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Der von Jo Reichertz und Manfred Schneider herausgegebene Band enthält Beiträge, die in dem Forschungsprojekt "Geständnismotivierung. Zur Wirksamkeit des Geständnispositivs seit 1780" entstanden sind. Bei den Autoren handelt es sich um Kommunikationswissenschaftler, Soziologen und Germanisten, die mit den methodischen Mitteln ihrer Disziplinen, der Diskursanalyse Foucaults und der hermeneutischen Wissenssoziologie in einzelnen Fallstudien den "Wandel der Geständniskultur" seit dem späten 18. Jahrhundert thematisieren, um in einem "historischen Längsschnitt" nichts weniger als "die Entwicklung und den sich verändernden Stellenwert des Geständnisses in unserer Kultur" nachzuzeichnen (9). ...
Background: Developmental biology relies to a large extent on the observation and comparison of phenotypic traits through time using high resolution microscopes. In this context, transparent model organisms such as the zebrafish Danio rerio in which developing tissues and organs can be easily observed and imaged using fluorescent proteins have become very popular. One limiting factor however is the acquisition of a sufficient amount of data, in standardized and reproducible conditions, to allow robust quantitative analysis. One way to improve this is by developing mounting methods to increase the number of embryos that can be imaged simultaneously in near-to-identical orientation.
Results: Here we present an improved mounting method allowing semi-automated and high-content imaging of zebrafish embryos. It is based on a 3D-printed stamp which is used to create a 2D coordinate system of multiple μ-wells in an agarose cast. Each μ-well models a negative of the average zebrafish embryo morphology between 22 and 96 h-post-fertilization. Due to this standardized and reproducible arrangement, it is possible to define a custom well plate in the respective imaging software that allows for a semi-automated imaging process. Furthermore, the improvement in Z-orientation significantly reduces post-processing and improves comparability of volumetric data while reducing light exposure and thus photo-bleaching and photo-toxicity, and improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Conclusions: We present here a new method that allows to standardize and improve mounting and imaging of embryos. The 3D-printed stamp creates a 2D coordinate system of μ-wells in an agarose cast thus standardizing specimen mounting and allowing high-content imaging of up to 44 live or mounted zebrafish embryos simultaneously in a semi-automated, well-plate like manner on inverted confocal microscopes. In summary, image data quality and acquisition efficiency (amount of data per time) are significantly improved. The latter might also be crucial when using the services of a microscopy facility.
Invasive mold disease (IMD) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a severe infectious complication in immunocompromised patients, but early microbiological diagnosis is difficult. As data on the value of biomarkers in the CNS are scarce, in particular in children, we retrospectively analyzed the performance of galactomannan (GM) and PCR assays in CNS samples of 15 children with proven and probable CNS IMD and of 32 immunocompromised children without fungal infection. Galactomannan in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was assessed in nine of the 15 pediatric patients and was positive in five of them. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in eight of the 15 patients and detected nucleic acids from molds in six patients. Galactomannan and PCR in CNS samples were the only positive microbiologic parameter in the CNS in three and two patients, respectively. In four patients, PCR specified the pathogen detected in microscopy. Galactomannan and PCR results remained negative in the CSF of all immunocompromised children without evidence for CNS IMD. Our data suggest that GM and PCR in CNS specimens are valuable additional tools in diagnosing CNS IMD and should be included in the work up of all pediatric patients with suspected mold disease of the CNS.
Die vormoderne "gute Policey" theoretisch zu durchdringen, die Vielfalt ihrer Normen zu systematisieren und die Policeypraxis zu analysieren – damit hatte bereits die vormoderne Policeywissenschaft Schwierigkeiten. Die neuere "Policeyforschung" hat dann auch meist exemplarische Fallstudien bevorzugt und einzelne Städte, Territorien und Regelungsbereiche untersucht oder die Policeydiskurse unter spezifischen Fragestellungen analysiert. Andrea Iseli will dagegen einen kompakten Überblick – "handbuchartig" (Umschlagtext) – über die gute Policey im vormodernen Europa geben. ...
Nein, hier sollte keine Gesamtwürdigung von Person und Werk des Pierre d’Ailly vorgenommen oder dessen Epoche im Spiegel seiner Person unter vorwaltend kirchlich-politischen Aspekten analysiert werden, zumal darüber schon in jüngerer und jüngster Zeit Studien von Bernard Guenée sowie von Hélène Millet und Monique Maillard-Luypaert handelten. Vielmehr galt es auf der Pariser Tagung im März 2017, deren – sorgfältig redigierte, u. a. mit Auswahlbibliografie, Handschriftenverzeichnis, Personenregister und Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge in Französisch und Englisch versehene – Akten hier anzuzeigen sind, die vielfältigen Aspekte und Facetten der aktiven und schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit eines Mannes zu untersuchen, den man als "esprit universel" und "intellectuel engagé" charakterisieren mag, wie es Jacques Verger, Mitherausgeber und Mitglied der das Kolloquium in der Hauptsache tragenden Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, einleitend tut (S. 10f.). ...
Background: Individuals afflicted with nonspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) exhibit altered fundamental movement patterns. However, there is a lack of validated analysis tools. The present study aimed to elucidate the measurement properties of a functional movement analysis (FMA) in patients with CLBP.
