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Respiratory complex I in mitochondria and bacteria catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to quinone (Q). The free energy available from the reaction is used to pump protons and to establish a membrane proton electrochemical gradient, which drives ATP synthesis. Even though several high-resolution structures of complex I have been resolved, how Q reduction is linked with proton pumping, remains unknown. Here, microsecond long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on Yarrowia lipolytica complex I structures where Q molecules have been resolved in the ~30 Å long Q tunnel. MD simulations of several different redox/protonation states of Q reveal the coupling between the Q dynamics and the restructuring of conserved loops and ion pairs. Oxidized quinone stabilizes towards the N2 FeS cluster, a binding mode not previously described in Yarrowia lipolytica complex I structures. On the other hand, reduced (and protonated) species tend to diffuse towards the Q binding sites closer to the tunnel entrance. Mechanistic and physiological relevance of these results are discussed.
Structural and functional consequences of the H180A mutation of the light-driven sodium pump KR2
(2022)
Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is a light-driven pentameric sodium pump. Its ability to translocate cations other than protons and to create an electrochemical potential makes it an attractive optogenetic tool. Tailoring its ion pumping characteristics by mutations is therefore of great interest. In addition, understanding the functional and structural consequences of certain mutations helps to derive a functional mechanism of ion selectivity and transfer of KR2. Based on solid-state NMR spectroscopy, we report an extensive chemical shift resonance assignment of KR2 within lipid bilayers. This data set was then used to probe site-resolved allosteric effects of sodium binding, which revealed multiple responsive sites including the Schiff base nitrogen and the NDQ motif. Based on this data set, the consequences of the H180A mutation are probed. The mutant is silenced in the presence of sodium while in its absence, proton pumping is observed. Our data reveal specific long-range effects along the sodium transfer pathway. These experiments are complemented by time-resolved optical spectroscopy. Our data suggest a model in which sodium uptake by the mutant can still take place, while sodium release and backflow control are disturbed.
HER2 belongs to the ErbB sub-family of receptor tyrosine kinases and regulates cellular proliferation and growth. Different from other ErbB receptors, HER2 has no known ligand. Activation occurs through heterodimerization with other ErbB receptors and their cognate ligands. This suggests several possible activation paths of HER2 with ligand-specific, differential response, which has so far remained unexplored. Using single-molecule tracking and the diffusion profile of HER2 as a proxy for activity, we measured the activation strength and temporal profile in live cells. We found that HER2 is strongly activated by EGFR-targeting ligands EGF and TGFα, yet with a distinguishable temporal fingerprint. The HER4-targeting ligands EREG and NRGβ1 showed weaker activation of HER2, a preference for EREG, and a delayed response to NRGβ1. Our results indicate a selective ligand response of HER2 that may serve as a regulatory element. Our experimental approach is easily transferable to other membrane receptors targeted by multiple ligands.
The title compound, di-μ3-chlorido-tetra-μ2-chlorido-tetrakis(diethyl ether-κO)bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)tetramagnesium, [Mg4(C4H9)2Cl6(C4H10O)4], features an Mg4Cl6 open-cube cluster. The two four-coordinate Mg2+ ions show an almost tetrahedral coordination, whereas the two six-coordinate Mg2+ ions have their ligands in an octahedral environment. The Mg—Cl bond lengths differ depending on the coordination number (2 or 3) of the bridging μ-Cl− ligands. There are few comparable structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database.
