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"Der große Dichter […] ist ein großer Realist, sehr nahe allen Wirklichkeiten " - und: "Der Lyriker kann gar nicht genug wissen, er kann gar nicht genug arbeiten, er muß an allem nahe dran sein, er muß sich orientieren, wo die Welt heute hält, welche Stunde an diesem Mittag über der Erde steht« -, das fordert Benn in seinen »Problemen der Lyrik". Mit Blick auf die Entwicklung seiner lyrischen Diktion folgt Benn diesem Imperativ "Erkenne die Lage!" (IV/362) - in geradezu stupender Weise: Ende 1941 ist für ihn die deutsche Niederlage absehbar, zum Weihnachtsfest 1941 übersendet er Oelze das Gesamt der "Biographische[n] Gedichte", welche die Keimzelle der späteren Sammlung der "Statischen Gedichte" (1948) ausmachen, und beginnt, mit einem geänderten lyrischen Stil zu experimentieren. Dieser ist durch seine Prosanähe, die Aufgabe eines geregelten Vers- und Strophenbaus und vor allem den Verzicht auf den Reim gekennzeichnet.
Es ist bekannt, welch großes Gewicht aktuellen Publikationen in der Presse, sei es den Tageszeitungen mit ihren Wochenendbeilagen, sei es Fachzeitschriften, literarischen und anderen, für die Konzeption von Kafkas Texten zukommt. Herausragendes Beispiel dafür ist jener frappierende Artikel aus dem "Prager Tagblatt" vom 1. April 1917 über einen dressierten Affen, "Consul, der viel Bewunderte. Aus dem Tagebuch eines Künstlers", "der Kafka direkt zur Niederschrift" seiner Erzählung "Ein Bericht für eine Akademie" veranlasst hat. Verständlich daher die immer noch anhaltende Suche nach solchen 'Vorlagen' oder minder ambitiös formuliert 'Intertexten', die zur Kontextualisierung von Kafkas Werk beitragen. So durchforstete Hartmut Binder Prager Tageszeitungen zwischen 1904 und 1925, ohne aber die gesuchten 'exakten Anregungen' für Kafkas Geschichte "Ein Hungerkünstler" gefunden zu haben. Auch Bauer-Wabnegg bedauerte noch 1990, dass eine exakte Quelle bisher nicht bekannt sei. Wenn nun hier der 1896 in der Wochenzeitung "Das interessante Blatt" in fünf Fortsetzungen erschienene und mit Fotoserien ausgestattete Bericht über den italienischen Hungerkünstler Giovanni Succi als möglicher Intertext vorgestellt werden soll, so ist zuvor daran zu erinnern, dass die amerikanische Kafka-Forschung schon 1987 auf die zahlreichen Berichte in den Tageszeitungen vor 1900, sogar den amerikanischen wie "The New York Daily Tribune", hingewiesen hatte, welche die Fasten-Experimente bekannter Hungerkünstler begleiteten. Unter ihnen war Giovanni Succi der berühmteste und wahrscheinlich das Modell für Kafkas Hungerkünstler.
Seit der Publikation seiner Tagebücher besteht die Möglichkeit, die zeitgenössische Rezeption der Werke Arthur Schnitzler genauer zu erforschen. Manche wichtige Rezension zu seinen Buchveröffentlichungen wird - besonders wenn sie aus dem engeren Bekannten- und Freundeskreis stammt - im Tagebuch erwähnt und lässt sich aus den gelegentlich nur sporadischen Angaben Schnitzlers ermitteln. "Fräulein Else" – zunächst in Heft 35 der "Neuen Rundschau" vom Oktober 1924 erschienen - kommt schon am 25. November als Buch bei Zsolnay heraus. Am 23. November notiert Schnitzler ins Tagebuch: "Auf dem Heimweg zu Salten; ihm sagen, wie ich mich über das Else Feuilleton freute", und am Tag darauf heißt es über Salten, dass er am "Sonntag in der N. F. P. eine große Fanfare für Frl. Else blies". Die Fanfare, pünktlich zur Begrüßung der Buchfassung, findet sich als mehrspaltige begeisterte Rezension in der "Neuen Freien Presse" vom 23. November 1924 und ist eine der zahlreichen "Elogen über Frl. Else", die Schnitzler mit Stolz am 6. Dezember 1924 vermerken kann. "Therese. Chronik eines Frauenlebens" erscheint 1928 bei S. Fischer, vor dem 7. Mai 1928, denn unter diesem Datum lesen wir bereits: "Mit Vicki […] genachtm[ahlt]. Seine Kritik über 'Therese' in der Vossischen (herzlich und gescheidt)". Die Recherche führt hier zur "Literarischen Umschau", der Beilage der "Vossischen Zeitung" vom Sonntag, den 29. April 1928. Es sind selbstverständlich die Erstrezensionen, die Schnitzlers Interesse erregen, eine weitere Besprechung Victor Zuckerkandls Ende des Jahres in der "Neuen Rundschau" findet im Tagebuch keine Erwähnung mehr. In dieser zweiten Rezension gibt es im Übrigen keine redundanten Wiederholungen aus der ersten, beide entwickeln eine eigene Perspektive auf den Roman "Therese".
