risk. With regard to the intrinsic project risk, our results are less conclusive, as some of our indicators of a risky project are found to have a negative effect on the likelihood to be financed by private equity.
Das Wald-Wiesenvögelchen ist ein kleiner dunkelbrauner Tagfalter mit einer Vorderflügellange von ca. 1,6 cm. Die Oberseite der Vorderflügel ist einfarbig, auf den Hinterflügeln findet sich eine kurze Binde aus drei oder vier heller geringten Ocellen nahe dem Rand. Die Unterseite, besonders der Hinterflügel, ist auffälliger gezeichnet. Nahe am Rand stehen meist sechs schwarze Ocellen mit weisem Kern und orangefarbenem bis rotbraunem Ring, die größer sind als bei den verwandten Arten. Innen werden sie von einer unregelmäßig gezackten weißen Binde begleitet. Wichtiges Erkennungsmerkmal ist eine silberne, metallisch glänzende Binde zwischen der Ocellenreihe und einer schmalen rötlichen Saumbinde. Die Art ist nicht geschlechtsdimorph und wenig variabel.
The hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was tested by studying oxidative damage, acitvities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in several models. To this end, mouse models transgenic for mutant presenilin (PS1M146L) as well as mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) and human post mortem brain tissue from sporadic AD patients and age-matched controls were studied. Aging leads to an upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activities of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) in brains from C57BL/6J mice. Simultaneously, levels of lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde MDA and 4-hydroxynonenal HNE were reduced. Additionally, pronounced gender effects were observed, as female mice display better protection against oxidative damage due to higher activity of GPx. Hence, antioxidant enzymes provide an important contribution to the protection against oxidative damage. In PS1M146L transgenic mice oxidative damage was only detectable in 19-22 months old mice, arguing for an additive effect of aging and the PS1 mutation. Both HNE levels in brain tissue as well as mitochondrial and cytosolic levels of ROS in splenic lymphocytes were increased in PS1M146L mice. Antioxidant defences were unaltered. In PDGF-APP and PDGF-APP/PS1 trangenic mice no changes in any of the parameters studied were observed in any age group. In contrast, Thy1-APP transgenic mice display oxidative damage as assessed by increased HNE levels. Reduced activity of Cu/Zn-SOD may explain this observation. Additionally, gender modified this effect, as female APP transgenic mice display higher b-secretase cleavage of APP and simultaneously increased HNE levels and reduced Cu/Zn-SOD activity earlier than male mice, i.e. from an age of 3 months and before the formation of Ab plaques. Reduced Cu/Zn-SOD activity was also found in another APP transgenic mouse model, in APP23 mice. In post mortem brain tissue from sporadic AD patients activities of Cu/Zn-SOD and GPx were however increased, and changes were most pronounced in temporal cortex. Simultaneously, levels of HNE but not MDA were elevated. Additionally, in vitro stimulation of lipid peroxidation led to increased MDA formation in samples from AD patients, indicating that increased activity of Cu/Zn-SOD and GPx are insufficient to protect against oxidative damage. Furthermore, the observed changes were subject to a gender effect, as samples from female AD patients showed increased activities of Cu/Zn-SOD and GPx as well as increased HNE levels, indicating that brain tissue from females is more sensitive towards oxidative damage. Levels of soluble Ab1-40 were positively correlated with with MDA levels and activities of Cu/Zn-SOD and GPx. Additionally, levels of lipid peroxidation products MDA and HNE are gene-dose-dependently modulated by the Apolipoprotein E4 allele, the most important genetic risk factor for AD known so far. While MDA levels were negatively correlated with MMSE scores, a measure for cognitive function, HNE levels were highest in AD patients with moderate cognitive impairment. Hence, increased HNE levels may play an important role in neurodegenerative events at an early disease stage. In summary, oxidative damage, as assessed by increased HNE levels, could be detected in sporadic AD patients and in different transgenic mouse models. The results of this thesis therefore support the further research of pharmacological targets aiming at augmentation of antioxidant defences for therapy or prophylaxis of Alzheimer’s disease.
In ihrem Buch 'Post-Fascist Fantasies' nennt die psychoanalytische Kritikerin Julia Hell Christa Wolfs 'Der geteilte Himmel' "Mauerroman". Im Jahre 1963 veröffentlicht - zwei Jahre nach dem Mauerbau -, erforscht 'Der geteilte Himmel' die umstrittenen Gelände der Teilung Deutschlands und der Kulturpolitik des Kalten Krieges. Wie Hell haben viele bei ihren Versuchen, Wolfs literarische Darstellung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und der Ideale, die sie zu realisieren suchte - besonders die Entwicklung sozialistischer Kollektive -, zu schildern, auf diesen Roman verwiesen. Und doch ist es problematisch, ihn als "Mauerroman" zu bezeichnen. Die Mauer spielt nie explizit eine Rolle in 'Der geteilte Himmel'.
In seiner Analyse dieser Vermeidung nennt Andreas Huyssen die Berliner Mauer eine "Tabuzone" in Wolfs Werk; sie zählt mit zu anderen Leerstellen in ihrem Werk: der Aufstand im Jahre 1953, der Prager Frühling 1968, der Schießbefehl.
In der Tat ist es erst in Wolfs letzter Erzählung, Leibhaftig, daß die Mauer konkretisiert wird. Mehr als vierzig Jahre nach der Barrikadierung der deutsch-deutschen Grenze und mehr als ein Jahrzehnt nach ihrem Abriß scheint es leicht, Wolfs Schwachpunkt anzuführen, um ihr Werk als scheinheilig abzutun. Doch das würde bedeuten, daß man Wolfs einzigartige Perspektive auf die Politik des Erinnerns vernichtet, die in hohem Grade mittlerweile das aktuelle deutsche Denken bestimmt. Denn in der Erinnerungspolitik enthalten sind die Chiffren der Verleugnung: die Verweigerung einer traumatischen Wahrnehmung. Wenige Autoren sind in der Lage, eine genauere Auslegung dieser Chiffren zu liefern als Christa Wolf.