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Syllable cut is said to be a phonologically distinctive feature in some languages where the difference in vowel quantity is accompanied by a difference in vowel quality like in German. There have been several attempts to find the corresponding phonetic correlates for syllable cut, from which the energy measurements of vowels by Spiekermann (2000) proved appropriate for explaining the difference between long, i.e. smoothly, and short, i.e. abruptly cut, vowels: in smoothly cut vowels, a larger number of peaks was counted in the energy contour which were located further back than in abruptly cut segments, and the overall energy was more constant throughout the entire nucleus. On this basis, we intended to compare German as a syllable cut language and Hungarian where the feature was not expected to be relevant. However, the phonetic correlates of syllable cut found in this study do not entirely confirm Spiekermann's results. It seems that the energy features of vowels are more strongly connected to their duration than to their quality.
Synchronisierte Antworten aus der Großhirnrinde : ein Lösungsvorschlag für das Bindungsproblem
(2005)
Der Beitrag greift zwei recht kontaktsensitive und dennoch wenig erforschte sprachlichkommunikative Sonderbereiche auf, und zwar die Verwendung von (a) Eigennamen und von (b) Schelt- bzw. Schimpfausdrücken sowie Flüchen. All diese Phänomene sind offenbar universale Komponenten von Sprachen (vgl. auch Haspelmath 2002: 277; Geier-Leisch 1998: 7 f.). An diesem empirischen Material will der Beitrag im Einzelnen ermitteln, wie Kontaktund Interaktionsphänomene in gemischtsprachigen Diskursen unter Bedingungen einer transkulturellen Mehrsprachigkeit auftreten, wobei ihre Realisationsstrukturen, -typen und -klassen erschlossen sowie ihr Funktionieren hinterfragt werden. Letzten Endes soll anhand der Auseinandersetzung mit einer vitalen und hochkomplexen Kontaktsituation von Sprachen bzw. Varietäten der sprachkommunikative Umgang mit Eigennamen und Sonderlexik aus der Perspektive der deutschen Sprache im Kräftefeld zwischen typologischer Tradition und sukzessiver Innovation beschrieben werden, um damit gleichzeitig relevante Bausteine zur Modellierung des Kontaktprozesses zu erarbeiten.
Synthese und in vitro-pharmakologische Charakterisierung von dualen PPARalpha/gamma-Agonisten
(2005)
Die Behandlung von Hypertriglyceridämien und Insulinresistenz erfolgt heute vor allem durch den Einsatz der Fibrate und Thiazolidindione (TZDs). Eine neue Wirkstoffklasse stellen die vor der Zulassung stehenden Glitazare dar, die als duale PPARalpha/gamma-Agonisten die lipidsenkenden Eigenschaften der Fibrate und die insulinsensitivierenden Eigenschaften der TZDs in einer Molekülklasse vereinen. Peroxisomen Proliferator-aktivierte Rezeptoren (PPARs) gehören zur Klasse der nukleären Rezeptoren, von denen drei Subtypen (PPARalpha, beta und gamma) bekannt sind. PPARalpha fungiert als molekulares Target für die Klasse der Fibrate, welche als Lipidsenker eingesetzt werden, wohingegen die Thiazolidindione (TZDs) bei Typ 2 Diabetes indiziert sind und ihre Wirkung als selektive PPARgamma-Aktivatoren (Insulinsensitizer) entfalten. Duale PPARalpha/gamma-Agonisten wie Muraglitazar und Tesaglitazar stellen eine neue Klasse von Arzneistoffen dar, deren Zulassung beantragt ist und die zukünftig zur Behandlung von Typ 2 Diabetikern mit gestörtem Lipidprofil eingesetzt werden. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde eine Leitstrukturoptimierung am selektiven PPARalpha-Agonist Pirinixinsäure (WY 14643) mit Hilfe subtypspezifischer Reportergenassays durchgeführt. Dabei wurde wurde zunächst eine geeignete Synthesestrategie zur Darstellung von Pirinixinsäurederivaten etabliert, was zur Charakterisierung und Identifizierung einer Serie von potenten dualen PPARalpha/gamma-Agonisten führte. Die Synthesestrategie zur Darstellung von sowohl im Arylamino-Bereich (W) als auch in alpha-Position (R) modifizierten Derivaten der Pirinixinsäure bestand im Allgemeinen in einer vierstufigen Reaktionsfolge. Die PPAR-Modulatoren 18-25, 30, 53-59, 62, 65, 69, 71, 73 und 74-77 wurden in vitro-pharmakologisch unter Anwendung Subtyp-selektiver Reportergen-Assays (mPPARalpha, hPPARalpha, beta, gamma) charakterisiert. Durch Strukturmodifikationen im Arylamino-Bereich (Substanzen 18-25) der Leitstruktur WY 14643 (EC50 (hPPARalpha) = 39.8 mikroM, EC50 (hPPARgamma) = 53.7 mikroM) konnte im Falle der 4-Halogenaryl-substituierten Liganden 18 (Br) und 20 (Cl) eine signifikante Steigerung der hPPARalpha-Aktivität um den Faktor 4 (18) bzw. den Faktor 3 (20) erzielt werden. Die Inaktivität der Precursorverbindungen 74-77 demonstriert den für PPAR-Aktivität essentiellen terminalen hydrophoben Molekülrest, welcher dem 2,3-Dimethylphenyl-Rest von WY 14643 entspricht. Die alpha-alkylsubstituierten Derivate 53-57 zeigten sowohl am hPPARalpha als auch am hPPARgamma eine mit der aliphatischen Kettenlänge steigende Potenz. Die EC50-Werte (hPPARalpha) der Carbonsäuren 53-57 und 62 liegen zwischen 1.2 und 8.8 mikroM, wobei sich das alpha-Hexyl-Derivat 57 und das alpha-Butyl-Derivat 56 mit EC50-Werten von 1.2 mikroM (57) bzw. 1.3 mikroM (56) entsprechend einer Steigerung der Aktivität gegenüber WY 14643 um Faktor 33 (57) bzw. Faktor 30 (56) als besonders potent erwies. Am hPPARgamma präsentieren ebenso das alpha-butylsubstituierte Derivat 56 und der alpha-hexylsubstituierte Ligand 57 mit EC50-Werten von 3 mikroM (56) bzw. 3.6 mikroM (57) und einer Steigerung der Bindungsaktivität gegenüber WY 14643 von ~Faktor 18 (56) bzw. ~Faktor 15 (57) die Verbindungen mit der höchsten PPARgamma-Aktivität. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation gelang somit die Auffindung neuartiger Leitstrukturen 56 und 57. Die alpha-butyl- und alpha-hexylsubstituierten Liganden 56 und 57 besitzen dualen hPPARalpha/gamma-Charakter. Die PPARalpha/gamma-agonistischen Eigenschaften der neuentwickelten alpha-alkylsubstituierten Pirinixinsäurederivate werden durch ein von Pirard et al etabliertes Pharmakophor- und Selektivitätsmodell, welches die Ligandenbindungsdomäne (LBD) der PPARs durch fünf Bindungstaschen beschreibt, unterstützt. Die Einführung von alpha-Alkylsubstituenten in das Grundgerüst der Pirinixinsäure führt offensichtlich zum Besetzen der linken proximalen Bindungstasche und somit zu einer im Vergleich zur Leitstruktur WY 14643 stärkeren Bindung an die Ligandenbindungsdomäne des Rezeptors.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Liganden, die Strukturmerkmale von Glycin-Bindungsstellen-Antagonisten des NMDA-Rezeptors und von Dopamin-Rezeptor-Agonisten enthalten, synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Es handelte sich dabei um Hybrid-Moleküle vom überlappenden Typ. Als Leitstrukturen dienten Thienopyridinone, die bereits als Glycin-Antagonisten etabliert waren. In diese Strukturen wurden Funktionalitäten von Dopamin-Rezeptor-Agonisten integriert. Einige Verbindung enthalten die Aminoethyl-Funktion des endogenen Agonisten Dopamin und eine Verbindung die Aminomethyl-Funktion des D2-Agonisten Piribedil. Zunächst wurde durch einfache Methoden des Molecular Modeling und dem anschließenden Vergleich der pharmakophoren Deskriptoren der Liganden überprüft, ob eine duale Affinität der angestrebten Strukturen möglich ist. Die Kombination der Affinitäten wurde im Hinblick auf die Therapie des Morbus Parkinson ausgewählt. Dual affine Wirkstoffe sollten neben der Verbesserung der Symptomatik auch eine Verlangsamung des Fortschreitens der Krankheit, aufgrund der Verringerung des Zelluntergangs, bewirken. Es wurde ebenfalls versucht durch die Einführung verschiedener Aminoalkyl-Substituenten mit unterschiedlichem sterischen Anspruch (Aminoethyl-, N,N-Dimethylaminmethyl-, N,N-Dimethylaminethyl-, N,N-Di-propylaminmethyl- und N,N-Dipropylaminethyl-Substituenten) in 3-Position der Thieno[2,3 b]pyridinone weitere Aussagen über die Glycin-Bindungsstelle des NMDA-Rezeptors zu ermöglichen. Im Rahmen der Synthese wurden die Amino-Funktionalitäten zu Beginn der Synthese oder an Vorstufen der Cyclisierungen eingeführt. Zunächst wurden 2 Aminothiophene mit entsprechenden Amino-Substituenten in 4 Position und freier 5-Position, die Schlüsselverbindungen sind beim Aufbau der Zielstruktur, über verschiedene Modifikationen der Gewald-Reaktion hergestellt. Es wurden ebenfalls versucht entsprechend substituierte Cyclisierungsvorstufen mit Amino-Substituenten in 4–Position durch verschiedene Substitutionreaktionen herzustellen. Dies sollte durch die Synthese von 2-Aminothiophenen mit guten Abgangsgruppen, wie Tosylat oder Halogenide in der 4-Position erfolgen. Die Cyclisierungsreaktion wurde unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Basen untersucht. Die duale Affinität der Liganden wurde durch pharmakologische in vitro Bindungsstudien untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Affinitäten an der Glycin-Bindungsstelle des NMDA-Rezeptors wurden Glycin-Bindungsassays durchgeführt. Die Affinitäten an Dopamin-Rezeptoren wurde über Racloprid-Bindungsassays bestimmt. Die Verbindungen weisen Affinitäten im mikromolaren Bereich zur Glycin-Bindungsstelle auf. Allerdings zeigen Verbindungen der gleichen Verbindungsklasse mit sterisch vergleichbaren Substituenten in der 3- oder 2-Position des Thienopyridinon-Gerüstes deutlich bessere Affinitäten (niedriger nanomolarer Bereich auf). Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass der Affinitätsverlust auf ungünstige elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen des geladenen Substituenten (Aminofunktion liegt bei pH 7.0 protoniert vor) des Liganden mit dem Rezeptorprotein zurückzuführen sind. Die Affinitäten der Verbindungen an Dopamin-Rezeptoren sind unbefriedigend. Hybrid-Moleküle vom überlappenden Typ, die neben der Thienopyridinon-Struktur auch Strukturmerkmale des Dopamin-Rezeptor-Agonisten Ropinirol enthalten, konnten trotz verschiedenster Syntheseansätze im Rahmen dieser Arbeit synthetisch nicht zugänglich gemacht werden. Weitere Anstrengungen wurden aufgrund des bereits deutlichen Affinitätsverlusts der Verbindungen mit einer freien Amino-Funktion nicht unternommen. Im Rahmen der synthetischen Arbeiten konnte eine Methode der Gewald-Reaktion bezüglich Ausbeuten und Anzahl der Nebenprodukte optimiert werden. Hybrid-Moleküle vom überlappenden Typ führten zu Verbindungen mit dualen Affinitäten an NMDA- und an Dopamin-Rezeptoren. Allerdings wurden für beide Rezeptortypen nur Affinitäten im mikromolaren Bereich erzielt, wobei deutlich bessere Affinitäten für den NMDA-Rezeptor resultierten. Dies ist sicherlich auf die gewählten Ausgangsstrukturen der Thienopyridinone zurückzuführen, die bereits als Antagonisten der Glycin-Bindungsstelle des NMDA-Rezeptors etabliert waren.
