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Rezension zu Winfried Eckel, Carola Hilmes und Werner Nell (Hg.): Projektionen - Imaginationen - Erfahrungen. Indienbilder der europäischen Literatur. Remscheid (Gardez!) 2008 (= Komparatistik im Gardez! Bd. 6). 292 S.
Der Sammelband, der in Anschluss an das methodologisch orientierte, begriffsklärende Vorwort des Mitherausgebers Winfried Eckel insgesamt fünfzehn Aufsätze vorlegt, ist das Zeugnis einer immer regeren Kongresstätigkeit zur Indienrezeption und indienbezogenen Imagologie.
Rezension zu Dieter Burdorf, Christoph Fasbender u. Burkhard Moenninghoff (Hg.): Metzler Literatur Lexikon. Begr. v. Günther u. Irmgard Schweikle. 3., völlig neu bearb. Auflage. Stuttgart, Weimar (Metzler) 2007. 845 S.
Die Neuauflage weist im Vergleich zu den bei den Vorgängern (1984, 1990) über 4.000 literaturwissenschaftliche bzw. Iiteraturwissenschaftlich relevante Stichworte auf (zuletzt: ca. 3000), darunter 600 neue. Dies gelingt mit einer konzeptionellen Umstellung des Bandes, indem nur ein geringer Teil der Einträge auf der vorherigen Ausgabe beruht, die noch von den Begründern Günther und Irmgard Schweikle herausgegebenen wurde. Der weitaus größere Teil der aktuellen Fassung wurde hingegen ganz neu verfaßt. Hinzu kommt die thematische und methodologische Erweiterung, die diskursive Bezugsfelder wie vor allem medien- und kulturwissenschaftliche Aspekte und intermediale Kontexte berücksichtigt. Die philologische Komponente steht 2007 allerdings weiterhin im Mittelpunkt, so daß Begriffe zur Erschließung und Interpretation literarischer Texte, literaturgeschichtliche und literaturtheoretische Aspekte einen großen Teil der Einträge umfassen, die auch Besonderheiten von Nachbarländern (österreichische und rumäniendeutsche) und regionale Spezifika berücksichtigen (vgl. V).
Die Studie behandelt archäologische und ethnoarchäologische wie auch ethnohistorische Untersuchungen im südlichen Tschadbecken Nigerias in der Zeit zwischen 1992 und 1998. Die Untersuchungen fanden im Rahmen der Anstellung des Verf. im Sonderforschungsbereich 268 "Kulturentwicklung und Sprachgeschichte im Naturraum Westafrikanische Savanne" sowie eines Habilitationsstipendiums der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft statt.
Zeitrahmen ist das 7./8. Jh. n. Chr. bis 1925, Hauptthema die Entwicklung komplexer eisenzeitlicher Gesellschaften in der Region sowie ihre Transformation bei der Eingliederung des Raumes in das expandierende Reich Kanem-Borno.
Although existing research has established that aesthetic pleasure and aesthetic interest are two distinct positive aesthetic responses, empirical research on aesthetic preferences usually considers only aesthetic liking to capture participants’ aesthetic response. This causes some fundamental contradictions in the literature; some studies find a positive relationship between easy-to-process stimulus characteristics and aesthetic liking, while others suggest a negative relationship. The present research addresses these empirical contradictions by investigating the dual character of aesthetic liking as manifested in both the pleasure and interest components. Based on the Pleasure-Interest Model of Aesthetic Liking (PIA Model; Graf and Landwehr, 2015), two studies investigated the formation of pleasure and interest and their relationship with aesthetic liking responses. Using abstract art as the stimuli, Study 1 employed a 3 (stimulus fluency: low, medium, high) × 2 (processing style: automatic, controlled) × 2 (aesthetic response: pleasure, interest) experimental design to examine the processing dynamics responsible for experiencing aesthetic pleasure versus aesthetic interest. We find that the effect of stimulus fluency on pleasure is mediated by a gut-level fluency experience. Stimulus fluency and interest, by contrast, are related through a process of disfluency reduction, such that disfluent stimuli that grow more fluent due to processing efforts become interesting. The second study employed product designs (bikes, chairs, and lamps) as stimuli and a 2 (fluency: low, high) × 2 (processing style: automatic, controlled) × 3 (product type: bike, chair, lamp) experimental design to examine pleasure and interest as mediators of the relationship between stimulus fluency and design attractiveness. With respect to lamps and chairs, the results suggest that the effect of stimulus fluency on attractiveness is fully mediated by aesthetic pleasure, especially in the automatic processing style. Conversely, disfluent product designs can enhance design attractiveness judgments due to interest when a controlled processing style is adopted.
Malignant brain tumors, including gliomas, brain metastases and anaplastic meningiomas, are associated with poor prognosis, and represent an unmet medical need. ASA404 (DMXAA), a vascular disrupting agent, has demonstrated promising results in several preclinical tumor models and early phase clinical trials. However, two phase III trials in non-small cell lung cancer reported insufficient results. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of ASA404 on brain tumors. The effects of ASA404 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo using subcutaneous, and orthotopical models for malignant glioma (U-87, LN-229, U-251, LN-308 and Tu-2449), brain metastasis (HT-29) and malignant meningioma (IOMM-Lee). The acute effects of ASA404 on tumor tissue were analyzed using conventional and immunohistochemical staining techniques [hematoxylin and eosin, MIB-1 antibody/proliferation maker protein Ki-67, cleaved caspase-8, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1]. Furthermore, the sizes of subcutaneous tumors were measured and the symptom-free survival rates of animals with intracranial tumors receiving ASA404 treatment were analyzed. ASA404 demonstrated low toxicity in vitro, but exhibited strong effects on subcutaneous tumors 24 h following a single dose of ASA404 (25 mg/kg). ASA404 induced necrosis, hemorrhages and inhibited the proliferation, and growth of tumors in the subcutaneous glioma models. However, ASA404 failed to demonstrate comparable effects in any of the intracranial tumor models examined and did not result in a prolongation of survival. Expression of STING, the molecular target of ASA404, and infiltration of macrophages, the cells mediating ASA404 activity, did not differ between subcutaneous and intracranial tumors. In conclusion, ASA404 demonstrates clear efficacy in subcutaneous tumor models, but has no relevant activity in orthotopic brain tumor models. The expression of STING and infiltration with macrophages were not determined to be involved in the differential activity observed among tumor models. It is possible that the low penetration of ASA-404 into the brain prevents concentrations sufficient enough reaching the tumor in order to exhibit acute effects in vivo.