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Michael Stolleis – notice
(2016)
Der Jurist Michael Stolleis (geb. 1941) gilt als einer der international führenden Rechtshistoriker auf dem Gebiet des öffentlichen Rechts. Bis zu seiner Emeritierung 2006 lehrte er als Professor für Öffentliches Recht und Rechtsgeschichte an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Von 1991 bis Ende 2009 leitete er das Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte. Michael Stolleis ist Mitglied zahlreicher Akademien der Wissenschaften in verschiedenen Ländern und ist Teil des Redaktionsgremiums mehrerer Fachzeitschriften und Reihen. Seine Hauptarbeitsgebiete liegen in den Bereichen Öffentliches Recht (Sozialrecht), Juristische Zeitgeschichte und Neuere Rechtsgeschichte (insbesondere Wissenschaftsgeschichte des öffentlichen Rechts).
Hydride transfers play a crucial role in a multitude of biological redox reactions and are mediated by flavin, deazaflavin or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors at standard redox potentials ranging from 0 to –340 mV. 2-Naphthoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme of oxygen-independent bacterial naphthalene degradation, uses a low-potential one-electron donor for the two-electron dearomatization of its substrate below the redox limit of known biological hydride transfer processes at E°’ = −493 mV. Here we demonstrate by X-ray structural analyses, QM/MM computational studies, and multiple spectroscopy/activity based titrations that highly cooperative electron transfer (n = 3) from a low-potential one-electron (FAD) to a two-electron (FMN) transferring flavin cofactor is the key to overcome the resonance stabilized aromatic system by hydride transfer in a highly hydrophobic pocket. The results evidence how the protein environment inversely functionalizes two flavins to switch from low-potential one-electron to hydride transfer at the thermodynamic limit of flavin redox chemistry.
Dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, la révolution industrielle s’impose en Allemagne, l’époque de la démocratie égalitaire commence avec le suffrage universel et la naissance des partis, et s’établit, depuis les années 1880, ce que l’on a appelé l’État interventionniste. Ces trois processus sont liés mutuellement, et ils sont ensemble à l’origine d’un quatrième phénomène : le droit administratif et la discipline théorique lui correspondant. ...
As new generations of targeted therapies emerge and tumor genome sequencing discovers increasingly comprehensive mutation repertoires, the functional relationships of mutations to tumor phenotypes remain largely unknown. Here, we measured ex vivo sensitivity of 246 blood cancers to 63 drugs alongside genome, transcriptome, and DNA methylome analysis to understand determinants of drug response. We assembled a primary blood cancer cell encyclopedia data set that revealed disease-specific sensitivities for each cancer. Within chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), responses to 62% of drugs were associated with 2 or more mutations, and linked the B cell receptor (BCR) pathway to trisomy 12, an important driver of CLL. Based on drug responses, the disease could be organized into phenotypic subgroups characterized by exploitable dependencies on BCR, mTOR, or MEK signaling and associated with mutations, gene expression, and DNA methylation. Fourteen percent of CLLs were driven by mTOR signaling in a non–BCR-dependent manner. Multivariate modeling revealed immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene (IGHV) mutation status and trisomy 12 as the most important modulators of response to kinase inhibitors in CLL. Ex vivo drug responses were associated with outcome. This study overcomes the perception that most mutations do not influence drug response of cancer, and points to an updated approach to understanding tumor biology, with implications for biomarker discovery and cancer care.
La fête peut être décrite comme un mode spécifique d’inclusion sociale qui se distingue par une occasion spécifique, sa mise en relief démonstrative par rapport au quotidien tout comme le caractère collectif et la dimension de représentation ostentatoire qui lui sont propres. Dans la fête se constituent des cadres d’actions tels que la cour princière, la ville, la commune ou la paroisse en tant que structures sociales et politiques. Les fêtes sont des événements de communication dont des actes symboliques définissent clairement la durée, pendant laquelle les activités habituelles du quotidien sont en sommeil. Par l’action commune des participants, des appartenances sont définies, des hiérarchies établies et des valeurs transmises. Mais les fêtes peuvent également servir à se libérer de contraintes, à surmonter des menaces ou à se régénérer après des défis particuliers. Leur caractère extraordinaire est souligné par une mise en scène originale qui doit agir en retour sur le comportement et la disposition mentale des acteurs concernés. Car chaque fête suppose une disposition d’esprit précise des participants, tout comme elle tente de créer une disposition d’esprit spécifique. À la différence des cérémonies, les fêtes sont en général connotées positivement – en particulier parce qu’elles sont associées à des actes de sustentation et d’échange de cadeaux. ...
