Refine
Year of publication
- 2005 (1815) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (776)
- Doctoral Thesis (238)
- Part of Periodical (165)
- Review (111)
- Part of a Book (109)
- Working Paper (109)
- Book (83)
- Report (66)
- Conference Proceeding (62)
- Preprint (56)
Language
- German (1199)
- English (560)
- French (20)
- Portuguese (15)
- Spanish (5)
- Italian (4)
- mis (3)
- Multiple languages (3)
- Turkish (2)
- Danish (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (1815) (remove)
Keywords
- Deutsch (29)
- Deutschland (25)
- Literatur (25)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (21)
- Rezension (21)
- Frankfurt <Main> / Universität (20)
- Biographie (15)
- Literaturwissenschaft (15)
- Vormärz (15)
- Frankfurt <Main> (14)
Institute
- Medizin (129)
- Physik (97)
- Extern (79)
- Biochemie und Chemie (63)
- Rechtswissenschaft (51)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (46)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (43)
- Biowissenschaften (38)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (38)
- Präsidium (37)
Background: Murine leukemia virus (MLV) vector particles can be pseudotyped with a truncated variant of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) and selectively target gene transfer to human cells expressing both CD4 and an appropriate co-receptor. Vector transduction mimics the HIV-1 entry process and is therefore a safe tool to study HIV-1 entry. Results: Using FLY cells, which express the MLV gag and pol genes, we generated stable producer cell lines that express the HIV-1 envelope gene and a retroviral vector genome encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The BH10 or 89.6 P HIV-1 Env was expressed from a bicistronic vector which allowed the rapid selection of stable cell lines. A codon-usage-optimized synthetic env gene permitted high, Rev-independent Env expression. Vectors generated by these producer cells displayed different sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Conclusion: These data illustrate that MLV/HIV-1 vectors are a valuable screening system for entry inhibitors or neutralizing antisera generated by vaccines.
Kapitalmarktorientierte Risikosteuerung in Banken : Marktwertsteuerung statt Marktzinsmethode
(2005)
In diesem Beitrag wird das Konzept der Marktzinsmethode als Grundlage der dualen Risikosteuerung von Kredit- und Marktpreisrisiken in Frage gestellt. Die Kreditrisiken einer Bank implizieren bonitätsinduzierte Marktpreisrisiken und bankspezifische Refinanzierungskosten. Während die bonitätsinduzierten Marktpreisrisiken in der dualen Risikosteuerung keine Berücksichtigung finden, werden die bankspezifischen Refinanzierungskosten zwar erkannt, aber bankintern nicht verursachungsgerecht zugeordnet. Das Grundmodell der Marktzinsmethode bietet keine Lösungsansätze zur Behebung dieser Probleme. Demgegenüber lassen sich die Fehlsteuerungsimpulse von vornherein durch eine konsequente Marktbewertung (Mark to Market) aller Finanzinstrumente vermeiden. Als Ausblick werden erste Überlegungen zur Implementierung einer umfassenden Marktwertsteuerung in Banken entwickelt und exemplarisch ein hierfür geeignetes Bewertungsmodell vorgestellt.
In this paper, we propose a model of credit rating agencies using the global games framework to incorporate information and coordination problems. We introduce a refined utility function of a credit rating agency that, additional to reputation maximization, also embeds aspects of competition and feedback effects of the rating on the rated firms. Apart from hinting at explanations for several hypotheses with regard to agencies' optimal rating assessments, our model suggests that the existence of rating agencies may decrease the incidence of multiple equilibria. If investors have discretionary power over the precision of their private information, we can prove that public rating announcements and private information collection are complements rather than substitutes in order to secure uniqueness of equilibrium. In this respect, rating agencies may spark off a virtuous circle that increases the efficiency of the market outcome.