The results presented here strongly indicate that ubiquitination of the recombinant human alpha1 GlyR at the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes is involved in receptor internalisation and degradation. Ubiquitination of the human alpha1 GlyR has been demonstrated by radio-iodination of plasma membrane-boundalpha1 GlyRs, whose subunits differed in molecular weight by additional 7, 14 or 21 kDa, corresponding to the molecular weights of one, two and three conjugated ubiquitin molecules, respectively, and by co-isolation of the non-tagged human alpha1 GlyR through hexahistidyl-tagged ubiquitin. Ubiquitin conjugated GlyRs where prominent at the plasma membrane, but could be hardly detected in total cell homogenates, indicating that ubiquitination takes place exclusively at the plasma membrane. Ubiquitination of the alpha1 GlyR at the plasma membrane was no longer detectable when the ten lysine residues of the cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane segments M3 and M4 were replaced by arginines. Despite this proteolytic cleavage continued to take place at the same extent as with the wild type alpha1 GlyR, suggesting that removal of GlyRs from the plasma membrane and routing to lysosomes for degradation were not dependent on ubiquitination. Also replacing a tyrosine in position 339, which was speculated to be part of an additional endocytosis motif, did not lead to a significant reduction of cleavage of the GlyR alpha1 subunits. However, a mutant lacking both, ubiquitination sites and 339Y, was significantly less processed. These results may suggest that the GlyR alpha1 subunit harbors at least two endocytosis motifs, which may act independently to regulate the density of alpha1 GlyR. Apparently, each of the two signals may be capable of compensating entirely the loss of the other. Part two of this Dissertation demonstrates that the correct topology of the glycine receptor alpha1 subunit depends critically on six positively charged residues within a basic cluster, RFRRKRR, located in the large cytoplasmic loop following the C-terminal end of M3. Neutralization of one or more charges of this cluster, but not of other charged residues in the M3-M4 loop, led to an aberrant translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen of the M3-M4 loop. However, when two of the three basic charges located in the ectodomain linking M2 and M3 were neutralized, in addition to two charges of the basic cluster, endoplasmic reticulum disposition of the M3-M4 loop was prevented. We conclude that a high density of basic residues C-terminal to M3 is required to compensate for the presence of positively charged residues in the M2-M3 ectodomain, which otherwise impair correct membrane integration of the M3 segment. Part three of this Dissertation describes my contribution (blue native PAGE analysis of metabolically labeled alpha7 and 5HT3A receptors and the examination of the glycosylation state of metabolically labeled alpha7 subunits) to a work on the limited assembly capacity of Xenopus oocytes for nicotinic alpha7 subunits. While 5HT3A subunits combined efficiently to pentamers, alpha7 subunits existed in various assembly states including trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and aggregates. Only alpha7 subunits that completed the assembly process to homopentamers acquired complex-type carbohydrates and appeared at the cell surface. We conclude that Xenopus oocytes have a limited capacity to guide the assembly of alpha7 subunits, but not 5HT3A subunits to homopentamers. Accordingly, ER retention of imperfectly assembled alpha7 subunits rather than inefficient routing of fully assembled alpha7 receptors to the cell surface limits surface expression levels of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Part four of this Dissertation describes my contribution (the biochemical analysis of the human P2X2 and P2X6 subtypes) to studies on the quaternary structure of P2X receptors. Armaz Aschrafi, the main author of the paper showed that subsequent to isolation under non-denaturing conditions from Xenopus oocytes the His-rP2X2 protein migrated on blue native PAGE predominantly in an aggregated form. The only discrete protein band detectable could be assigned to homotrimers of the His-rP2X2 subunit. Because of the exceptional assembly-behaviour of the rP2X2 protein compared to the rP2X1, rP2X3, rP2X4 and rP2X5 proteins, its human orthologue was investigated in the same manner. In contrast to rP2X2 subunits, hP2X2 subunits migrated under virtually identical conditions in a single defined assembly state, which could be clearly assigned to a trimer. P2X6 subunits represent the sole P2X subtype that is unable to form functional homomeric receptors in Xenopus oocytes. The blue native PAGE analysis of metabolically labeled hP2X6 receptors and the examination of the glycosylation state revealed that hP2X6 subunits form tetramers and aggregates that are not exported to the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes.
Electric charge correlations were studied for p+p, C+C, Si+Si, and centrality selected Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=17.2 GeV with the NA49 large acceptance detector at the CERN SPS. In particular, long-range pseudorapidity correlations of oppositely charged particles were measured using the balance function method. The width of the balance function decreases with increasing system size and centrality of the reactions. This decrease could be related to an increasing delay of hadronization in central Pb+Pb collisions.
We argue that the shape of the system-size dependence of strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions can be understood in a picture that is based on the formation of clusters of overlapping strings. A string percolation model combined with a statistical description of the hadronization yields a quantitative agreement with the data at sqrt s_NN = 17.3 GeV. The model is also applied to RHIC energies.
System-size dependence of strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at √sNN = 17.3 GeV
(2005)
Emission of pi, K, phi and Lambda was measured in near-central C+C and Si+Si collisions at 158 AGeV beam energy. Together with earlier data for p+p, S+S and Pb+Pb, the system-size dependence of relative strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions is obtained. Its fast rise and the saturation observed at about 60 participating nucleons can be understood as onset of the formation of coherent partonic subsystems of increasing size. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q
Das vorliegende Werk umfasst auf 792 Seiten die „Methodenstandards“ als Handwerkszeug bei den Vogelbeobachtern. Einführend gibt das Handbuch eine Übersicht zu feldornithologischen Erfassungsmethoden, dann folgen die Ausführungen zu den wichtigsten Standard-Methoden: der Revierkartierung, der Punkt-Stopp-Zählung, der Linienkartierung.
Die Meteor-Reise 63 befasst sich mit zwei unterschiedlichen Themen. Zum einen soll die Klimageschichte des Agulhas-Stroms sowie die spätpleistozäne und holozäne Klimage-schichte rekonstruiert und werden. Der zweite Fahrtabschnitt befasst sich mit Biodiversi-tätsgradienten in der abyssalen Tiefsee des Atlantik. Die Reise Meteor 63 soll somit Grundlagenwissen zur marinen Umwelt der Tiefsee um Afrika liefern, sowie deren kurz- und langfristige Variabilität zu erklären helfen.
Bei einer Fischarten-Erfassung an der Elbe zwischen Arneburg und Sandau fanden Dipl.-Biol. J. Huth, G. Belkner und der Verfasser am 14.10.2004 in der Nähe des rechten Ufers zwischen Strom-km 409 und 410 an einem etwa 10 cm langen Barsch (Perca fluviatilis) ein etwa 2 cm langes Krebstier, das wie eine kleine Garnele aussah. Die Determination dieses Fundtieres durch Frau Dipl.-Biol. U. Michels ergab Atyaephyra desmaresti, die einzige in Deutschland vorkommende Süßwassergarnele.
Zum fünften Mal fand am 12. Juni 2004 im Kreis Höxter der "Tag der Artenvielfalt" statt. Diese inzwischen weltweit größte Feldforschungsaktion, bei der das Arteninventar verschiedenster Lebensräume im europäischen Raum zeitgleich von über 10.000 Wissenschaftlern und Hobbyforschern erfasst wird, war 1999 von der Zeitschrift GEO initiiert worden. Die Idee der Aktion ist, innerhalb eines Tages in einem definierten Gebiet so viele Arten wie möglich zu erfassen und damit zu zeigen, dass es eine große Artenfülle nicht nur beispielsweise im tropischen Regenwald, sondern auch "direkt vor der Haustür" gibt.
Tagging kausaler Relationen
(2005)
In dieser Diplomarbeit geht es um kausale Beziehungen zwischen Ereignissen und Erklärungsbeziehungen zwischen Ereignissen, bei denen kausale Relationen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Nachdem zeitliche Relationen einerseits ihrer einfacheren Formalisierbarkeit und andererseits ihrer gut sichtbaren Rolle in der Grammatik (Tempus und Aspekt, zeitliche Konjunktionen) wegen in jüngerer Zeit stärker im Mittelpunkt des Interesses standen, soll hier argumentiert werden, dass kausale Beziehungen und die Erklärungen, die sie ermöglichen, eine wichtigere Rolle im Kohärenzgefüge des Textes spielen. Im Gegensatz zu “tiefen” Verfahren, die auf einer detaillierten semantischen Repr¨asentation des Textes aufsetzen und infolgedessen für unrestringierten Text m. E. nicht geeignet sind, wird hier untersucht, wie man dieses Ziel erreichen kann, ohne sich auf eine aufwändig konstruierte Wissensbasis verlassen zu müssen.
This article combines a brief introduction into a particular philosophical theory of "time" with a demonstration of how this theory has been implemented in a Literary Studies oriented Humanities Computing project. The aim of the project was to create a model of text-based time cognition and design customized markup and text analysis tools that help to understand ‘‘how time works’’: more precisely, how narratively organised and communicated information motivates readers to generate the mental image of a chronologically organized world. The approach presented is based on the unitary model of time originally proposed by McTaggart, who distinguished between two perspectives onto time, the so-called A- and B-series. The first step towards a functional Humanities Computing implementation of this theoretical approach was the development of TempusMarker—a software tool providing automatic and semi-automatic markup routines for the tagging of temporal expressions in natural language texts. In the second step we discuss the principals underlying TempusParser—an analytical tool that can reconstruct temporal order in events by way of an algorithm-driven process of analysis and recombination of textual segments during which the "time stamp" of each segment as indicated by the temporal tags is interpreted.
Taxonomic diversity of European Cottus : with description of eight new species (Teleostei: Cottidae)
(2005)
The taxonomy of European species of Coitus (Cottidae) is revised. Results of molecular studies are summarised and the variability of morphological characters is reviewed. Molecular and morphological data support the recognition of 15 diagnosable species in Europe. A neotype is designated for C. gobio; the type locality is in the lower Elbe drainage. Coitus gobio, C. hispaniolensis, C. koshewnikowi, C. microstomus, C. petiti, and C. poecilopus are re-diagnosed. Eight new species are described. Three of them are restricted to France: C. aturi to the Adam drainage, C. duranii to the upper Dordogne, upper Lot and upper Loire drainages, and C. rondeleti to the Herault drainage. Two new species are described from the Atlantic and North Sea basins: C. perifretum from Great Britain, and the ScheIdt, Rhine, Seine, lower Loire and lower Garonne drainages, and C. rhenanus from the Meuse and lower and middle Rhine drainages. Coitus scatul'igo is described from a single spring in northeastern Italy. In the Danube drainage, C. mctae front the upper Save and C. transsilvaniae from the upper Arges are distinguished from the widespread C. gobio. Lectotypes are designated for C. ferrugineus and C. pellegrini. Coitus kosllewnikowi Gratzianow, 1907 is declared nomel1 protectum and C. gobio microcephalus Kessler, 1868 is declared nomen oblitum. The original spelling of C. milvensis is discussed.