Die Schriftstellerin Katja Lange-Müller hat in ihren fünf Frankfurter Poetikvorlesungen über »Das Problem als Katalysator« doziert. Der UniReport hatte nach der dritten Vorlesung, in der sie sich unter anderem mit Kurt Tucholsky und Wolfgang Hilbig beschäftigte, die Gelegenheit, mit ihr zu sprechen – natürlich erst, nachdem sie unzählige Bücher signiert hatte.
To survive and thrive in nature, animals need to adapt their behavior to their environment. Behavioral adaptation is primarily due to changes within the brain and involves changes in the brain proteome (the collection of proteins in the brain). However, thus far very few studies have examined the proteomic changes during behavioral adaptation. Hence, with this work I set out to determine the proteomic changes induced in the brain of zebrafish larvae undergoing behavioral adaptation. Specifically, I examined the changes induced by adaptation to the natural challenge of strong water currents. To this end I took advantage of an assay developed by my collaborators Luis Castillo and Soojin Ryu. In this assay 5 days old zebrafish larvae were exposed to strong water currents. Subsequently they exhibited a reduction in cortisol response and initial locomotion, and increased rheotaxis, as defined by increased swimming directly against the water current when re-exposed to the water current. I employed this assay to investigate the changes to the larval zebrafish brain proteome during behavioral adaptation. Furthermore, I developed a method for extracting larval brains and prepare them for mass-spectrometric analysis. This work not only allowed the comparison of the brain proteome of naïve and behaviorally-adapted larvae, but also resulted in the most comprehensive proteome of the zebrafish brain observed to date and the first proteome of the larval zebrafish brain. In total 4309 proteins were identified in the brain. When the proteome of naïve and behaviorally adapted larvae were compared 41 proteins were found to be more abundant and 16 to be less abundant in the pre-exposed larvae. Of these 57 proteins, 28 have previously been found to have functions in the brain, 17 with functions identified in other tissues, and 12 proteins that have yet to be described. From examining the most relevant function of each protein I propose a speculative model in which the larval brain undergoes behavioral adaptation and becomes less susceptible to stress (reduction in mecp2 and hsp90 protein), form new neuronal connections (regulation of arid1b, fmn2b, ptpra, mycbp2, and pcyt2), modulate existing connections (regulation of asic1b, calsenilin, ptpra, aplp2, dag1, olfm1b, mycbp2, smad3a, and acvr2a abundance), undergo spatial learning in form of navigating the water vortex (increases in calsenilin, ptpra, and pcyt2), show an elevation in protein turnover (increases in lamp2, Ublcp1, larp4b, and ublcp1), have increased and regulated energy production (increases or reduction in rpia, ldhbb, and mitochondrial proteins; nfs1, eci1, MRPS2B, MRPL4, and mrps2), and a decrease in neurogenesis (reduction in smad3a, and ric8a).
To further investigate proteomic changes during behavioral adaptation, I investigated the translational response by metabolically labeling the larval forebrain with ANL and visualizing the labeled proteins using the fluorescent non-canonical amino acid tagging (FUNCAT). I detected a general increase in translation within the forebrain as a result of the water vortex adaptation, which correlated well with the range of changes observed in the brain proteome. Specifically, a region within the forebrain correlated with a region in the adult zebrafish that is homologous to the mammalian limbic region.