Although in real life people frequently perform visual search together, in lab experiments this social dimension is typically left out. Here, we investigate individual, collaborative and competitive visual search with visualization of search partners’ gaze. Participants were instructed to search a grid of Gabor patches while being eye tracked. For collaboration and competition, searchers were shown in real time at which element the paired searcher was looking. To promote collaboration or competition, points were rewarded or deducted for correct or incorrect answers. Early in collaboration trials, searchers rarely fixated the same elements. Reaction times of couples were roughly halved compared with individual search, although error rates did not increase. This indicates searchers formed an efficient collaboration strategy. Overlap, the proportion of dwells that landed on hexagons that the other searcher had already looked at, was lower than expected from simulated overlap of two searchers who are blind to the behavior of their partner. The proportion of overlapping dwells correlated positively with ratings of the quality of collaboration. During competition, overlap increased earlier in time, indicating that competitors divided space less efficiently. Analysis of the entropy of the dwell locations and scan paths revealed that in the competition condition, a less fixed looking pattern was exhibited than in the collaborate and individual search conditions. We conclude that participants can efficiently search together when provided only with information about their partner’s gaze position by dividing up the search space. Competing search exhibited more random gaze patterns, potentially reflecting increased interaction between searchers in this condition.
Harriet Rudolph - notice
(2013)
Harriet Rudolph (né en 1966) étudie l’histoire et l’histoire de l’art à Tübingen et Londres. Après son doctorat obtenu en 1999, elle devient maître de conférences en histoire moderne à l’Université de Trèves. Après l’obtention de son habilitation en 2008, elle enseigne aux Universités de Francfort-sur-le-Main, Sarrebruck et Innsbruck. Depuis 2012, Harriet Rudolph occupe la chaire d’histoire moderne de Ratisbonne. Ses thèmes de recherche sont : les cultures politiques en Europe, l’histoire des médias et l’iconographie historique, les cultures festives urbaines et de cour, l’histoire de la diplomatie, l’histoire juridique, en particulier relative au droit pénal et à la pratique judiciaire. ...
Introduction: Previous studies have established graph theoretical analysis of functional network connectivity (FNC) as a potential tool to detect neurobiological underpinnings of psychiatric disorders. Despite the promising outcomes in studies that examined FNC aberrancies in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), there is still a lack of research comparing both mood disorders, especially in a nondepressed state. In this study, we used graph theoretical network analysis to compare brain network properties of euthymic BD, euthymic MDD and healthy controls (HC) to evaluate whether these groups showed distinct features in FNC.
Methods: We collected resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 20 BD patients, 15 patients with recurrent MDD as well as 30 age‐ and gender‐matched HC. Graph theoretical analyses were then applied to investigate functional brain networks on a global and regional network level.
Results: Global network analysis revealed a significantly higher mean global clustering coefficient in BD compared to HC. We further detected frontal, temporal and subcortical nodes in emotion regulation areas such as the limbic system and associated regions exhibiting significant differences in network integration and segregation in BD compared to MDD patients and HC. Participants with MDD and HC only differed in frontal and insular network centrality.
Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings indicate that a significantly altered brain network topology in the limbic system might be a trait marker specific to BD. Brain network analysis in these regions may therefore be used to differentiate euthymic BD not only from HC but also from patients with MDD.
Dans l’image traditionnelle des « religions orientales », forgée dans ses caractéristiques essentielles par Franz Cumont, les villes portuaires jouent un rôle important en tant que centres de distribution. Cumont considérait comme tout naturel que les dieux du Levant aient suivi les grands flux commerciaux et humains de l’Orient vers l’Occident. Les marchands orientaux, qui constituaient le principal groupe mobile, avaient selon lui fait office de « missionnaires » dans les villes portuaires occidentales. ...
Objective. Evaluation of C-MAC PM® in combination with a standard Macintosh blade size 3 in direct and indirect laryngoscopy and D-Blade® in indirect laryngoscopy in a simulated difficult airway. Primary outcome was defined as the best view of the glottic structures. Secondary endpoints were subjective evaluation and assessment of the intubation process.
Methods. Prospective monocentric, observational study on 48 adult patients without predictors for difficult laryngoscopy/tracheal intubation undergoing orthopedic surgery. Every participant preoperatively received a cervical collar to simulate a difficult airway. Direct and indirect laryngoscopy w/o the BURP maneuver with a standard Macintosh blade and indirect laryngoscopy w/o the BURP maneuver using D-Blade® were performed to evaluate if blade geometry and the BURP maneuver improve the glottic view as measured by the Cormack-Lehane score.
Results. Using a C-MAC PM® laryngoscope, D-Blade® yielded improved glottic views compared with the Macintosh blade used with either the direct or indirect technique. Changing from direct laryngoscopy using a Macintosh blade to indirect videolaryngoscopy using C-MAC PM® with D-Blade® improved the Cormack-Lehane score from IIb, III, or IV to I or II in 31 cases.
Conclusion. The combination of C-MAC PM® and D-Blade® significantly enhances the view of the glottis compared to direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh blade in patients with a simulated difficult airway.
Trial Registration Number. This trial is registered under number NCT03403946.