In meinem Beitrag nehme ich Fragen nach Wissenskonzepten auf, die sich mit neuen Wissensformen und mit der Herstellung von Wissen in außerwissenschaftlichen Kontexten beschäftigen. Ich betrachte Wissen von IT-Professionals als einen Typ von Wissen, der nicht ausschließlich technisch ist, sondern auch andere Wissenssorten enthält. IT-Professionals gelten als als Wissensarbeiter („knowledge workers“) [Schultze 1999, 7] und Professionskulturen („occupational cultures“) mit technowissenschaftlichem Expertenwissen und geteilten Perspektiven von Spezialisten. Der Begriff des Wissensarbeiters wurde verstärkt in postindustriellen Theorien aufgenommen. Diese Theorien prognostizierten die zunehmende Bedeutung menschlicher Intelligenz in den Arbeitsprozessen der entstehenden Wissensökonomie [Bell 1973; Castells 1998] sowie die Herausbildung neuer Beschäftigung für autonome, gebildete Wissensarbeiter [Castells 2000, 257; Drucker 2001; Stehr/Ericson 1992, 5f.]. Techniker bzw. Ingenieure, die eine neue Technologie entwickeln, sowie alle, die an Design, Entwicklung und Verbreitung dieser neuen Technologie beteiligt sind, werden außerdem als Akteure beschrieben, die sich ins Feld soziologischer Analyse bewegen. Sie tun das insofern, als sie auch die Modelle von Gesellschaft oder Welt entwerfen, in der ihre technischen Entwicklungen eingesetzt werden sollen [Callon 1987, 84]. ...
Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual system that leads to reduced vision in one or both eyes. People suffering from amblyopia show different perceptual deficits like reduced contrast sensitivity, reduced or no stereopsis, spatial uncertainty, and spatial and temporal distortions when viewing with the amblyopic eye. In the following thesis, different psychophysical methods are used to investigate anomalous perception of amblyopic participants in detail with the main focus on the perception of temporal instability. In the qualitative experimental paradigms it is shown that temporal instability is mainly perceived by strabismic and strabismic-anisometropic amblyopes. The temporal deficits occur only at spatial frequencies higher than 1.6 c/deg, and are perceived in addition to the spatial distortions. Illusory colours sometimes accompany the temporal distortions. There seems to be a relationship between crossed hand and eye dominance and the perception of temporal instability. In the quantitative experiments it is shown that temporal instability in amblyopic perception has a negative impact on the performance in psychophysical tasks. Amblyopes perceiving temporal instability show enhanced spatial uncertainty and spatial distortions for different types of stimulus presentation (auditive vs. visual) when compared to amblyopes without temporal instability. This might be due to deficits in auditive-visual mapping. These deficits in auditory-to-visual mapping suggest an impairment of the dorsal “where” pathway. Thus, it might be that amblyopes with temporal distortions have deficits in the dorsal pathway that come up in addition to the known deficits of the ventral “what” pathway and are related to the perception of temporal instability. The different results of the experiments found in this thesis seem to confirm this hypothesis. Studies using functional imaging techniques might be appropriate for a further investigation of amblyopic deficits involving the dorsal pathway.
During the last decade, three new acidophilous forests associations were detected in the Mecsek Mts (SW Hungary), and described as acidophilous beech wood (Sorbo torminalis-Fagetum (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey in Kevey 2001), acido-mesophilous oak wood (Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum petraeae (A. O. Horvat 1963a) Borhidi et Kevey 1996) and acido-xerophilous oak shrubland (Genisto pilosae-Quercetum polycarpae (A. O. Horvat 1967) Borhidi et Kevey 1996). In this article two further new associations are described: the acidophilous oakwood of the Mecsek (Viscario-Quercetum polycarpae Kevey, ass. nova) and the acido-mesophilous oakwood of western Hungary (Campanulo rotundifoliae-Quercetum petraeae (Csapody 1964) Kevey, ass. nova). These associations are related to the acidophilous forests of the Balkan Peninsula based on the infrequent presence of sub-Mediterranean species. A detailed comparative study of these new associations with the earlier known ones permitted to develop a reshaped classification of the syntaxonomy of these units, creating four new suballiances: within the frame of Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1938 the suballiances Luzulo forsteri-Quercenion polycarpae Kevey, suball. nova and the typical Quercenion farnetto Kevey, suball. nova, in the frame of Quercion petraeae Zolyomi et Jakucs 1957 the suballiances Luzulo multiflorae-Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova and the Quercenion petraeae Kevey, suball. nova.
We provide insights into determinants of the rating level of 371 issuers which defaulted in the years 1999 to 2003, and into the leader-follower relationship between Moody’s and S&P. The evidence for the rating level suggests that Moody’s assigns lower ratings than S&P for all observed periods before the default event. Furthermore, we observe two-way Granger causal-ity, which signifies information flow between the two rating agencies. Since lagged rating changes influence the magnitude of the agencies’ own rating changes it would appear that the two rating agencies apply a policy of taking a severe downgrade through several mild down-grades. Further, our analysis of rating changes shows that issuers with headquarters in the US are less sharply downgraded than non-US issuers. For rating changes by Moody’s we also find that larger issuers seem to be downgraded less severely than smaller issuers.
The analysis of doxorubicin-loaded poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles in in vitro glioma models
(2005)
The use of doxorubicin for the treatment of glioma tumours would be an important approach in the chemotherapy treatment since doxorubicin is a very effective neoplastic agent. However, one problem faced by the use of doxorubicin for the treatment of brain tumours is the fact that doxorubicin is a substrate of an efflux pump protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is located on the luminal side of the brain capillary endothelium and in many tumour cells, which acts pumping out of the cell such substrate, and blocking its transport into the cell. A strategy to enhance the doxorubicin delivery into the brain would be the use of nanoparticles. This work showed, that the treatment of doxorubicin bound to poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles decreased the viability of the three glioma cell lines, the GS-9L, the RG-2, and the F-98 cell lines significantly in comparison to doxorubicin in solution, indicating an improvement of the nanoparticles-bound doxorubicin transport into the cells. The modification of the nanoparticles surface with different surfactants may even enhance the delivery of the drug into the cells. Searching for an improvement of the doxorubicin internalization, the nanoparticles surface was modified using polysorbate 80, poloxamer 188 and poloxamine 908 surfactants. The poloxamer 188 and polaxamine 908 surfactant modified nanoparticles did not show a significant enhancement of the doxorubicin internalization. Contrary, the treatment of polysorbate 80 surfactant modified nanoparticles led in some cases to a significant decrease of cancer cell viability. The use of doxorubicin in the three glioma cell lines allowed the measurement of different responses towards doxorubicin treatment. The different responses were due to the entry of various amounts of doxorubicin into the glioma cells, which express the P-glycoprotein in their cellular membrane. A higher level of the P-gp expression correlated with a weaker response towards the doxorubicin treatment. The GS-9L cell line showed a significant higher level of P-gp expression than the F-98, and RG-2 cell lines, and consequently, the GS-9L cell line presented the highest resistance to doxorubicin with the highest viability values after doxorubicin treatment. Due to the fact that the transport of doxorubicin is governed by the activity of the P-gp in the studied glioma cells, the use of poloxamer 185 as a P-gp inhibitor resulted in an enhancement of the uptake as well as of the accumulation of doxorubicin into the cells. The effect of poloxamer 185 on the doxorubicin uptake was significant marked in the case of doxorubicin-resistance cells, as the GS-9L cell line. In some cases, the presence of the nanoparticles formulation showed also an influence on such uptake improvement. The use of a P-gp inhibitor in combination with chemotherapeutic agents leads to encouraging results. Because of the wide spectrum of substances acting as P-gp inhibitors, the exact inhibitory mechanisms remain still unclear. For instance in our results the evaluation of a described P-gp inhibitor, polysorbate 80 did not show an important improvement in the doxorubicin uptake in the P-gp-expressing cell line, GS-9L. On the other hand, the Polysorbate 80-Dox-PBCA nanoparticles formulation decreased in greater extend the viability of the glioma cells than the poloxamer185-Dox-PBCA nanoparticles. Although, the P-gp inhibition was undoubtedly higher in the presence of poloxamer 185, polysorbate 80 showed a main effect on the disruption of the cellular membrane, resulting in an important cellular viability decrease. It seems that poloxamer 185 presents a direct effect on the functionality of the P-gp protein, which would be of great importance in the sensitization of resistant cancer cells. The range of concentration of poloxamer 185 is very important to yield an inhibitory effect on the P-gp-mediated transport mechanism. The accumulation of Rhodamine-123 (Rho-123), a known P-gp substrate, increased in a range of concentration from 0.001 % to 0.01, whereas at 0.1 % poloxamer 185 the accumulation significantly decreased. A maximal Rho-123 accumulation was reached at 0.01 % poloxamer 185.
Plenarvortrag Weltkongress der Rechtsphilosophie und Sozialphilosophie, 24.-29. Mai, Granada 2005. S.a. die deutsche Fassung: "Die anonyme Matrix: Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch "private" transnationale Akteure". Spanische Fassung: Sociedad global, justicia fragmentada: sobre la violatión de los derechos humanos por actores transnacionales 'privados'. In: Manuel Escamilla and Modesto Saavedra (eds.), Law and Justice in a global society, International Association for philosophy of law and social philosophy, Granada 2005, S. 547-562 und in "Anales de öa Catedra Francisco Suarez 2005". S.a. Teubner, Gunther: Globalized Justice - Fragmented Justice. Human Rights Violations by "Private" Transnational Actors
A taxonomic review of the species belonging to Bembidion Latreille, 1802 of Australia includes a key and descriptions of the species. Noinenclatorial acts proposed in this paper include: 1, taxa of new Status - Bembidion subgenus Sloanephila Netolitzky, 1931, valid subgenus, not consubgeneric with subgenus Philochtus Stephens, 1828; B. (Notaphocampa) riverinae Sloane, 1894 valid species, not subspecies of B. opulentum Nietner, 1858; 2, new synonyms B. (Notaphominis Netolitzky, 1931) = B. (Notaphocampa Netolitzky, 1914): 3, New subgenera - Australoemphanes, and Gondwanabembidion, 4, New species - B. (Ananotaphus) daccordii (South Australia, Mound Springs); 5, new subspecies - B. (Zeactedium) orbiferum giachinoi (New ZeaIand, North Island); 6, species transferred to Australoemphanes - B . (Ananotaphus) blackburni Csiki, 1928; 7, Species transferred to Gondwanabembidion - B . (Ananotaphus) proprium Blackburn, 1888. Conclusions of an informal phylogeographic study are: 1, the Auslralian continent was probably populated by the Bembidiina with relatively recent (Late Tertiary-Quaternary) invasions from the north by tropical lineages, while other lineages showing systematic relationships with African and South American taxa probably have an older, Gondwanian origin; and 2, some lineagas of predominantly Nearctic and Palaearctic taxa were also Gondwanian in origin.