The 5'-terminal cloverleaf (CL)-like RNA structures are essential for the initiation of positive- and negative-strand RNA synthesis of entero- and rhinoviruses. SLD is the cognate RNA ligand of the viral proteinase 3C (3Cpro), which is an indispensable component of the viral replication initiation complex. The structure of an 18mer RNA representing the apical stem and the cGUUAg D-loop of SLD from the first 5'-CL of BEV1 was determined in solution to a root-mean-square deviation (r.m.s.d.) (all heavy atoms) of 0.59 A (PDB 1Z30). The first (antiG) and last (synA) nucleotide of the D-loop forms a novel ‘pseudo base pair’ without direct hydrogen bonds. The backbone conformation and the base-stacking pattern of the cGUUAg-loop, however, are highly similar to that of the coxsackieviral uCACGg D-loop (PDB 1RFR) and of the stable cUUCGg tetraloop (PDB 1F7Y) but surprisingly dissimilar to the structure of a cGUAAg stable tetraloop (PDB 1MSY), even though the cGUUAg BEV D-loop and the cGUAAg tetraloop differ by 1 nt only. Together with the presented binding data, these findings provide independent experimental evidence for our model [O. Ohlenschläger, J. Wöhnert, E. Bucci, S. Seitz, S. Häfner, R. Ramachandran, R. Zell and M. Görlach (2004) Structure, 12, 237–248] that the proteinase 3Cpro recognizes structure rather than sequence.
We have isolated the human protein SNEV as downregulated in replicatively senescent cells. Sequence homology to the yeast splicing factor Prp19 suggested that SNEV might be the orthologue of Prp19 and therefore might also be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. We have used various approaches including gene complementation studies in yeast using a temperature sensitive mutant with a pleiotropic phenotype and SNEV immunodepletion from human HeLa nuclear extracts to determine its function. A human–yeast chimera was indeed capable of restoring the wild-type phenotype of the yeast mutant strain. In addition, immunodepletion of SNEV from human nuclear extracts resulted in a decrease of in vitro pre-mRNA splicing efficiency. Furthermore, as part of our analysis of protein–protein interactions within the CDC5L complex, we found that SNEV interacts with itself. The self-interaction domain was mapped to amino acids 56–74 in the protein's sequence and synthetic peptides derived from this region inhibit in vitro splicing by surprisingly interfering with spliceosome formation and stability. These results indicate that SNEV is the human orthologue of yeast PRP19, functions in splicing and that homo-oligomerization of SNEV in HeLa nuclear extract is essential for spliceosome assembly and that it might also be important for spliceosome stability.
In order to further understand how DNA polymerases discriminate against incorrect dNTPs, we synthesized two sets of dNTP analogues and tested them as substrates for DNA polymerase a (pol alpha) and Klenow fragment (exo-) of DNA polymerase I (Escherichia coli ). One set of analogues was designed to test the importance of the electronic nature of the base. The bases consisted of a benzimidazole ring with one or two exocyclic substituent(s) that are either electron-donating (methyl and methoxy) or electronwithdrawing (trifluoromethyl and dinitro). Both pol a and Klenow fragment exhibit a remarkable inability to discriminate against these analogues as compared to their ability to discriminate against incorrect natural dNTPs. Neither polymerase shows any distinct electronic or steric preferences for analogue incorporation. The other set of analogues, designed to examine the importance of hydrophobicity in dNTP incorporation, consists of a set of four regioisomers of trifluoromethyl benzimidazole. Whereas pol a and Klenow fragment exhibited minimal discrimination against the 5- and 6-regioisomers, they discriminated much more effectively against the 4- and 7-regioisomers. Since all four of these analogues will have similar hydrophobicity and stacking ability, these data indicate that hydrophobicity and stacking ability alone cannot account for the inability of pol a and Klenow fragment to discriminate against unnatural bases. After incorporation, however, both sets of analogues were not efficiently elongated. These results suggest that factors other than hydrophobicity, sterics and electronics govern the incorporation of dNTPs into DNA by pol {alpha} and Klenow fragment.
Background: Costly structures need to represent an adaptive advantage in order to be maintained over evolutionary times. Contrary to many other conspicuous shell ornamentations of gastropods, the haired shells of several Stylommatophoran land snails still lack a convincing adaptive explanation. In the present study, we analysed the correlation between the presence/absence of hairs and habitat conditions in the genus Trochulus in a Bayesian framework of character evolution. Results: Haired shells appeared to be the ancestral character state, a feature most probably lost three times independently. These losses were correlated with a shift from humid to dry habitats, indicating an adaptive function of hairs in moist environments. It had been previously hypothesised that these costly protein structures of the outer shell layer facilitate the locomotion in moist habitats. Our experiments, on the contrary, showed an increased adherence of haired shells to wet surfaces. Conclusion: We propose the hypothesis that the possession of hairs facilitates the adherence of the snails to their herbaceous food plants during foraging when humidity levels are high. The absence of hairs in some Trochulus species could thus be explained as a loss of the potential adaptive function linked to habitat shifts.
