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High impact events, political changes and new technologies are reflected in our language and lead to constant evolution of terms, expressions and names. Not knowing about names used in the past for referring to a named entity can severely decrease the performance of many computational linguistic algorithms. We propose NEER, an unsupervised method for named entity evolution recognition independent of external knowledge sources. We find time periods with high likelihood of evolution. By analyzing only these time periods using a sliding window co-occurrence method we capture evolving terms in the same context. We thus avoid comparing terms from widely different periods in time and overcome a severe limitation of existing methods for named entity evolution, as shown by the high recall of 90% on the New York Times corpus. We compare several relatedness measures for filtering to improve precision. Furthermore, using machine learning with minimal supervision improves precision to 94%.
The main purpose of the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) located in the central barrel of ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is electron identification for separation from pions at momenta pt > 1 GeV/c, since in this momentum range the measurements of the specific energy loss (dE/dx) of the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is no longer sufficient. Furthermore, it provides a fast trigger for high transverse momentum charged particles (pt > 3 GeV/c) and makes a significant contribution to the optimization of the tracking of reaction products in heavy-ion collisions. Its whole setup comprises 18 supermodules out of which 13 are presently operational and mounted cylindrically around the beam axis of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A supermodule contains either 30 or 24 chambers, each consisting of a radiator for transition radiation creation, a drift and an amplifying region followed by the read-out electronics. In total, the TRD is an array of 522 chambers operated with about 28 m3 of a Xe-CO2 [85-15%] gas mixture. During the work of this thesis, the testing, commissioning, operation and maintenance of detector parts, the gas system and its online quality monitor, improvements on the detector control user-interface and studies about a new pre-trigger module for data read-out have been accomplished. The TRD gas system mixes, distributes and circulates the operational gas mixture through the detector. Its overall optimization has been achieved by minimizing gas leakage, surveying, controlling, maintaining and continuously improving it as well as designing and carrying out upgrades. Gas quality monitors of the type \GOOFIE" (Gas prOportional cOunter For drIfting Electrons) can be used in gaseous detectors as on-line monitors of the electron drift velocity, gain and gas properties. One of these devices has been implemented within the TRD gas system, while another one surveys the gas of the TPC. Both devices had to be adapted to the specific needs of the detectors, were under constant surveillance and control, and needed to be further developed on both hardware and software side. To improve the operation of the TRD, modifications on its DCS software (Detector Control System) used for monitoring, controlling, operating, regulating and configuring of hardware and computing devices have been carried out. The DCS is designed to enable an operator to interact with equipment through user interfaces that display the information from the system. The main focus of this work was laid on the optimization of the usability and design of the user interface. The front-end electronics of the TRD require an early start signal (\pre-trigger") from the fast forward detectors or the Time-Of-Flight detector during the running periods. The realization of a new hardware concept for the read-out of the TRD pre-trigger system has been studied and first tests were performed. This new module called PIMDDL (Pre-trigger Interface Module Detector Data Link) is meant to acquire all data necessary to simulate and predict the full pre-trigger functionality, and to verify its proper operation. Furthermore, it shall provide all functionalities of the so-called Control Box Bottom as well as keep the functionalities of the already existing PIM (Pre-trigger Interface Module) in order to combine and replace these two modules in the future.
Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps are a series of low nutrient temperate montane peat swamps around 1100 m elevation in the upper Blue Mountains, west of Sydney (lat 33° 23’ S; long 150° 13’E). Transect-based vegetation studies show a closely related group of swamps with expanses of permanently moist, gently sloping peatlands. Vegetation patterns are related to surface hydrology and subsurface topography, which determine local peat depth. While there is evidence that a group of the highest elevation swamps on the western side of the Plateau are more dependent on rainwater, the majority of swamps, particularly those in the Carne Creek catchment, and east and south of it, may beconsidered primarily groundwater dependent with a permanently high watertable maintained by groundwater aquifers. An integral part of the swamps are a number of threatened groundwater dependent biota (plants–Boronia deanei subsp. deanei, Dillwynia stipulifera, dragonfly– Petalura gigantea, lizard– Eulamprus leuraensis), which are obligate swamp dwellers. This association of dependence leaves the entire swamp ecosystem highly susceptible to threats from any loss of groundwater, the current major one being the impact of damage to the confining aquicludes, aquitards, aquifers and peat substrates as a result of subsidence associated with longwall mining. Impacts on the swamps may also result from changes to hydrology through damming of creeks, mine waste water discharge, increased moisture competition from pine plantations, recreational motorbike and off-road vehicle tracks and climate change. If these groundwater dependent ecosystems do not receive protection from activities such as longwall mining subsidence, significant ecological damage is unlikely to be avoided or able to be mitigated even where provisions of the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation and NSW Threatened Species Conservation Acts apply to groundwater dependent swamps and biota. The importance of the highest elevation part of the Plateau for a number of restricted (some endemic) plant species is also discussed.
Spring wetlands on the Strathbogie plateau were mapped using recent aerial photography to estimate their current and former extent. The floristic composition and relationships of the vegetation with topographic, environmental and land use variables were interpreted from an analysis of quadrat data. Wetland condition, threats to their persistence and future management requirements were also identified. More than half of the original wetland vegetation in the study area appears to have been lost, probably as a result of clearing for agriculture. Nine floristic assemblages, identified using agglomerative hierarchical clustering, were identified on acidic to mildly alkaline peat in five different hydrogeomorphic settings. One of these assemblages (Low Open Sedgeland) was uniquely confined to spring-fed mounds, not previously described in Victoria. A key to identification of these groups was developed. Floristic composition was correlated with climate and site disturbance but charcoal throughout sediment cores suggested that historical disturbance regimes included fire. Forested sites at higher elevations where grazing pressure appears to have been less intense were the least disturbed sites. Approximately 60% of the wetlands surveyed were assessed as showing signs of soil moisture loss but there was no evidence that water extraction via dams and known bores was a significant driver of current vegetation composition. Threats requiring management were related to habitat destruction and degradation, dysfunction of physical and biological processes, and changes to disturbance regimes. Establishment of native vegetation buffers and biomass management are likely to be of benefit for future management of spring wetland vegetation.