The Basle securitisation framework explained: the regulatory treatment of asset securitisation
(2005)
The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the gradual evolution of the supervisory policy adopted by the Basle Committee for the regulatory treatment of asset securitisation. We carefully highlight the pathology of the new “securitisation framework” to facilitate a general understanding of what constitutes the current state of computing adequate capital requirements for securitised credit exposures. Although we incorporate a simplified sensitivity analysis of the varying levels of capital charges depending on the security design of asset securitisation transactions, we do not engage in a profound analysis of the benefits and drawbacks implicated in the new securitisation framework. JEL Klassifikation: E58, G21, G24, K23, L51. Forthcoming in Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Vol. 13, No. 1 .
In his paper, "The Canonization of German-language Digital Literature," Florian Hartling discusses "Net Literature," a relatively young phenomenon, that has its roots in experimental visual and concrete poetry and hypertext. With the use of new media technology, this new genre of literature has acquired much interest and is now considered to be one of the most important influences in contemporary art. Not only does Net Literature connect sound, video, and animation with interactivity and allows new forms of artistic expression, it also impacts significantly on the traditional functions of the literary system. Hartling suggests that, in relation to Net Literature, the notion of the "death of the author" gives birth to the "writing reader." Hartling presents the results of his study where he applies the concept of "canon" to German-language Net Literature and where he attempts to find out whether, in this new form of literature, a "canon" has already been formed. Based on Karl Erik Rosengren's framework of "mention technique," a sample of Germanlanguage reviews of Net Literature was analyzed. The study intends to test the applicability of Rosengren's method to the analysis of Net Literature, that is, whether it is valid to use a method that was originally developed for the empirical study of the traditional literary canon for the study of an emergent Net Literature.
Large extra dimensions could lower the Planck scale to experimentally accessible values. Not only is the Planck scale the energy scale at which effects of modified gravity become important. The Planck length also acts as a minimal length in nature, providing a natural ultraviolet cutoff and a limit to the possible resolution of spacetime.
In this Letter we examine the influence of the minimal length on the Casimir energy between two plates.
Nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), roughly 27 kDa in size, are conservative components of the large family of ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters, which includes importers, exporters, and receptors. NBDs or ABC-ATPases supply energy for the translocation of a vast variety of substrates across biological membranes. Despite their hydrophilic sequence, many NBDs tend to aggregate and precipitate in solution upon isolation from the complete transporter. The conditions stabilizing an extremely labile NBD component of the E.coli HlyA transporter, HlyB-NBD, were developed. As a result, the pure highly concentrated enzyme was protected from precipitation for months that allowed screening of the unlimited crystallization conditions in the presence of different substrates and performance of the reproducible functional assays. HlyB-NBD was characterized in regard to its uncoupled ATPase activity, oligomeric state, and stability in solution. Comparative analysis of protein stability and ATPase activity in various buffers suggested an inverse relationship between the two. Kinetic analysis of ATPase activity revealed ATP-induced protein dimerization. Gel-filtration experiments with the wild type protein and H662A-mutant of HlyB-NBD provided further evidence of protein dimerization in the presence of ATP. The crystal structures in post- and pre-hydrolysis nucleotide-bound states of HlyB-NBD were determined at 1.6Å and 2.5Å resolution, respectively. While the hydrolytically deficient H662A mutant of HlyB-NBD was crystallized as a stable dimer in the presence of ATP or ATP-Mg2+, with two nucleotide molecules sandwiched between the two monomers, the same protein was shown to be a monomer in the ADP-loaded state. The wild type protein failed to develop crystals with bound ATP, yet formed ADP-bound crystals identical to those of the H662A-mutant. The X-ray structures of HlyB-NBD in various states of the hydrolytic cycle and the functional studies of the enzyme have provided an opportunity to characterize enzyme-substrate complexes and protein-protein interactions between the NBD subunits in great detail. Comparison of the nucleotide-free, the ADP-, and the ATP-loaded states revealed oligomeric and conformational changes of the protein upon substrate binding and resulted in a molecular picture of the catalytic cycle. The correlated results of the structural and functional investigations of HlyB-NBD are discussed with relation to the mechanism of action of ABC transporters.
The present study shows that though retroflex segments can be considered articulatorily marked, there are perceptual reasons why languages introduce this class into their phoneme inventory. This observation is illustrated with the diachronic developments of retroflexes in Norwegian (North- Germanic), Nyawaygi (Australian) and Minto-Nenana (Athapaskan). The developments in these three languages are modelled in a perceptually oriented phonological theory, since traditional articulatorily-based features cannot deal with such processes.
The kaon nuclear optical potential is studied including the effect of the Θ+ pentaquark. The one-nucleon contribution is obtained using an extension of the Jülich meson-exchange potential as bare kaon–nucleon interaction. Significant differences between a fully self-consistent calculation and the usually employed low-density Tρ approach are observed. The influence of the one-nucleon absorption process, KN→Θ+, on the kaon optical potential is negligible due to the small width of the pentaquark. In contrast, the two-nucleon mechanism, KNN→Θ+N, estimated from the coupling of the pentaquark to a two-meson cloud, provides the required amount of additional kaon absorption to reconcile with data the systematically low K+-nucleus reaction cross sections found by the theoretical models.
The effects of vocational training programmes on the duration of unemployment in Eastern Germany
(2005)
Vocational training programmes have been the most important active labour market policy instrument in Germany in the last years. However, the still unsatisfying situation of the labour market has raised doubt on the efficiency of these programmes. In this paper, we analyse the effects of the participation in vocational training programmes on the duration of unemployment in Eastern Germany. Based on administrative data for the time between the October 1999 and December 2002 of the Federal Employment Administration, we apply a bivariate mixed proportional hazards model. By doing so, we are able to use the information of the timing of treatment as well as observable and unobservable influences to identify the treatment effects. The results show that a participation in vocational training prolongates the unemployment duration in Eastern Germany. Furthermore, the results suggest that locking-in effects are a serious problem of vocational training programmes. JEL Classification: J64, J24, I28, J68
In this paper we evaluate the employment effects of job creation schemes on the participating individuals in Germany. Job creation schemes are a major element of active labour market policy in Germany and are targeted at long-term unemployed and other hard-to-place individuals. Access to very informative administrative data of the Federal Employment Agency justifies the application of a matching estimator and allows to account for individual (group-specific) and regional effect heterogeneity. We extend previous studies in four directions. First, we are able to evaluate the effects on regular (unsubsidised) employment. Second, we observe the outcome of participants and non-participants for nearly three years after programme start and can therefore analyse mid- and long-term effects. Third, we test the sensitivity of the results with respect to various decisions which have to be made during implementation of the matching estimator, e.g. choosing the matching algorithm or estimating the propensity score. Finally, we check if a possible occurrence of 'unobserved heterogeneity' distorts our interpretation. The overall results are rather discouraging, since the employment effects are negative or insignificant for most of the analysed groups. One notable exception are long-term unemployed individuals who benefit from participation. Hence, one policy implication is to address programmes to this problem group more tightly. JEL Classification: J68, H43, C13
The epistemic step
(2005)
This document presents the main results of the research on the “Gender digital divide in Francophone Africa: data and indicators”, which was carried out in 2004–2005 by the Gender and ICT Network (Réseau genre et TIC), with the sponsorship of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC, Ottawa, Canada). The Gender and ICT Network is a joint initiative of the international organisation Environmental Development Action in the Third World (ENDA), the Monitoring Centre for Information Systems and the Internet in Senegal (l’Observatoire des Systèmes d’Information sur les Réseaux et Inforoutes du Sénégal – OSIRIS) and the Senegalese Telecommunications Regulations Agency (l’Agence sénégalaise de Régulation des Télécommunications – ART). Comprising persons and organisations involved in promoting gender equality in the ICT sector, its mission, together with all its national stakeholders and international partners, is to promote gender equality in the information society.
Heteropteran communities in the canopies of Silver fir (Abies alba) and spruce (Picea abies) were studied at three lowland and three mountainous sites throughout Bavaria using flight-interception traps. At one lowland site sampling was extended to oak (Quercus petraea). A significantly higher number of species and specimens occurred on fir when compared to spruce. Including all sampled species, numbers on fir were even higher than on oak. Excluding tourists, oak was most species rich. Results demonstrate that fir, spruce, and oak harbour distinct communities. While specific communities including several rare species (e.g. Actinonotus pulcher, Psallus punctulatus) were found on fir, mainly generalists were found on spruce. Pinalitus atomarius, Cremnocephalus alpestris, Phoenicocoris dissimilis and Orius minutus significantly preferred fir. Therefore, with an increased cultivation of fir in lieu of spruce, an increase in Heteropteran diversity can be expected.
A survey of 170 Tibeto-Burman languages showed 69 with a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns, 18 of which also show inclusive- exclusive in Idual. Only the Kiranti languages and some Chin languages have inclusive-exclusive in the person marking. Of the forms of the pronouns involved in the inclusive-exclusive opposition, usually the exclusive form is less marked and historically prior to the inclusive form, and we find the distinction cannot be reconstructed to Proto-Tibeto-Burman or to mid level groupings. Qnly the Kiranti group has marking of the distinction that can be reconstructed to the proto level, and this is also reflected in the person-marking system.
Articulatory token-to-token variability not only depends on linguistic aspects like the phoneme inventory of a given language but also on speaker specific morphological and motor constraints. As has been noted previously (Perkell (1997), Mooshammer et al. (2004)), speakers with coronally high "domeshaped" palates exhibit more articulatory variability than speakers with coronally low "flat" palates. One explanation for that is based on perception oriented control by the speaker. The influence of articulatory variation on the cross sectional area and consequently on the acoustics should be greater for flat palates than for domeshaped ones. This should force speakers with flat palates to place their tongue very precisely whereas speakers with domeshaped palates might tolerate a greater variability. A second explanation could be a greater amount of lateral linguo-palatal contact for flat palates holding the tongue in position. In this study both hypotheses were tested.
In order to investigate the influence of the palate shape on the variability of the acoustic output a modelling study was carried out. Parallely, an EPG experiment was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between palate shape, articulatory variability and linguo-palatal contact.
Results from the modelling study suggest that the acoustic variability resulting from a certain amount of articulatory variability is higher for flat palates than for domeshaped ones. Results from the EPG experiment with 20 speakers show that (1.) speakers with a flat palate exhibit a very low articulatory variability whereas speakers with a domeshaped palate vary, (2.) there is less articulatory variability if there is lots of linguo-palatal contact and (3.) there is no relationship between the amount of lateral linguo-palatal contact and palate shape. The results suggest that there is a relationship between token-to-token variability and palate shape, however, it is not that the two parameters correlate, but that speakers with a flat palate always have a low variability because of constraints of the variability range of the acoustic output whereas speakers with a domeshaped palate may choose the degree of variability. Since linguo-palatal contact and variability correlate it is assumed that linguo-palatal contact is a means for reducing the articulatory variability.
Articulatory token-to-token variability not only depends on linguistic aspects like the phoneme inventory of a given language but also on speaker specific morphological and motor constraints. As has been noted previously (Perkell (1997), Mooshammer et al. (2004)) , speakers with coronally high "domeshaped" palates exhibit more articulatory variability than speakers with coronally low "flat" palates. One explanation for that is based on perception oriented control by the speaker. The influence of articulatory variation on the cross sectional area and consequently on the acoustics should be greater for flat palates than for domeshaped ones. This should force speakers with flat palates to place their tongue very precisely whereas speakers with domeshaped palates might tolerate a greater variability. A second explanation could be a greater amount of lateral linguo-palatal contact for flat palates holding the tongue in position. In this study both hypotheses were tested.