Using unobservable conditional variance as measure, latent-variable approaches, such as GARCH and stochastic-volatility models, have traditionally been dominating the empirical finance literature. In recent years, with the availability of high-frequency financial market data modeling realized volatility has become a new and innovative research direction. By constructing "observable" or realized volatility series from intraday transaction data, the use of standard time series models, such as ARFIMA models, have become a promising strategy for modeling and predicting (daily) volatility. In this paper, we show that the residuals of the commonly used time-series models for realized volatility exhibit non-Gaussianity and volatility clustering. We propose extensions to explicitly account for these properties and assess their relevance when modeling and forecasting realized volatility. In an empirical application for S&P500 index futures we show that allowing for time-varying volatility of realized volatility leads to a substantial improvement of the model's fit as well as predictive performance. Furthermore, the distributional assumption for residuals plays a crucial role in density forecasting. Klassifikation: C22, C51, C52, C53
Die im Rahmen der Magisterarbeit entstandenen kunstpraktischen Arbeiten sind das Ergebnis einer intensiven inhaltlichen und methodischen Auseinandersetzung. Dabei verschränken sich die angewandten und entwickelten Techniken mit der konzeptionellen Entwicklung. Die verschiedenen Ausgangspunkte der Arbeit, insbesondere die Beschäftigung mit Gestik und Körpersprache und Körperaktion in vorausgegangenen praktischen Arbeitsphasen und die Auseinandersetzung mit Wahrnehmungs-fragen im Rahmen des Studienfaches führten zu einer Konzentration auf menschliche Interaktionen und figürliche Fragestellungen. Die in der Arbeitsphase weiterentwickelte druckgraphische Methode, die auf Zeichnungen basiert, entspricht in gewisser Weise den Phänomenen menschlicher Wahrnehmung (Selektion, Fragmentierung, Assoziative Leistungen und visuelles Erkennen) und repräsentiert und verdeutlicht diese. Darüber hinaus entsteht durch das großformatige Arbeiten und die materiellen Eigenheiten der Drucktechnik neue Möglichkeiten der Vereinfachung, Konzentration und Materialpräsenz, die eine Zeichnung alleine so nicht bietet. Durch die methodisch erarbeiteten Linien- und Formqualitäten werden in verschiedener Hinsicht neue Bildinhalte eröffnet. Zum einen wird der zeichenhafte Charakter der Elemente durch Entindividualisierung, Vereinfachung und Wiederholung verstärkt. Dadurch entwickeln sich neue narrative Momente. Zum anderen wird durch die Multiperspektivität und räumlich – dynamische Wirkung der Arbeiten ein Bezug zum Umgebungsraum und zu variierenden Betrachterpositionen hergestellt. Damit besteht eine Verbindung zwischen Bewegung als Bezugskonzept innerhalb der Einzelblätter und zwischen Betrachter und Werk. Die Rolle von zeitlicher und örtlicher Überlagerung von Wahrnehmungsfragmenten gewann während des Arbeitsprozesses immer stärker an Bedeutung. Damit in Zusammenhang steht die Bezugnahme auf Konzepte der zeitgenössischen Kunst, die sich bewegter Bilder bedienen, wie z. B. Film und Video, Animation und Überblendtechniken. Hier wird die zeitliche Abfolge der Bilder, die im persönlichen Wahrnehmungsspeicher quasi abgelagert wird, zum Bestandteil des Wahrnehmungsprozesses. Ein weiterer Kontext, den die kunstpraktische Arbeit vertieft, ist die Beschäftigung mit Körperarbeit und Materialität. Die bereits in der Vergangenheit durchgeführten Arbeiten mit Körperdrucken, Abroll- und Abformversuchen zeigte die Bedeutung des Materials an sich für den Ausdruck von nicht zeichenhaftem, sondern impulshaftem Ausdruck, für den in der Entwicklung der großformatigen und unmittelbaren Drucktechnik ein Weg der graphischen Umsetzung gefunden wurde. Die Präsentation der Arbeiten im Raum und die damit verbundenen Möglichkeiten der Wahrnehmung können aus organisatorischen Gründen erst nach Fertigstellung der schriftlichen Ausarbeitung erprobt werden. Hier eröffnen sich ggf. weitere Perspektiven für die Entwicklung von Raumkonzepten und großformatigen zeichenhaften Arbeiten. Auch eine Weiterentwicklung von Material betonenden Arbeiten, die plastische oder dreidimensionale Versuche beinhalten, wäre