The EMT-transcription factor ZEB1 has been intensively studied in solid cancers, where it is expressed at the invasive front and in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In tumour cells, ZEB1 has been involved in multiple steps of cancer progression including stemness, metastasis and therapy resistance, yet its role in the tumour-microenvironment is largely unknown. Here, the role of Zeb1 in CAFs was investigated using mouse models reflecting different tumour stages in immunocompetent fibroblast specific Zeb1 KO mice. Fibroblast-specific depletion of Zeb1 accelerated tumour growth in the inflammation driven AOM/DSS tumour initiation model, reduced tumour growth and invasion in the sporadic AOM/P53 model and reduced liver metastasis in a progressed orthotopic transplantation model. Immunohistochemical and single cell RNA-sequencing analysis showed that Zeb1 ablation resulted in attenuated expression of the myofibroblast marker aSMA and reduced ECM deposition, indicating a shift among fibroblast subpopulations. Modulation of CAFs was furthermore associated with increased inflammatory signaling in fibroblasts resulting in immune infiltration into primary tumours and exaggerated inflammatory signaling in T cells, B cells and macrophages. These changes in the tumour microenvironment were associated with increased efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. In summary, Zeb1 expression in CAFs was identified as a potential target to block immunosuppression and metastatic dissemination in colon cancer.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Identifikation des Einflusses klassischer Labormaterialien und alternativer Experimentiermaterialien auf fachdidaktische Anforderungen an ein gelungenes Experiment im Chemieunterricht. Dabei umfassen alternative Experimentiermaterialien sowohl Materialien aus der alltäglichen Lebenswelt von Schülerinnen und Schülern als auch Materialien aus dem Bereich der Medizintechnik, die anstelle von Materialien des gängigen Laborbetriebs im Chemieunterricht eingesetzt werden. Um den Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf entsprechende Anforderungen untersuchen zu können, wurden im Rahmen eines Mixed-Method-Designs zwei aufeinander aufbauende Studien durchgeführt. Bei Studie I handelt es sich um eine qualitative Interviewstudie unter N = 13 Chemielehrkräften, mit denen vor dem theoretischen Hintergrund fachdidaktischer Anforderungen an ein gelungenes Schulexperiment problemorientierte, leit-fadengestützte Interviews zu Vor- und Nachteilen beim Einsatz alternativer Experimentiermaterialien und klassischer Labormaterialien im Chemieunterricht geführt wurden. Anhand des gewonnenen Interviewmaterials wurden anschließend zunächst Eigenschaften identifiziert, in denen sich beide Materialpools voneinander unterscheiden, um davon ausgehend ein Kategoriensystem aufstellen zu können, das in Form einer Matrix den Einfluss dieser Materialeigenschaften auf organisatorische, experimentelle und affektive Anforderungen an ein Schulexperiment im Chemieunterricht darstellt. Dabei konnte in Bezug auf organisatorische Anforderungen insbesondere ein Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf zeitliche und finanzielle Rahmenbedingungen sowie auf Anforderungen zur Sicherheit beim Experimentieren im Chemieunterricht festgestellt werden. Ergebnisse zum Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf affektive und experimentelle Anforderungen an ein Schulexperiment wurden wiederum genutzt, um anschließend Hypothesen zum Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf entsprechende Anforderungen an gelungene Experimente im Chemieunterricht zu generieren, dabei an gelungene Schülerexperimente im Speziellen. Diese Hypothesen wurden in einer zweiten Studie quantitativ getestet. Innerhalb eines experimentellen Untersuchungsdesigns führten dazu insgesamt N = 293 Schülerinnen und Schüler eines von insgesamt fünf betrachteten Schülerexperimenten mit jeweils klassischem Labormaterial oder in einer jeweiligen Variante aus alternativem Experimentiermaterial durch. Im Anschluss beurteilten N = 237 Schülerinnen und Schüler im Rahmen einer Fragebogenerhebung ihre subjektive Wahrnehmung der Experimentiersituation bezüglich der Variablen Grad der Herausforderung, Beobachtbarkeit, Autonomieerleben, Anspannung/ Druck, Kompetenzerleben und Interesse/ Vergnügen. Mit Ausnahme des Kompetenzerlebens und der Beobachtbarkeit konnte zu allen betrachteten Variablen ein signifikanter Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials festgestellt werden. Um diese Ergebnisse der Hypothesentests näher beschreiben und differenzierter erläutern zu können, beantworteten die 237 Schülerinnen und Schüler zusätzlich offene Fragen zu den von ihnen verwendeten Experimentiermaterialien; mit N = 56 