The exotic tree species Pinus radiata D. Don (in the family Pinaceae) has successfully spread from commercial plantations into adjacent vegetation in southeastern Australia. Identifying factors facilitating spread will aid the control of current invasions and the prediction of future invasion events. The structure and composition of vegetation can have an important role in determining community resilience to invasion. Two dry eucalypt sclerophyll woodlands in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney known to be invaded by Pinus radiata were surveyed to investigate the influence of eucalypt presence, species diversity, species composition and vegetation cover on the extent and density of invasion. Relationships between community characteristics and the level of pine invasion were weak and variable. Pines were found growing in plots with 0–70% understorey cover and 5–90% ground cover, and in areas of both high and low eucalypt diversity and presence, illustrating the high invasion potential of Pinus radiata.
Language planning for the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland has featured prominently in international language policy and planning literature over the years. Researchers in the field may not be up to date, however, with recent developments in the area of Irish language planning and their impact on the language ecology. This monograph describes the language planning situation in the Republic of Ireland in its historical and social contexts as well as delineating language policy and planning for the Irish language implemented over the past number of years, showing developments in education, community, media, religion and local politics.
This paper introduces a method for solving numerical dynamic stochastic optimization problems that avoids rootfinding operations. The idea is applicable to many microeconomic and macroeconomic problems, including life cycle, buffer-stock, and stochastic growth problems. Software is provided. Klassifikation: C6, D9, E2 . July 28, 2005.
Vocational training programmes have been the most important active labour market policy instrument in Germany in the last years. However, the still unsatisfying situation of the labour market has raised doubt on the efficiency of these programmes. In this paper, we analyse the effects of the participation in vocational training programmes on the duration of unemployment in Eastern Germany. Based on administrative data for the time between the October 1999 and December 2002 of the Federal Employment Administration, we apply a bivariate mixed proportional hazards model. By doing so, we are able to use the information of the timing of treatment as well as observable and unobservable influences to identify the treatment effects. The results show that a participation in vocational training prolongates the unemployment duration in Eastern Germany. Furthermore, the results suggest that locking-in effects are a serious problem of vocational training programmes. JEL Classification: J64, J24, I28, J68
We study queueing strategies in the adversarial queueing model. Rather than discussing individual prominent queueing strategies we tackle the issue on a general level and analyze classes of queueing strategies. We introduce the class of queueing strategies that base their preferences on knowledge of the entire graph, the path of the packet and its progress. This restriction only rules out time keeping information like a packet’s age or its current waiting time.
We show that all strategies without time stamping have exponential queue sizes, suggesting that time keeping is necessary to obtain subexponential performance bounds. We further introduce a new method to prove stability for strategies without time stamping and show how it can be used to completely characterize a large class of strategies as to their 1-stability and universal stability.
The strigatus group of the New World species of Ataenius Harold is revised. Seventeen species are recognized including two species described as new: Ataenius ecruensis sp. nov. from the United States and A. oaxacaensis sp. nov. from Mexico. Fifteen previously used names are considered valid, three new synonyms are proposed: A. liogaster Bates (= A. edwardsi Chapin syn. nov. = A. hoguei Cartwright and Spangler syn. nov.), A. wenzelii Horn (= A. rudellus Fall, syn. nov.). New state records are presented for A. spretulus (Haldeman) (Washington) and A. cognatus (LeConte) (Indiana, Missouri, and Mississippi). The taxa are diagnosed, keyed and illustrated; available biological information and distribution data are given.
The NO/cGMP pathway inhibits Rap1 activation in human platelets via cGMP-dependent protein kinase I
(2005)
The NO/cGMP signalling pathway strongly inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not completely defined.We have studied NO/cGMP effects on the activity of Rap1, an abundant guanine-nucleotidebinding protein in platelets. Rap1-GTP levels were reduced by NO-donors and activators of NO-sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase. Four lines of evidence suggest that NO/cGMP effects are mediated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKI): (i) Rap1 inhibition correlated with cGKI activity as measured by the phosphorylation state ofVASP, an established substrate of cGKI, (ii) 8-pCPT-cGMP, a membrane permeable cGMP-analog and activator of cGKI, completely blocked Rap1 activation, (iii) Rp- 8pCPT-cGMPS, a cGKI inhibitor, reversed NO effects and (iv) expression of cGKI in cGKI-deficient megakaryocytes inhibited Rap1 activation. NO/cGMP/cGKI effects were independent of the type of stimulus used for Rap1 activation.Thrombin-,ADPand collagen-induced formation of Rap1-GTP in platelets as well as turbulence-induced Rap1 activation in megakaryocytes were inhibited. Furthermore, cGKI inhibited ADP-induced Rap1 activation induced by the G a i -coupled P2Y12 receptor alone, i.e. independently of effects on Ca2+-signalling. From these studies we conclude that NO/cGMP inhibit Rap1 activation in human platelets and that this effect is mediated by cGKI. Since Rap1 controls the function of integrin a IIbß 3 , we propose that Rap1 inhibition might play a central role in the anti-aggregatory actions of NO/cGMP.
Islam, the Muslim traditions and the ulama in Central Asian societies are becoming increasingly important for assessing the situation in and around the region. To understand of the post Soviet Muslim republics it is nec-essary to know the Islamic heritage of the Soviet Union, i.e. the Islamic understanding and interpretation of Soviet official ulama which still influence the mind of the people and the contemporary Central Asian ulama. The official ulama were endeavouring to reconcile Islam with science and progress and to guarantee its survival in a modern environment, they served by an extremely energetic effort to preserve Islam at least in purity and integrity as religion and national sentiment and to prevent it from relapsing into deprivation and ignorance. The most important official Muslim religious figure, the Mufti of Tashkent Z. Babakhan interpreted Islam as a bulwark of progress, disseminator of knowledge, the religion of peace and friendship; portrayed the Prophet Muhammad as a “democrat, reformer and revolutionary, even a socialist”; reconciliation with socialism and communism.
This paper characterizes the optimal inflation buffer consistent with a zero lower bound on nominal interest rates in a New Keynesian sticky-price model. It is shown that a purely forward-looking version of the model that abstracts from inflation inertia would significantly underestimate the inflation buffer. If the central bank follows the prescriptions of a welfare-theoretic objective, a larger buffer appears optimal than would be the case employing a traditional loss function. Taking also into account potential downward nominal rigidities in the price-setting behavior of firms appears not to impose significant further distortions on the economy. JEL Klassifikation: C63, E31, E52 .
We study the phase diagram of dense, locally neutral three-flavor quark matter within the framework of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. In the analysis, dynamically generated quark masses are taken into account self-consistently. The phase diagram in the plane of temperature and quark chemical potential is presented. The results for two qualitatively different regimes, intermediate and strong diquark coupling strength, are presented. It is shown that the role of gapless phases diminishes with increasing diquark coupling strength.
We present a numerical technique for calculating path integrals in non-compact U(1) and SU(2) gauge theories. The gauge fields are represented by a superposition of pseudoparticles of various types with their amplitudes and color orientations as degrees of freedom. Applied to Maxwell theory this technique results in a potential which is in excellent agreement with the Coulomb potential. For SU(2) Yang-Mills theory the same technique yields clear evidence of confinement. Varying the coupling constant exhibits the same scaling behavior for the string tension, the topological susceptibility and the critical temperature while their dimensionless ratios are similar to those obtained in lattice calculations.
I review recent developments in determining the QCD phase diagram by means of lattice simulations.
Since the invention of methods to side-step the sign problem a few years ago, a number
of additional variants have been proposed, and progress has been made towards understanding
some of the systematics involved. All available techniques agree on the transition temperature
as a function of density in the regime mq/T <~1. There are by now four calculations with signals
for a critical point, two of them at similar parameter values and with consistent results. However,
it also emerges that the location of the critical point is exceedingly quark mass sensitive. At the
same time sizeable finite volume, cut-off and step size effects have been uncovered, demanding
additional investigations with exact algorithms on larger and finer lattices before quantitative conclusions
can be drawn. Depending on the sign of these corrections, there is ample room for the
eventual phase diagram to look as expected or also quite different, with no critical point at all.
This study offers a historical review of the monetary policy reform of October 6, 1979, and discusses the influences behind it and its significance. We lay out the record from the start of 1979 through the spring of 1980, relying almost exclusively upon contemporaneous sources, including the recently released transcripts of Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings during 1979. We then present and discuss in detail the reasons for the FOMC's adoption of the reform and the communications challenge presented to the Committee during this period. Further, we examine whether the essential characteristics of the reform were consistent with monetarism, new, neo, or old-fashioned Keynesianism, nominal income targeting, and inflation targeting. The record suggests that the reform was adopted when the FOMC became convinced that its earlier gradualist strategy using finely tuned interest rate moves had proved inadequate for fighting inflation and reversing inflation expectations. The new plan had to break dramatically with established practice, allow for the possibility of substantial increases in short-term interest rates, yet be politically acceptable, and convince financial markets participants that it would be effective. The new operating procedures were also adopted for the pragmatic reason that they would likely succeed. JEL Klassifikation: E52, E58, E61, E65.
Lesion of the rat entorhinal cortex denervates the outer molecular layer of the fascia dentata followed by layer-specific axonal sprouting of uninjured fibers in the denervated zone. One of the candidate molecules regulating the laminar-specific sprouting response in the outer molecular layer is the transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2. NG2 is found in glial scars and has been suggested to impede axonal regeneration following injury of the spinal cord. The present study adressed the question whether NG2 could also regulate axonal growth in denervated areas of the brain. Therefore, (1) changes in NG2 mRNA and NG2 protein levels, (2) the cellular and the extracellular localisation of the molecule, (3) the identity of NG2 expressing cells, and (4) the generation of NG2-positive cells were studied in the rat fascia dentata before and following entorhinal deafferentation. Laser microdissection was employed to selectively harvest the denervated molecular layer and combined with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to measure changes in NG2 mRNA amount (6h, 12h, 2d, 4d, 7d post lesion). The study revealed increases of NG2 mRNA at day 2 (2.5-fold) and day 4 (2-fold) post lesion. Immunocytochemistry was used to detect changes in NG2 protein distribution (1d, 4d, 7d, 10d, 14d, 30d, 6 months post lesion). NG2 staining was increased in the denervated outer molecular layer at 1 day post lesion, reached a maximum at 10 days post lesion, and returned to control levels within 6 month. Interestingly, the accumulation of NG2 protein was strongly restricted to the denervated outer molecular layer forming a border to the unaffected inner molecular layer. Using electron microscopy, NG2-immunoprecipitate was localized not only on glial surfaces and in the extracellular matrix but also in the vicinity of neuronal profiles indicating that NG2 is secreted following denervation. Double-labelings of NG2-immunopositive cells with markers for astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and oligodendrocytes suggested that NG2-cells are a distinct glial subpopulation before and after entorhinal deafferentation. Bromodeoxyuridine-labeling revealed that some of the NG2-positive cells are postlesional generated. Taken together, the data revealed a layer-specific upregulation of NG2 in the denervated outer molecular layer of the fascia dentata that coincides with the sprouting response of uninjured fibers. This suggests that NG2 could regulate lesion-induced axonal growth in denervated areas of the brain.