denkbar. Die Fragmente der eigenen Wahrnehmung werden als collagehafte Arbeit umgesetzt. Die im Gedächtnis zeitlich gestaffelten Wahrnehmungsfragmente wurden zu Fragmenten der kunstpraktischen Arbeit und über diese zu einer neuen Synthese der individuellen Fragestellungen. Der Prozess der Wahrnehmungsverarbeitung entwickelt sich dabei zum Weg der Umformung der selektiven individuellen Wahrnehmung innerhalb der graphischen Umformung. Dies kann stellvertretend für die eigene Konzentration auf elementare Erinnerungsfragmente und der Herausarbeitung zeichenhafter Ergebnisse einer persönlichen Weltsicht stehen. Die weitere Entwicklung der gewonnenen Ergebnisse intendiert neue Fragen und neue künstlerische Konzepte. Das über die Zeit Wahrgenommene wird neu geordnet und geformt und verdeutlicht die verarbeiteten Fragmente vor dem Hintergrund des eigenen spannungsvollen Bewusstseins, Wahrnehmung und persönliches Repertoire ergeben eine neue Form. Dies zeigt sich in der Betrachtung von Einzelblättern, aber voraussichtlich noch deutlicher in der Installation der Arbeiten als räumliche Präsentation.
Stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple tissues are important in medicine to reconstitute the hematopoietic system after myelo-ablative chemo- or radiotherapy. In the present situation, adult stem cells such as Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are used for therapeutic purposes. For tissue regeneration and tissue constitution, engraftment of transplanted stem cells is a necessary feature. However, in many instances, the transplanted stem cells reach the tissues with low efficiency. Considering the three-step model of leukocyte extravasation by Springer et al, the rolling, adhesion and transmigration form the three major steps for the transplanted stem cells to enter the desired tissues. One of the molecular switches reported to be involved in these mechanisms are the Rho family GTPases. The present study investigates the role of Rho GTPases in adhesion and migration of stem and progenitor cells. Chemotactic and chemokinetic migration assays, transendothelial migration assays, migration of cells under shear stress, microinjection, retroviral and lentiviral gene transfer methods, oligonucleotide microarray analysis and pull down assays were employed in this study for the elucidation of Rho GTPase involvement in migration and adhesion of stem and progenitor cells. The transmigration assay used for the migration determination of the adherent cell type, MSC, was optimized for the efficient and effective assessment of the migrating cells. The involvement of Rho was found to be critical for stem and progenitor cell migration where inactivation of Rho by C2I-C3 transferase toxin and/or overexpression of C3 transferase cDNA increased the migration rate of Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and MSC. Moreover, modulation of Rho caused predictable cytoskeletal and morphological changes in MSC. Assessment of Rho GTPase involvement in the interacting partner, the endothelial cells during stem cell migration, revealed that active Rho expression induced E-selectin expression. The increased levels of E-selectin were functionally confirmed by the increased adhesion of progenitor cells (HPC) to the Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) layer. Moreover, inhibition of Rac in the migrating endothelial progenitor cells (eEPC) increased their adhesion to HUVEC correlating with the increased percentage expression of cell surface receptor, CD44 in Rac inactivated eEPC. In conclusion, this study shows that Rho GTPases control the adhesion and migration of stem and progenitor cells, HPC and MSC. Rho inhibition drives the cells to migrate in the blood vessels. The substantial increase in the level of active Rho in endothelial layer, manifested by the E-selectin surface expression assists the better adhesion of stem and progenitor cells to the endothelial layer. Serum factors and growth factors in the physiological system influence the Rho GTPase expression in both migrating stem cells and the barrier endothelial cells. Thus, specific modulation of Rho GTPases in the transplanted stem and progenitor cells could be an interesting tool to improve the migration and homing processes of stem cells for cellular therapy in future.