Als Fortschreibung zu der in dieser Zeitschrift im Jahr 2006 erschienenen Zusammenstellung von Florenwerken und Verbreitungsatlanten der Gefäßpflanzen Deutschlands aus dem Zeitraum 1945 bis 2005 werden hier Ergänzungen aus den Jahren 2006 bis 2010 aufgeführt und mit Schlüsselinformationen versehen. Dabei handelt es sich um 29 neue Publikationen und zusätzlich 22 Neuauflagen, Ergänzungen oder Nachträge bereits in der ersten Zusammenstellung berücksichtigter Florenwerke.
Die Reihe wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts TIMA Transtextuality, Intermediality and Metafictionality in Peter Stamms „Agnes“ von der SCIEX-NMS.CH möglich gemacht, einem Programm für die Zusammenarbeit zwischen der Schweiz und den neuen Mitgliedstaaten der EU.ndet.
Die Slowakei und die Schweiz – zwei in der Mitte Europas gelegene Staaten, deren Geschichte und gegenwärtige Situation so gut wie keine Gemeinsamkeiten aufzuweisen scheinen. Für die deutschsprachige Schweizer Gegenwartsliteratur sind die Interkulturalität und die Transkulturalität typisch. Literarisch gesehen ergeben sich so überraschende Verbindungen, wie die Veranstaltungsreihe zu zeigen vermochte, die am 18. 9. und 20. 9. 2012 an der Universität Fribourg/CH stattfand.
Pre-publication peer review of scientific literature in its present state suffers from a lack of evaluation validity and transparency to the community. Inspired by social networks, we propose a framework for the open exchange of post-publication evaluation to complement the current system. We first formulate a number of necessary conditions that should be met by any design dedicated to perform open scientific evaluation. To introduce our framework, we provide a basic data standard and communication protocol. We argue for the superiority of a provider-independent framework, over a few isolated implementations, which allows the collection and analysis of open evaluation content across a wide range of diverse providers like scientific journals, research institutions, social networks, publishers websites, and more. Furthermore, we describe how its technical implementation can be achieved by using existing web standards and technology. Finally, we illustrate this with a set of examples and discuss further potential.
„Die Lose ähneln sich, die Odysseen“. Dieser Vers Ingeborg Bachmanns aus ihrem Gedicht Von einem Land, einem Fluss und den Seen behauptet, die Irrfahrten und Schicksale der vielen Odysseus-Gestalten seien einander ähnlich. Wenn sich aber die Schicksale und Heimkehrreisen der Umherwandernden ähneln, dann könnten sich auch ihre literarischen Werke ähnlich sein. Ausgehend von dieser Vermutung sollen im folgenden Beitrag zwei große Lyriker des 20. Jahrhunderts gegenübergestellt werden, die sich mit der Frage des Exils und seiner Überwindung beschäftigt haben: die Österreicherin Ingeborg Bachmann und der Iraker Sa'dī Yūsuf. Zwar gehören beide unterschiedlichen Sprachräumen und Literaturtraditionen an. Zugleich sind sie aber aus diesen Räumen ausgebrochen, um neue geografische, sprachliche und gedankliche (W)orte zu erkunden, die keine fest umrissenen Grenzen mehr kennen. Darüber hinaus haben sie in ihren Texten auf ähnliche Weise Untergänge und Auferstehungen inszeniert, die meines Erachtens den Erfahrungen ihres Exils entspringen. Ihre Sichtweisen auf das Eigene und Fremde fordern uns auf, unseren eigenen Blick in einer Zeit zunehmenden und zugleich konfliktreicheren Zusammenlebens zu öffnen und zu hinterfragen.
Around 1800, aesthetic debate suddenly places music at the very top in the hierarchy of the arts, even superseding poetry: This has become a commonplace not only in scholarly discourse. The protagonists of this re-arrangement of the artistic disciplines are Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder, E.T.A. Hoffmann and Ludwig Tieck. In their programmatic texts, they state that music is to be free and absolute and stress its metaphysical quality and its close relation to the supernatural. Furthermore, music is supposed to be no longer dependent on the other arts, and music releases the listener or the musician from prosaic everyday life. As Wackenroder writes in Die Wunder der Tonkunst, […] [a]ll sickening thoughts which, according to Wackenroder, are the illness of mankind vanish with a piece of music, making our mind sane again. Literary romanticism here recurs to a long tradition that reaches back to the classical ages in Greece and Arabia: Music is used as a remedy for curing illnesses of various kinds. In classical antiquity, Apollo is the god of music, poetry and dancing as well as the god of healing. He was also named “Iatros” (physician) or Apollo Medicus. […] Orpheus as a bard and demigod was also said to be capable of curing diseases by means of his music. […] Thus, music in history is part of treating physical illness on the one hand, but on the other hand is more and more considered to provide a remedy especially for mental deficiencies. Music is meant to improve nervous disorders and sometimes it is even prescribed as a regular medicine. As we will see in Hoffmann’s text Die Genesung, there is a connection between the ritual healing processes in the temples of Aesculapius and the setting of the forest in which the old man regains his health.