Taken together these results show that during behavioral adaptation, protein synthesis is significantly increased in the larval forebrain, and that throughout the brain regulation of the proteome includes proteins that could support the following functions: changes or modifications in neuronal connectivity, the stress response, spatial learning, changes in energy metabolism and changes in neurogenesis.
Lastly, I set out to provide a new tool for zebrafish researchers. Together with Güney Akbalik I introduced metabolic labeling of newly synthesized RNA using 5-ethynyluridine (EU) and subsequent visualization with a copper catalyzed clickreaction to the zebrafish larvae. With 5 hours of EU incubation I was able to visualize newly synthesized RNA and identify pentylenetetrazole-induced transcriptional increases. With this I showed that EU labeling could be implemented to examining transcriptional changes within the brain of zebrafish larvae.
Lattice Yang-Mills theories at finite temperature can be mapped onto effective 3d spin systems, thus facilitating their numerical investigation. Using strong-coupling expansions we derive effective actions for Polyakov loops in the SU(2) and SU(3) cases and investigate the effect of higher order corrections. Once a formulation is obtained which allows for Monte Carlo analysis, the nature of the phase transition in both classes of models is investigated numerically, and the results are then used to predict – with an accuracy within a few percent – the deconfinement point in the original 4d Yang-Mills pure gauge theories, for a series of values of Nt at once.
Euclidean strong coupling expansion of the partition function is applied to lattice Yang-Mills theory
at finite temperature, i.e. for lattices with a compactified temporal direction. The expansions
have a finite radius of convergence and thus are valid only for b <bc, where bc denotes the nearest
singularity of the free energy on the real axis. The accessible temperature range is thus the
confined regime up to the deconfinement transition. We have calculated the first few orders of
these expansions of the free energy density as well as the screening masses for the gauge groups
SU(2) and SU(3). The resulting free energy series can be summed up and corresponds to a glueball
gas of the lowest mass glueballs up to the calculated order. Our result can be used to fix
the lower integration constant for Monte Carlo calculations of the thermodynamic pressure via
the integral method, and shows from first principles that in the confined phase this constant is
indeed exponentially small. Similarly, our results also explain the weak temperature dependence
of glueball screening masses below Tc, as observed in Monte Carlo simulations. Possibilities and
difficulties in extracting bc from the series are discussed.
El artículo, después de haber tratado la cuestión del tiranicidio en Tomás de Aquino y en Bartolo de Sassoferrato, muestra cómo Francisco de Vitoria, consciente de las soluciones que ofrecen los autores anteriores a él, afronta el argumento de forma innovadora, aunque en línea con la tradición anterior. En la base de la solución que propone Vitoria, se encuentra, en efecto, la afirmación de un derecho a la auto-defensa, entendido como derecho natural inalienable que reside en los individuos y en las comunidades; un derecho que siempre lo pueden ejercer los súbditos en relación con un gobernante que se convierte en tirano. Vitoria expresa de este modo el principio de resistencia a la autoridad injusta e ilegal en los términos de un derecho subjetivo, el de la auto-defensa, pero, al mismo tiempo, señala los límites afirmando la necesidad de cada individuo de respetar y someterse a un orden de justicia objetivo. De aquí su prohibición a un particular de matar a un hombre, aunque sea un tirano, sin un justo procedimiento jurídico. Así pues, el artículo muestra, a través del debate sobre la licitud del tiranicidio cómo en la obra de Vitoria se encuentra una teoría sólida de la soberanía juntamente con la afirmación tenaz de derechos naturales individuales. En efecto, Vitoria retoma, por una parte, una tradición de pensamiento para la que la formación de las sociedades políticas era la consecuencia de la sociabilidad natural de los hombres; y por otra, desarrollaba una teoría coherente de los derechos subjetivos a partir de la necesidad misma de los individuos de asociarse los unos con los otros para los fines de una vida éticamente justa y gratificante.