First paragraph (this article has no abstract) Persistent stimulation of nociceptors results in sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons, which is associated with hyperalgesia and allodynia. The release of NO and subsequent synthesis of cGMP in the spinal cord are involved in this process. cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) has been suggested to act as a downstream target of cGMP, but its exact role in nociception hadn't been characterized yet. To further evaluate the NO/cGMP/PKG-I pathway in nociception we assessed the effects of PKG-I inhibiton and activaton in the rat formalin assay and analyzed the nociceptive behavior of PKG-I-/- mice. Open access article.
The name Araecerus fasciculatus (DeGeer 1775) is resurrected for the coffee bean weevil, with the following synonyms: Bruchus cacao Fabricius 1775, Bruchus peregrinus Herbst 1797, Bruchus capsinicola Fabricius 1798, Anthribus coffeae Fabricius 1801, Amblycerus japonicus Thunberg 1815 (probably a synonym), Anthribus alternans Germar 1824, Phloeobius griseus of Stephens 1831, not Fabricius 1792, Cratoparis parvirostris Thomson 1858, Araecerus seminarius Chevrolat 1871, and Tropideres (Rhaphitropis) mateui Cobos 1954. Lectotypes are designated for A. fasciculatus, B. capsinicola, and A. alternans. A diagnosis distinguishes Araecerus from all 650 anthribid genera and a diagnosis for the species is as complete as possible with materials studied. Some additional species of Araecerus are discussed: Bruchus crassicornis Fabricius 1798 is distinguished from A. fasciculatus and a lectotype is designated. Araecerus suturalis Boheman 1839 is diagnosed and shown to be dissimilar from the species recently reported as A. suturalis from South Africa. The identity of Araecerus suturalis of Frieser, not Boheman, is not yet clear. Araecerus sambucinus Boisduval 1835 and Trepideres [sic] fragilis Walker 1859 may be synonyms of A. fasciculatus but pertinent data are insufficient. Brachytarsus niveovariegatus Roelofs 1879 (spelled nigrovariegatus by Bovie (1906)), listed as a synonym of A. fasciculatus by Wolfrurn (1929) is removed to Anthribus Forster 1770 with Anthribus lajievorus Chao 1976 as a new synonym.
The semantics of ellipsis
(2005)
There are four phenomena that are particularly troublesome for theories of ellipsis: the existence of sloppy readings when the relevant pronouns cannot possibly be bound; an ellipsis being resolved in such a way that an ellipsis site in the antecedent is not understood in the way it was there; an ellipsis site drawing material from two or more separate antecedents; and ellipsis with no linguistic antecedent. These cases are accounted for by means of a new theory that involves copying syntactically incomplete antecedent material and an analysis of silent VPs and NPs that makes them into higher order definite descriptions that can be bound into.
Let’s not forget that 1492, one of the first landmarks of Modernity, was both the year of the conquest of the Americas and of the fall or of the Reconquista of Granada, both of inner and outer ethnic cleansing of the nation state; that the national state was a colonial state and is now a securitarian state, that colonialism was the very form of Western Modernity, that the French Revolution itself was colonial, that the leader of the first Black revolutionary independence movement, Toussaint Louverture (Haiti), died in a French prison though inspired by the French Revolution. - No-one has access to reason as whole: there is no such thing as the whole of Reason, or Reason as a whole, or the Totality of reason. Reason is patched up of disconnected bits and pieces that reside at different addresses.
Succinctness is a natural measure for comparing the strength of different logics. Intuitively, a logic L_1 is more succinct than another logic L_2 if all properties that can be expressed in L_2 can be expressed in L_1 by formulas of (approximately) the same size, but some properties can be expressed in L_1 by (significantly) smaller formulas.
We study the succinctness of logics on linear orders. Our first theorem is concerned with the finite variable fragments of first-order logic. We prove that:
(i) Up to a polynomial factor, the 2- and the 3-variable fragments of first-order logic on linear orders have the same succinctness. (ii) The 4-variable fragment is exponentially more succinct than the 3-variable fragment. Our second main result compares the succinctness of first-order logic on linear orders with that of monadic second-order logic. We prove that the fragment of monadic second-order logic that has the same expressiveness as first-order logic on linear orders is non-elementarily more succinct than first-order logic.
Labena is a primitive genus known from the Neotropic, Nearctic, Neantarctic, and Australian biogeographic regions. It parasitizes larvae of wood boring beetles in dead twigs and smaller branches of hardwood trees and shrubs. Descriptions are given of 2 new Chilean species: Labena canelensis Porter, from sclerophyll woodland in central Chile, is black with sparse white markings, has a strong tooth at the base of the submetapleural carina, and a short first gastric tergite (2.3-2.6 as long as wide at apex), whereas L. pucon Porter occurs in temperate wet forest of southern Chile and is black with profuse white markings, lacks a submetapleural tooth, and has the first tergite very elongate (4.0-6.2 as long as wide at apex).
In recent methodological work the well known ACD approach, originally introduced by Engle and Russell (1998), has been supplemented by the involvement of an unobservable stochastic process which accompanies the underlying process of durations via a discrete mixture of distributions. The Mixture ACD model, emanating from the specialized proposal of De Luca and Gallo (2004), has proved to be a moderate tool for description of financial duration data. The use of one and the same family of ordinary distributions has been common practice until now. Our contribution incites to use the rich parameterized comprehensive family of distributions which allows for interacting different distributional idiosyncrasies. JEL classification: C41, C22, C25, C51, G14.
This paper addresses remarks made by Flemming (2003) to the effect that his analysis of the interaction between retroflexion and vowel backness is superior to that of Hamann (2003b). While Hamann maintained that retroflex articulations are always back, Flemming adduces phonological as well as phonetic evidence to prove that retroflex consonants can be non-back and even front (i.e. palatalised). The present paper, however, shows that the phonetic evidence fails under closer scrutiny. A closer consideration of the phonological evidence shows, by making a principled distinction between articulatory and perceptual drives, that a reanalysis of Flemming’s data in terms of unviolated retroflex backness is not only possible but also simpler with respect to the number of language-specific stipulations.
Using unobservable conditional variance as measure, latent-variable approaches, such as GARCH and stochastic-volatility models, have traditionally been dominating the empirical finance literature. In recent years, with the availability of high-frequency financial market data modeling realized volatility has become a new and innovative research direction. By constructing "observable" or realized volatility series from intraday transaction data, the use of standard time series models, such as ARFIMA models, have become a promising strategy for modeling and predicting (daily) volatility. In this paper, we show that the residuals of the commonly used time-series models for realized volatility exhibit non-Gaussianity and volatility clustering. We propose extensions to explicitly account for these properties and assess their relevance when modeling and forecasting realized volatility. In an empirical application for S&P500 index futures we show that allowing for time-varying volatility of realized volatility leads to a substantial improvement of the model's fit as well as predictive performance. Furthermore, the distributional assumption for residuals plays a crucial role in density forecasting. Klassifikation: C22, C51, C52, C53
Theatermetaphorik in Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftstheorie um 1700 : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
(2005)
Francis Bacon schreibt 1620 im Novum Organum: „Es gibt endlich Idole, welche in den Geist der Menschen aus den verschiedenen Behauptungen philosophischer Lehrmeinungen wie auch aus den verkehrten Gesetzen der Beweisführung eingedrungen sind; diese nenne ich die Idole des Theaters [...].” Der Wegbereiter der empirischen Wissenschaften gebraucht die Theatermetapher zur Bezeichnung einer wissenschaftlichen Methode, die falsch ist und den Weg zur Wahrheit blockiert. Doch nicht immer stehen sich im 17. Jahrhundert Theater auf der einen, Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftstheorie auf der anderen Seite diametral gegenüber – es kommt vielmehr zu einer äußerst produktiven Begegnung zwischen ihnen.
Das Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung wird bislang in erster Linie auf politisch und/oder geografisch abgrenzbare Einheiten bezogen. So ist im Sinne der Agenda 21 das Ziel einer global nachhaltigen Entwicklung nur zu erreichen, wenn das Leitbild von den Nationalstaaten bis hin zu den Kommunen anerkannt und umgesetzt wird. Zur Überprüfung der Fort- und Rückschritte der internen Entwicklung wurden zahlreiche Indikatorensysteme entwickelt. Die Operationalisierung der allgemein gehaltenen Brundtland-Definition von Nachhaltigkeit erfolgt dabei meist über die Bestimmung von Themenfeldern oder die Formulierung von Teilzielen für die ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Dimension der Nachhaltigkeit. Was aber bedeutet nachhaltige Entwicklung in den internationalen Beziehungen? Wird Deutschland seinem Anspruch gerecht, sein Verhältnis zu anderen Staaten am Leitbild der Nachhaltigkeit zu orientieren? Wie lässt sich dies überprüfen? Zur Untersuchung dieser Fragen werden im ersten Teil der Arbeit das Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung, die Probleme der Bestimmung und Konkretisierung dieses Konzepts sowie die Frage der Messbarkeit von Nachhaltigkeit und Entwicklung betrachtet. Dabei wird die ab Mitte der 1960er Jahre geführte wissenschaftliche Diskussion zur Bestimmung von Entwicklungs- und Sozialindikatoren, die durch den Human Development Index des UNDP ab 1990 neue Impulse erhalten hat, für die Entwicklung von Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren anschlussfähig gemacht. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bilden die Berücksichtigung des Konzepts nachhaltiger Entwicklung in der amtlichen Statistik und alternative Ansätze zur Erfassung ökologischer Aspekte. Daran schließt die Behandlung von Indikatorensystemen zur Nachhaltigkeit an, wobei der Ansatz der Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) und die damit in Costa Rica und Deutschland gewonnenen Erfahrungen im Mittelpunkt stehen. Aufbauend auf den theoretischen Grundlagen wird im zweiten Teil ein Indikatorensystem zur Nachhaltigkeit in den internationalen Beziehungen entwickelt und am Fallbeispiel Deutschland – Costa Rica getestet. Zur Ergänzung werden dazu neben den Dokumenten zur United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) von 1992 die Ergebnisse der weiteren Weltkonferenzen der 1990er Jahre sowie die Millennium Development Goals (MDG) berücksichtigt. Im Anschluss an die Themenfeldanalyse wird das von der CSD erarbeitete Indikatorensystem auf seine Übertragbarkeit auf internationale Beziehungen hin analysiert. Auf dieser Grundlage wird ein Indikatorensystem vorgeschlagen, mit dem die Entwicklungen in den verschiedenen Teilbereichen internationaler Beziehungen gemessen werden können. In der Schlussbetrachtung wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit sich das entwickelte Analyseraster und die zur Erstellung des Themenkatalogs und des Indikatorensystems herangezogene Methode auf die Beziehungen zu anderen Ländern übertragen lassen. Handlungsvorschläge für die Konzeptionen der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und für die Weiterentwicklung von Indikatorensystemen bilden den Abschluss der Arbeit.
We have used the SLIMCAT 3-D off-line chemical transport model (CTM) to quantify the Arctic chemical ozone loss in the year 2002/2003 and compare it with similar calculations for the winters 1999/2000 and 2003/2004. Recent changes to the CTM have improved the model's ability to reproduce polar chemical and dynamical processes. The updated CTM uses σ-θ as a vertical coordinate which allows it to extend down to the surface. The CTM has a detailed stratospheric chemistry scheme and now includes a simple NAT-based denitrification scheme in the stratosphere.