Methods: In this validation (cross-sectional) study, patients with CLPB completed the FMA. The FMA consists of 11 standardised motor tasks mimicking activities of daily living. Four investigators (two experts and two novices) evaluated each item using an ordinal scale (0–5 points, one live and three video ratings). Interrater reliability was computed for the total score (maximum 55 points) using intra class correlation and for the individual items using Cohen’s weighted Kappa and free-marginal Kappa. Validity was estimated by calculating Spearman’s Rho correlations to compare the results of the movement analysis and the participants’ self-reported disability, and fear of movement.
Results: Twenty-one participants (12 females, 9 males; 42.7 ± 14.3 years) were included. The reliability analysis for the sum score yielded ICC values between .92 and.94 (p < .05). The classification of individual scores are categorised "slight" to "almost perfect" agreement (.10–.91). No significant associations between disability or fear of movement with the overall score were found (p > .05). The study population showed comparably low pain levels, low scores of kinesiophobia and disability.
Conclusion: The functional movement analysis displays excellent reliability for both, live and video rating. Due to the low levels of disability and pain in the present sample, further research is necessary to conclusively judge validity.
In der postmodernen globalen Welt erweist sich gerade die Weiterentwicklung der normativen Ordnung im Bereich des transnationalen Strafrechts als problembehaftet. Das internationale Strafrecht im engeren Sinn supranationaler Kodifikationen und Institutionen ist noch immer auf wenige Tatbestände und internationale Gerichte beschränkt. Eine umfassendere, alle Elemente der grenzübergreifenden Interaktion von Strafrechtsregimen normierende internationale Strafrechtskodifikation scheint kaum realisierbar; bereits partielle Harmonisierungsbemühungen in der Europäischen Union stoßen an enge Grenzen und wurden – wie der europäische Haftbefehl oder das Übereinkommen über die Rechtshilfe in Strafsachen – nach 2002 nur unter dem Druck terroristischer Sicherheitsbedrohungen realisiert. Die normativen Grundlagen wie die staatliche Praxis des internationalen Strafrechts lassen zahlreiche Ambivalenzen, Regime-Kollisionen und Konflikte erkennen, vertragliche Vereinbarungen gehen dem Gesetzesrecht vor, polizeilich-politische Erfordernisse dominieren vor rechtsstaatlicher Einhegung und Individualrechten und insgesamt erweisen sich transnationale Strafrechtsregime als rechtlich eher gering normiert. ...
Background. Tracheal intubation still represents the "gold standard" in securing the airway of unconscious patients in the prehospital setting. Especially in cases of restricted access to the patient, video laryngoscopy became more and more relevant.
Objectives. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance and intubation success of four different video laryngoscopes, one optical laryngoscope, and a Macintosh blade while intubating from two different positions in a mannequin trial with difficult access to the patient.
Methods. A mannequin with a cervical collar was placed on the driver’s seat. Intubation was performed with six different laryngoscopes either through the driver’s window or from the backseat. Success, C/L score, time to best view (TTBV), time to intubation (TTI), and number of attempts were measured. All participants were asked to rate their favored device.
Results. Forty-two physicians participated. 100% of all intubations performed from the backseat were successful. Intubation success through the driver’s window was less successful. Only with the Airtraq® optical laryngoscope, 100% success was achieved. Best visualization (window C/L 2a; backseat C/L 2a) and shortest TTBV (window 4.7 s; backseat 4.1 s) were obtained when using the D-Blade video laryngoscope, but this was not associated with a higher success through the driver’s window. Fastest TTI was achieved through the window (14.2 s) when using the C-MAC video laryngoscope and from the backseat (7.3 s) when using a Macintosh blade.
Conclusions. Video laryngoscopy revealed better results in visualization but was not associated with a higher success. Success depended on the approach and familiarity with the device. We believe that video laryngoscopy is suitable for securing airways in trapped accident victims. The decision for an optimal device is complicated and should be based upon experience and regular training with the device.
Representation is a process of making, accepting, or rejecting representative claims (Disch, 2015; Saward, 2014). This groundbreaking insight challenged the standard assumption that representative democracy can be reduced to elections and activities of elected representatives (Pitkin, 1967). It broadened the scope of representative democracy to encompass representation activities beyond those authorized by elections, transformed our thinking and provided a new perspective, putting claims and their reception into the center. This paradigm shift erased the distinction between elected and non-elected representatives and disclosed the potential of non-elected actors’ claims to represent (Andeweg, 2003; Kuyper, 2016; Rosanvallon & Goldhammer, 2008; Saward, 2006, 2009; Van Biezen & Saward, 2008). In spite of this lively debate, we identify an important gap in the literature: while this paradigmatic shift inspired many authors, conceptual frameworks that can be applied for systematic empirical analysis of real-life cases are missing. In this article, we fill this gap and propose frameworks for assessing and validating a variety of real-life claims. Our study provides empirical substance to the ongoing theoretical debates, helping to translate the mainly theoretical ‘claim approach’ into empirical research tools. It helps to transform the conventional wisdom about what representation can (not) be and shines a new light on the potential future of (claims on) representation.