Tensiomyography measures the radial displacement of a muscle during an electrically evoked twitch contraction. The rate of muscle displacement is increasingly reported to assess contractile properties. Several formulas currently exist to calculate the rate of displacement during the contraction phase of the maximal twitch response. However, information on the reproducibility of these formulas is scarce. Further, different rest intervals ranging from 10 s to 30 s are applied between consecutive stimuli during progressive electrical stimulation until the maximum twitch response. The effect of different rest intervals on the rate of displacement has not been investigated so far. The first aim of this study is to investigate the within and between-day reliability of the most frequently used formulas to calculate the rate of displacement. The second aim is to investigate the effect of changing the inter-stimulus interval on the rate of displacement. We will determine the rectus femoris and biceps femoris rate of displacement of twenty-four healthy subjects’ dominant leg on two consecutive days. The maximum displacement curve will be determined two times within three minutes on the first day and a third time 24 h later. On day two, we will also apply three blocks of ten consecutive stimuli at a constant intensity of 50 mA. Inter-stimuli intervals will be 10 s, 20 s or 30 s in each block, respectively, and three minutes between blocks. The order of inter-stimulus intervals will be randomized. This study will allow a direct comparison between the five most frequently used formulas to calculate the rate of displacement in terms of their reproducibility. Our data will also inform on the effect of different inter-stimulus intervals on the rate of displacement. These results will provide helpful information on methodical considerations to determine the rate of displacement and may thus contribute to a standardized approach.
Bernfried Leiber : Nachruf [auf den ehemaligen Arzt an der Frankfurter Universitäts-Kinderklinik]
(2003)
„Corporate groups are a fact of life“.1 This was the starting point for a group of renowned European experts to deliver a report on a possible Directive on corporate group law in 2000.2 We all know that no such Directive has been issued.3 However, these days a fresh group of eminent experts has started, among other things, to develop an initiative „on groups of companies“.4 One reason for a European regulation to take its time might be the enormous national differences in dealing with group situations. While some countries, notably the UK,5 rely on general company law to deal with corporate groups, others provide most detailed rules specifically for groups of companies.6 German law provides an example for the latter. Do we need a law of corporate groups? Most countries regulate one or another aspect of group law.7
This is probably most common for tax and for accounting law. Insolvency law will often take group situations into account and the same is true for labour law. Regulatory oversight for financial institutions or insurance companies usually includes a group dimension. Competition law necessarily does so as well. However, in what follows when we speak about „group law“ we will focus on regulation more specifically tuned to genuine questions of company law such as the protection of minority shareholders or creditors, the standards for managerial behavior and the „enabling“ function of legal structures.
The German corporate governance code includes a recommendation as to diversity on corporate boards. Two draft bills on gender quotas are currently under way in legislative proceedings. However, the ruling coalition rejects those, advocating a “flexible quota”. The present study provides an overview on legislative proposals currently presented and on academic scholarship on the issue. Legal obstacles to the introduction of a “fix” quota under German law are discussed and the “soft” version of “flexible” quotas is advocated.
Search costs for lenders when evaluating potential borrowers are driven by the quality of the underwriting model and by access to data. Both have undergone radical change over the last years, due to the advent of big data and machine learning. For some, this holds the promise of inclusion and better access to finance. Invisible prime applicants perform better under AI than under traditional metrics. Broader data and more refined models help to detect them without triggering prohibitive costs. However, not all applicants profit to the same extent. Historic training data shape algorithms, biases distort results, and data as well as model quality are not always assured. Against this background, an intense debate over algorithmic discrimination has developed. This paper takes a first step towards developing principles of fair lending in the age of AI. It submits that there are fundamental difficulties in fitting algorithmic discrimination into the traditional regime of anti-discrimination laws. Received doctrine with its focus on causation is in many cases ill-equipped to deal with algorithmic decision-making under both, disparate treatment, and disparate impact doctrine. The paper concludes with a suggestion to reorient the discussion and with the attempt to outline contours of fair lending law in the age of AI.
Der Beitrag führt in das sozialpsychologische Phänomen des Gruppendenkens ein. Kennzeichen und Gegenstrategien werden anhand von Zeugenaussagen vor dem Wirecard-Untersuchungsausschuss am Beispiel des Aufsichtsrats illustriert. Normative Implikationen de lege ferenda schließen sich an. Sie betreffen unabhängige Mitglieder (auch auf der Arbeitnehmerbank), Direktinformationsrechte im Unternehmen (unter Einschluss von Hinweisgebern) und den Investorendialog (auch mit Leerverkäufern).