In the model runs presented here the model was forced by ECMWF ERA40 and operational analyses. The model used 24 levels extending from the surface to ~55km and a horizontal resolution of either 7.5° x 7.5° or 2.8° x 2.8°. Two different radiation schemes, MIDRAD and the CCM scheme, were used to diagnose the vertical motion in the stratosphere. Based on tracer observations from balloons and aircraft, the more sophisticated CCM scheme gives a better representation of the vertical transport in this model which includes the troposphere. The higher resolution model generally produces larger chemical O3 depletion, which agrees better with observations.
The CTM results show that very early chemical ozone loss occurred in December 2002 due to extremely low temperatures and early chlorine activation in the lower stratosphere. Thus, chemical loss in this winter started earlier than in the other two winters studied here. In 2002/2003 the local polar ozone loss in the lower stratosphere was ~40% before the stratospheric final warming. Larger ozone loss occurred in the cold year 1999/2000 which had a persistently cold and stable vortex during most of the winter. For this winter the current model, at a resolution of 2.8° x 2.8°, can reproduce the observed loss of over 70% locally. In the warm and more disturbed winter 2003/2004 the chemical O3 loss was generally much smaller, except above 620K where large losses occurred due to a period of very low minimum temperatures at these altitudes.
The melibiose permease (MelB) of E.coli functions as a secondary-active symporter by using the electrochemical H+, Na+, or Li+ gradient to accumulate, e.g., melibiose [review in Pourcher et al. 1990a]. The global and primary objective of this thesis was to apply pre-steady state methods for the investigation of reaction rates of individual steps in the cycle of MelB. Especially the melibiose binding induced transition was investigated by the solid-supported membrane (SSM) technique [Seifert et al. 1993] in combination with a rapid solution exchange system [Pintchovius and Fendler 1999] and with the Stopped-flow technique [Roughton 1934]. To approach this goal, either wild-type or mutated MelB were purified and reconstituted into liposomes as described [Pourcher et al. 1995]. Although the orientation of the proteins is a critical factor for the activity of MelB, it was, so far, unknown. To determine the orientation of the proteins in the liposomes, single Cys mutants R139C and R141C [Abdel-Dayem et al. 2003] were selectively labeled with 3-(N-maleimidylpropionyl)biocytin (MPB) and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot. The assay indicated that most of the proteins are inside-out (ISO) oriented permitting to relate the pre-steady state electrical and fluorescence signals to the reverse transport activity of MelB. The melibiose induced electrical signal was investigated in wild-type MelB with the SSM technique. The transporter was activated by a substrate concentration jump, and transient currents were measured. When the transporter was preincubated with Na+ at saturating concentrations, a charge translocation in the protein upon melibiose binding could still be observed. This result demonstrates that binding of the uncharged substrate melibiose triggers a charge displacement in the protein. Further analysis showed that the charge displacement is neither related to extra Na+ binding to the transporter, nor to the displacement of already bound Na+ within MelB. Electrogenic melibiose binding is explained by a conformational change with concomitant displacement of charged amino acid side chains and/or a reorientation of helix dipoles. A kinetic model is suggested, in which Na+ and melibiose binding are distinct electrogenic processes associated with approximately the same charge displacement. Melibiose binding is fast in the presence of Na+ (k > 50 s-1). Furthermore, two previously identified transport deficient mutants of loop 4-5, R141C and E142C [Abdel-Dayem et al. 2002, Séry 2002], were purified and extensively studied with the SSM. Whereas the electrical signals from control cysteine-less mutant showed a bi-exponential time course of decay, those from R141C or E142C consisted of only a single fast exponential component, and the slow decaying component associated with substrate translocation was missing. The electrical signals evoked by a melibiose concentration jump in the presence of Na+ were much smaller than the corresponding signals in C-less MelB. Furthermore, R141C lost the stimulating effect of melibiose on Na+ binding. Steady-state Trp fluorescence spectroscopy revealed impaired conformational changes after melibiose binding in the mutants and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements indicated that the mutants still show cooperative modification of their sugar binding sites by Na+. These data suggest that loop 4-5 contributes to the coordinated interactions between the ion- and sugar binding site and participates in conformational changes after melibiose binding that are essential for the subsequent obligatory coupled translocation of substrates. By using the Stopped-flow technique, three different approaches were followed. First, the intrinsic Trp fluorescence of MelB, known to increase upon melibiose binding [Mus-Veteau et al. 1995], revealed a signal with a T 1 of ~15 ms in C-less. This time constant is of the same order of magnitude as that determined with the SSM method suggesting that Trp fluorescence and electrical signal are related processes. Conformation for this assumption came from the fact that the activation energies Ea for both processes are similar (around 45 KJ/mol). Second, by using the fluorescent sugar analog Dns2-S-Gal, which monitors events close to the sugar binding site [Maehrel et al. 1998], a signal with a T 1 of ~18 ms was recorded upon Na+ addition. Finally, the fluorescent dye MIANS was used to selectively label the single Cys mutant E365C of loop 10-11. Stopped-flow measurements revealed a melibiose-induced fluorescent signal with a T 1 of 45 ms. Since electrical measurements with the MIANS-labeled E365C excluded the possibility that the label is responsible for the slower kinetics, the conformational change detected by the MIANS fluorescence was assigned to a slow transition in the cycle of MelB after melibiose binding. Ea was determined to be 96 KJ/mol corroborating, thus, the hypothesis of a different process. In conclusion, it was possible to correlate the electrical and fluorescence signals to partial reactions of the transport cycle and to determine their rate constants. According to this new model, the melibiose-induced signal detected with the Trp and electrical measurements corresponds to a step preceding the carriers’ reorientation (3 <-> 3*, k ~ 65s-1), and the melibiose-induced signal detected with the MIANS fluorescence to the reorientation itself (3* <-> 4, k ~ 20s-1).
Im Folgenden möchte ich durch Einordnung von Brentanos "Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl" in eine Geschichte des Wissens (Medizin, Recht, Mythologie) zeigen, dass die Organisation der Erzählung der Dynamik zweier gegenlaufiger Textbewegungen geschuldet ist: erstens dem Ausbruch einer rechtlichen Krise als Folge einer fehlenden (in einem gewissen Sinne unmöglichen) sozialen Integration von Sexualität, Kriminalität und Psychopathologie, zweitens den Versuchen, mit einer neuen Ordnung auf diese Krise zu reagieren. Auf der einen Seite stehen die Verbrechen von Kasperl und Annerl, Selbstmord und Kindsmord, ihre psychische und (außer-)gesellschaftliche Genese sowie ihre Folgen, auf der anderen Seite die narrative Bewältigung der Ereignisse durch den Erzähler und die rechtliche durch den Fürsten.
This paper describes the processing of MRI and CT images needed for developing a 3D linear articulatory model of velum. The 3D surface that defines each organ constitutive of the vocal and nasal tracts is extracted from MRI and CT images recorded on a subject uttering a corpus of artificially sustained French vowels and consonants. First, the 2D contours of the organs have been manually extracted from the corresponding images, expanded into 3D contours, and aligned in a common 3D coordinate system. Then, for each organ, a generic mesh has been chosen and fitted by elastic deformation to each of the 46 3D shapes of the corpus. This has finally resulted in a set of organ surfaces sampled with the same number of 3D vertices for each articulation, which is appropriate for Principal Component Analysis or linear decomposition. The analysis of these data has uncovered two main uncorrelated articulatory degrees of freedom for the velum's movement. The associated parameters are used to control the model. We have in particular investigated the question of a possible correlation between jaw / tongue and velum's movement and have not find more correlation than the one found in the corpus.
This paper summarizes our research efforts in functional modelling of the relationship between the acoustic properties of vowels and perceived vowel quality. Our model is trained on 164 short steady-state stimuli. We measured F1, F2, and additionally F0 since the effect of F0 on perceptual vowel height is evident. 40 phonetically skilled subjects judged vowel quality using the Cardinal Vowel diagram. The main focus is on refining the model and describing its transformation properties between the F1/F2 formant chart and the Cardinal Vowel diagram. An evaluation of the model based on 48 additional vowels showed the generalizability of the model and confirmed that it predicts perceived vowel quality with sufficient accuracy.
Anlass für die Konversion hebräischschriftlicher Zeugnisse in ein anderes Schriftsystem ist im Falle von Bibliotheken der bibliographische Nachweis von Materialien in einem zentralen Katalog, der in einer dominanten Schrift geführt wird. Für Bibliotheken im europäischen und anglo-amerikanischen Sprachraum ist das die lateinische. Weltweit gelten und galten im Bibliotheksbereich unterschiedliche Standards für die Umschrift des Hebräischen. Die Verschiedenartigkeit der Transliterationssysteme und mangelnde Information der Nutzer durch die Bibliotheken über den jeweils verwendeten Standard führen zu großer Unsicherheit bei der Formulierung der Suchanfrage im Rahmen einer OPAC-Recherche. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden vor diesem Hintergrund Internetauftritte und Online-Kataloge mehrerer europäischer und amerikanischer Bibliotheken betrachtet, die bedeutende Hebraica-Bestände halten. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich einerseits auf die Frage nach der Vermittlung des für ein zuverlässiges Retrieval notwendigen Wissens. Weiterhin werden einheitliche Suchanfragen an die verschiedenen Online-Kataloge gerichtet und die Rechercheergebnisse analysiert. Ein Exkurs beschreibt die Konsequenzen der Bearbeitung hebräischsprachiger Medien für den Geschäftsgang in Bibliotheken. Diese Veröffentlichung ist die überarbeitete Fassung einer Masterarbeit im postgradualen Fernstudiengang Master of Arts (Library and Information Science) an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Der Artikel untersucht Wahrnehmungsformen des Kapitalismus bei ex-sowjetischen Migranten nach ihrer Auswanderung nach Deutschland. Dabei konzentriere ich mich auf ihre Erfahrungen mit materiellen Gütern im allgemeinen und mit Konsum von Nahrung im besonderen. In der vorliegenden ethnographischen Studie stütze ich mich auf Interviews und teilnehmende Beobachtung, die ich zwischen 2002 und 2004 mit 45-60jährigen Migranten durchgeführt haben, die im Zeitraum zwischen 1990 - 1995 ausgewandert sind. Alle Befragten kommen aus zwei der europäischen Republiken der ehemaligen SU: Russland und Ukraine. Es handelt sich bei ihnen um eine Gruppe hochqualifizierter jüdischer Migranten.2 Da sie allerdings nicht religiös gebunden sind, spielt ihre Zugehörigkeit zum Judentum eine viel geringere Rolle als ihre sowjetische Erfahrung und ihre Zugehörigkeit zu den gebildeten Schichten der sowjetischen Intelligenz. Wahrscheinlich gilt das hier beobachtete Phänomen ganz allgemein für die ex-sowjetischen Migrantengruppen. ...
Transverse hadron spectra from proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions from 2 AGeV to 21.3 ATeV are investigated within two independent transport approaches (HSD and UrQMD). For central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions at energies above E lab ~ 5 AGeV, the measured K +- transverse mass spectra have a larger inverse slope parameter than expected from the default calculations. The additional pressure - as suggested by lattice QCD calculations at finite quark chemical potential mu q and temperature T - might be generated by strong interactions in the early pre-hadronic/partonic phase of central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions. This is supported by a non-monotonic energy dependence of v2/pT in the present transport model.