weiteren Schülerinnen und Schülern wurden aus diesem Grund außerdem leitfadengestützte Gruppeninterviews geführt. Um folglich auch aus Schülerperspektive möglichst allgemeingültige Einflüsse beider Materialpools auf fachdidaktische Anforderungen an ein gelungenes Schulexperiment zusammenfassen zu können, werden die Ergebnisse dieser qualitativen Datenerhebung ebenfalls in Form einer entsprechenden Matrix dargestellt und dabei von den konkret durchgeführten Experimenten abstrahiert. Neben dem bereits genannten Einfluss des Experimentiermaterials auf den von Schülerinnen und Schülern wahrgenommenen Grad der Herausforderung, das wahrgenommene Autonomieerleben, die/ den wahrgenommene/n Anspannung/ Druck beim Experimentieren sowie das wahrgenommene Interesse/ Vergnügen an der Experimentiersituation konnte dadurch insbesondere ein Materialeinfluss auf die Durchschaubarkeit eines Versuchsaufbaus und deren einzelner Bestandteile sowie auf die wahrgenommene Authentizität einer Experimentiersituation identifiziert werden. Dadurch zeigt die Gesamtuntersuchung auf theoretischer Ebene die Bedeutsamkeit des konkreten Experimentiermaterials als Qualitätsmerkmal des Chemieunterrichts und gibt Lehrkräften auf unterrichtspraktischer Ebene einen Überblick zu Potentialen und Grenzen alternativer Experimentiermaterialien im Vergleich zu etabliertem klassischem Labormaterial.
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful method to elucidate subcellular architecture and to structurally analyse biomolecules in situ by subtomogram averaging (STA). Specimen thickness is a key factor affecting cryo-ET data quality. Cells that are too thick for transmission imaging can be thinned by cryo-focused-ion-beam (cryo-FIB) milling. However, optimal specimen thickness for cryo-ET on lamellae has not been systematically investigated. Furthermore, the ions used to ablate material can cause damage in the lamellae, thereby reducing STA resolution. Here, we systematically benchmark the resolution depending on lamella thickness and the depth of the particles within the sample. Up to ca. 180 nm, lamella thickness does not negatively impact resolution. This shows that there is no need to generate very thin lamellae and thickness can be chosen such that it captures major cellular features. Furthermore, we show that gallium-ion-induced damage extends to depths of up to 30 nm from either lamella surface.
The family of scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB) proteins comprises three members and was first identified as binders of the nuclear matrix/scaffold. Over the past two decades, SAFBs were shown to act in DNA repair, mRNA/(l)ncRNA processing and as part of protein complexes with chromatin-modifying enzymes. SAFB proteins are approximately 100 kDa-sized dual nucleic acid-binding proteins with dedicated domains in an otherwise largely unstructured context, but whether and how they discriminate DNA and RNA binding has remained enigmatic. We here provide the SAFB2 DNA- and RNA-binding SAP and RRM domains in their functional boundaries and use solution NMR spectroscopy to ascribe DNA- and RNA-binding functions. We give insight into their target nucleic acid preferences and map the interfaces with respective nucleic acids on sparse data-derived SAP and RRM domain structures. Further, we provide evidence that the SAP domain exhibits intra-domain dynamics and a potential tendency to dimerize, which may expand its specifically targeted DNA sequence range. Our data provide a first molecular basis of and a starting point towards deciphering DNA- and RNA-binding functions of SAFB2 on the molecular level and serve a basis for understanding its localization to specific regions of chromatin and its involvement in the processing of specific RNA species.
HER2 belongs to the ErbB sub-family of receptor tyrosine kinases and regulates cellular proliferation and growth. Different from other ErbB receptors, HER2 has no known ligand. Activation occurs through heterodimerization with other ErbB receptors and their cognate ligands. This suggests several possible activation paths of HER2 with ligand-specific, differential response, which so far remained unexplored. Using single-molecule tracking and the diffusion profile of HER2 as a proxy for activity, we measured the activation strength and temporal profile in live cells. We found that HER2 is strongly activated by EGFR-targeting ligands EGF and TGFα, yet with a distinguishable temporal fingerprint. The HER4-targeting ligands EREG and NRGβ1 showed weaker activation of HER2, a preference for EREG, and a delayed response to NRGβ1. Our results indicate a selective ligand response of HER2 that may serve as a regulatory element. Our experimental approach is easily transferable to other membrane receptors targeted by multiple ligands.