Correlations in the hadron distributions produced in relativistic Au+Au collisions are studied in the discrete wavelet expansion method. The analysis is performed in the space of pseudorapidity (| eta | <= 1) and azimuth(full 2 pi ) in bins of transverse momentum (pt) from 0.14 <= pt <= 2.1GeV/c. In peripheral Au+Au collisions a correlation structure ascribed to minijet fragmentation is observed. It evolves with collision centrality and pt in a way not seen before, which suggests strong dissipation of minijet fragmentation in the longitudinally expanding medium.
Trapping black hole remnants
(2005)
Large extra dimensions lower the Planck scale to values soon accessible. The production of TeV mass black holes at the LHC is one of the most exciting predictions. However, the final phases of the black hole's evaporation are still unknown and there are strong indications that a black hole remnant can be left. Since a certain fraction of such objects would be electrically charged, we argue that they can be trapped. In this paper, we examine the occurrence of such charged black hole remnants. These trapped remnants are of high interest, as they could be used to closely investigate the evaporation characteristics. Due to the absence of background from the collision region and the controlled initial state, the signal would be very clear. This would allow to extract information about the late stages of the evaporation process with high precision.
Traumdiskurse der Romantik
(2005)
Bericht zur Internationalen Tagung an der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, vom 25. bis 27. März 2004
Die Traumtheorien des romantischen Diskursfeldes um 1800 entfalteten erstmals die Vorstellung, dass der Traum selbst narrativen Techniken folgt. Die poetischen Traumerzählungen im Zeitalter der Romantik entwickelten nun neue Darstellungsverfahren, um den Traum ästhetisch abbilden zu können. Dabei wurde ein literarisches Wissen vom Menschen freigelegt, das über die Erkenntnisse der aufklärerischen Anthropologie und der Erfahrungsseelenkunde hinauswies. Das von der Fritz Thyssen Stiftung geförderte Symposion 'Traumdiskurse der Romantik' fand im Rahmen des von Peter-André Alt geleiteten DFG-Forschungsprojekts 'Literatur und Traum in der Kulturgeschichte Alteuropas bis zum Beginn der Moderne (1600-1820)' statt. Im Mittelpunkt der von Peter-André Alt und Christiane Leiteritz organisierten Tagung standen die Fragen nach dem Zusammenhang von Traum und Sprache, der Entdeckung des Unbewussten sowie der Beziehung zwischen Individualität und Universalität in den romantischen Traumtexten.
"Gerichtsrede"? Wer denkt da nicht an das große Plädoyer engagierter Anwälte, denen es wortgewaltig gelingt, einem verblüfften Publikum ihre Sicht der Dinge aufzuzwingen? Nur wenige werden in diesem Augenblick allerdings einen deutschen Gerichtsredner, sei es einen Staatsanwalt, sei es einen Advokaten vor sich sehen. Zwar gibt es zweifellos auch hierzulande saftige Zeugnisse forensischer Rhetorik. Aber im allgemeinen erreichen die meist glanzlosen Darbietungen germanischer Justizredner das durch die filmischen Auftritte redegewandter Lichtgestalten im amerikanischen courtroomdrama verwöhnte Publikum nicht. Nur dort finden jene gigantischen Redeschlachten statt, in denen der rednerisch gewitzte und schon fast siegreiche Staatsanwalt am Ende doch der überlegenen Redekraft seines Gegenspielers unterliegt. ...
This paper profiles significant differences in syntactic distribution and differences in word class frequencies for two treebanks of spoken and written German: the TüBa-D/S, a treebank of transliterated spontaneous dialogs, and the TüBa-D/Z treebank of newspaper articles published in the German daily newspaper ´die tageszeitung´(taz). The approach can be used more generally as a means of distinguishing and classifying language corpora of different genres.
Trusting the stock market
(2005)
We provide a new explanation to the limited stock market participation puzzle. In deciding whether to buy stocks, investors factor in the risk of being cheated. The perception of this risk is a function not only of the objective characteristics of the stock, but also of the subjective characteristics of the investor. Less trusting individuals are less likely to buy stock and, conditional on buying stock, they will buy less. The calibration of the model shows that this problem is sufficiently severe to account for the lack of participation of some of the richest investors in the United States as well as for differences in the rate of participation across countries. We also find evidence consistent with these propositions in Dutch and Italian micro data, as well as in cross country data. Klassifikation: D1, D8
Am 10 Februar 2004 innerhalb der Reihe "GrenzBereiche des Lesens" gehaltener Vortrag. "GrenzBereiche des Lesens" ist eine kulturwissenschaftliche Vortragsreihe, die 2003 und 2004 an der Universität Frankfurt stattfand. Claus Zittel diskutiert in seinem Beitrag die Frage der Lesbarkeit von Bildern. Er analysiert die vielfältigen Bedeutungen, Darstellungsfunktionen und den argumentativen Stellenwert von Abbildungen in wissenschaftlichen Abhandlungen der Frühen Neuzeit. Anhand einer Fülle von Beispielen zeigt er, wie undifferenziert und trügerisch die verbreitete Vorstellung von der Evidenz wissenschaftlicher Bilder ist: Abbildungen sind weder eindeutig durch den illustrativen Zweck noch durch eine gegebene Evidenz bestimmt. Die Decodierbarkeit und Überzeugungskraft der Bilder hängt vielmehr von kulturell codierten und etablierten Sicht- und Denkweisen ab, die die Bilder selbst in produktiver Weise mit prägen. Status, Funktionen und Bedeutungen von Abbildungen differieren, und sie können nur angemessen erschlossen – gelesen – werden, wenn die erkenntnistheoretischen Voraussetzungen und praktischen Kontexte ihrer Verwendung mit in Betracht gezogen werden.
Mit dem Rundschreiben im Herbst 2004 ist an alle Mitglieder der Floristisch-soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft ein Fragebogen verschickt worden, in dem ein Meinungsbild erbeten wurde. Von den 1168 Fragebögen sind bis zum 28. 02. 2005 261 (22,4 %) zurückgekommen, davon 50 anonym. Neben vielen Briefen aus Deutschland gab es auch Einzelmeldungen aus Österreich (3), der Schweiz (1), Dänemark (1), Griechenland (1) und sogar aus den USA (1). Allen, die sich an der Umfrage - teilweise sogar mit längeren, oft sehr engagierten zusätzlichen Kommentaren - beteiligt haben, möchte ich hiermit sehr herzlich danken. Die langjährige Tätigkeit als Herausgeber führt doch leicht zu einer gewissen „Betriebsblindheit“, die nur durch Anmerkungen aus der Leserschaft in Grenzen gehalten werden kann. Alle Leserinnen und Leser sind weiter zu konstruktiver Kritik aufgefordert.
Die Entwicklung neuer Formen der Tumortherapie bleibt notwendig, solange die Heilung verschiedener solider metastasierender Tumore nicht möglich ist. Solch ein neuer Ansatz besteht in der Infektion des Tumors mit replikationskompetenten (retroviralen) Vektoren oder Viren. Um die Spezifität dieser Viren für die Tumorzellen zu erhöhen, wird in dieser Arbeit ein Konzept vorgestellt, dass die Tumor-spezifische Expression von Proteasen, im Besonderen von Matrix-Metalloproteasen (MMPs), zur Aktivierung des Maus Leukämievirus (MLV) ausnutzt (Protease-Targeting). Dazu wurde durch eine Blockierungsdomäne (CD40L) Nterminal vom infektionsvermittelnden MLV-Hüllprotein Env die Bindung an die Zelleintrittsrezeptoren verhindert. Eine Spaltstelle zwischen CD40L und Env ermöglicht die Entfernung der Blockierungsdomäne und damit die Aktivierung des Virus. Um eine Spaltstelle zu finden, die optimal auf das Proteasespektrum eines Tumors passt, wurde das zwischen CD40L und Env befindliche Linkerpeptid kombinatorisch diversifiziert und so eine Bibliothek von Retroviren erzeugt. Die Selektion dieser Bibliothek auf zwei unterschiedlichen Tumorlinien (HT1080, Fibrosarkom und U-87 MG, malignes Gliom) führte zur Anreicherung MMP-aktivierbarer Viren. Drei der mehr als 10 identifizierten Linkerpeptide (AKGLYK, PSGLYQ und PAGLHV) wurden im viralen Kontext näher charakterisiert. Für das Spaltmotiv PSGLYQ konnte MMP-2 als aktivierende Protease nachgewiesen werden. Für die Motive AKGLYK und PAGLHV erwies sich eine kummulative Spaltung durch eine Reihe von MMPs als wahrscheinlich. Um die Ausbreitung der Viren in Abhängigkeit der MMP-Expression zu zeigen, wurden verschiedene Zelllinien hinsichtlich ihrer Expression von MMP-2 und MMP-9 charakterisiert und in MMP-positive und MMP-negative Zelllinien eingeteilt. Durch Infektion dieser Zelllinien und anschließende Verfolgung der Virus-Ausbreitung konnte die konditionale Replikation der aktivierbaren Viren ausschließlich auf MMP-positiven Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Daher erreichten die Viren mit selektionierten Spaltmotiven im Gegensatz zum Parental- Virus, welches ein in der Literatur beschriebenes MMP-2-Spaltmotiv aus Kollagen (PLGLWA) präsentierte, die vollständige Infektion der Kulturen. Auch die Titer lagen etwa um das 1000fache höher. Die Replikationsgeschwindigkeit der aktivierbaren Viren mit AKGLYK und PSGLYQ Motiv erreichte annähernd die des unveränderten MLV, das Virus mit PAGLHV Motiv zeigte sogar eine identische Replikationskurve. In einem Tumor-Maus-Modell konnte die Ausbreitung der proteolytisch aktivierbaren Viren auch in der Umgebung eines soliden Tumors gezeigt werden. Sowohl nach Etablierung des Tumors aus zum Teil vorinfizierten Zellen, als auch nach Injektion von Viren in zuvor etablierte Tumore erfolgte sie für die selektionierten Viren genetisch stabil. Um die Verteilung der Viren im Organismus zu bestimmen, wurde ein Modell entwickelt, in dem ein vollständig infizierter Tumor als Virusquelle diente, und nach bestimmten Zeiträumen verschiedene Organe der Maus und ein zweiter aus uninfizierten Zellen etablierter Tumor per PCR auf Infektionen untersucht wurde. Hier zeigte sich, dass WT-MLV bis zu 20.000fach mehr Zellen in den Organen infizierte als die aktivierbaren Viren. Dagegen wurden Zellen in einem sekundären uninfiziert etablierten Tumor vom WT-MLV nur etwa 5fach besser infiziert als durch die aktivierbaren Viren. Das heißt, die selektionierten Viren erreichten ein hohes Maß an Tumortargeting. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden durch molekulare Evolution zum ersten Mal replizierende Retroviren hergestellt, die einen eingeschränkten und für Protease-positive Zellen spezifischen Tropismus aufwiesen. Die selektionierten Substrate glichen anderen, mit Hilfe von Peptid-Bibliotheken für MMPs identifizierten Motiven, jedoch konnten durch die Berücksichtigung des gesamten Proteasespektrums einer Zelllinie weitere Motive selektioniert werden, die durch bisherige Systeme nicht ermittelt werden konnten. Damit ergibt sich für die selektionierten MMP-aktivierbaren Viren durch die Kombination aus Targeting beim Zelleintritt und Replikation in der Targetzellpopulation, die für andere beschriebene Targetingsysteme nicht gegeben ist, eine echte Option für neue Wege in der Tumortherapie.