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A LEBT system consisting of an ion source, two solenoids, and a diagnostic section has been set up to investigate the space charge compensation process due to residual gas ionization [1] and to study experimentally the rise of compensation. To gain the radial beam potential distribution time resolved measurements of the residual gas ion energy distribution were carried out using a Hughes Rojanski analyzer [2,3]. To measure the radial density profile of the ion beam a CCD-camera performed time resolved measurements, which allow an estimation the rise time of compensation. Further the dynamic effect of the space charge compensation on the beam transport was shown. A numerical simulation under assumption of selfconsistent states [4] of the beam plasma has been used to determine plasma parameters such as the radial density profile and the temperature of the electrons. The acquired data show that the theoretical estimated rise time of space charge compensation neglecting electron losses is shorter than the build up time determined experimentally. An interpretation of the achieved results is given.
Das längst avisierte Zukunftsprojekt Industrie 4.0 wirkt sich auf viele Bereiche der menschlichen Produktion, wie u. a. des literarischen Schaffens aus. 2018 ist das Buch Bot. Gespräch ohne Autor des österreichischen Schriftstellers Clemens J. Setz erschienen, das eine Alternative zu einem von der "natürlichen" Person geschaffenen literarischen Werk darstellt. Analog zu der Industrie wird jetzt der Vorgang des literarischen Schaffens digitalisiert, d. h. eine künstliche Intelligenz schreibt ein Buch oder wirkt an ihm mit. Das Werk wird gedruckt, verkauft und gelesen und steht in Bücherregalen neben Büchern von "natürlichen" Autoren. Wie beeinflusst die Einbeziehung der künstlichen Intelligenz die Kanonbildung? Wer wären dann die Leser/innen solcher literarischen Werke? Werden in diesen Werken auch einige früher kanonisierte Werke berücksichtigt? Ist es überhaupt möglich, dass künstliche Intelligenz ein ästhetisch wertvolles literarisches Werk hervorbringt? Mit solchen und weiteren Fragen über die literarischen Begegnungen der künstlichen und menschlichen Intelligenz in der 4.0-Ära befasst sich der vorliegende Artikel.
Der österreichische Autor Clemens J. Setz erregte bereits in relativ jungen Jahren die Aufmerksamkeit der literarischen Welt. Ab seinem 26. Lebensjahr wurden ihm bedeutende literarische Auszeichnungen verliehen. Seine Bücher zeichnen sich durch einen experimentellen Zugang zur narrativen Struktur aus, indem er beim Schreiben technische Möglichkeiten der Neuen Medien verwendet, kanonisierte Texte umschreibt und durch tiefe Einblicke in das Innere seiner Figuren Tabus bricht. In seinen Prosawerken gelingt es ihm, die dringlichsten Probleme von Individuum und Gesellschaft zu benennen. Die Schicksale und Einstellungen seiner ProtagonistInnen wirken kontrovers, weshalb sein literarisches Schaffen ambivalent rezipiert wird.
Nothing beyond the name : towards an eclipse of listening in the psychotherapeutic enterprise
(2022)
What are the different kinds of reduction that take place in a psychotherapeutic discipline? This article looks at the agonistic relations between the two types of reduction that fundamentally constitute a psychotherapeutic paradigm: naming and listening. At any given moment in the history of psychological theory, various schools and theories are in contention with each other over an institutional and state legitimation that will only be granted to one or some of them. It is argued that these disciplinary contentions for a dominant status subordinate the names and concepts that populate a particular psychotherapeutic paradigm to a property regime, thereby obscuring or compromising the attention paid to forms of listening that occur on the edge of naming and meaning.
This study offers a contribution to the reception analysis of TV documentaries by focusing on viewer opinions expressed on social media. It analyses German and English comments from YouTube and Facebook in order to find out what aspects of documentaries the audience comments on. More specifically, it describes how the viewers evaluate strategies that the producers use for simplifying complex content while still creating an appealing and entertaining media product. The results imply that most viewers appreciate informative shows that are entertaining at the same time. They also show that viewers tend to focus on the music and image, rather than on the spoken text, and that documentaries where nature plays an important role are judged more positively than science and history documentaries.
Probing the photointermediates of light-driven sodium ion pump KR2 by DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR
(2021)
KR2 is a light-driven sodium ion pump found in marine flavobacterium Krokinobacter Eikastus. The protein belongs to the microbial rhodopsin family, which is characterized by seven transmembrane helices and a retinal cofactor covalently bound to a conserved lysine residue through a Schiff base linkage. Specific features of KR2 and other sodium pumping rhodopsins are the NDQ motif, the N-terminal helix capping the protein at the extracellular side, and the sodium ion bound at the protomer interface in the pentameric structure. The ability to pump sodium ions was a surprising discovery since the positive charge at the Schiff base was long thought to hinder the transport of non-proton cations and the Grotthuss mechanism could not be applied to explain the Na+ transport. The photocycle of KR2 revealed by flashed photolysis and ultrafast femtosecond absorption spectroscopy consists of consecutive intermediates, named K, L, M, and O.
Here, DNP-enhanced ssNMR was used to analyze various aspects of these intermediate states. The K/L-state can be generated and trapped by in-situ illumination inside the magnet at 110 K. The trapping of L-state together with the K-state at this temperature is unexpected as this usually leads to the trapping of only K-state in bacteriorhodopsin (BR), proteorhodopsin (PR), and channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2). This observation suggests a lower energy barrier between K- and L-state in KR2. For the O-state, the intermediate was generated by illuminating outside the magnet, followed by rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen and transfer to the magnet. Based on these procedures, the retinal conformation, and the electrostatic environment at the Schiff base in KR2 dark, K-, L- and O-intermediates were probed using 13C-labeled retinals bound to 15N-labeled KR2 by both 1D and 2D magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments.
The obtained data show an all-trans retinal conformation with the distortion of 150° at H-C14-C15-H in the dark state whereas the retinal has a 13-cis, 15-anti conformation in the K- and L-state after light activation. Differences between K- and L-intermediates were observed. The retinal chemical shifts of the K-state show a large deviation from the model compound behavior between the middle and end part of the polyene chain. In the L-state, these differences are much less pronounced. These observations indicate that the light energy stored in the K-state dissipates into the protein in the subsequent photointermediate states. Furthermore, an additional shielding observed for C14 in L-state indicates the slight rotation toward a more compact 13-cis, 15-syn conformation. The distortion of the H-C14-C15-H angle in the L-state (136°) is larger than in the dark state. This twist of the retinal in the L-state would play an important role in lowering the pKa of the Schiff base, which is a prerequisite for the proton transfer from the Schiff base to the proton acceptor (D116). The electrostatic environments at the Schiff base in K- and L-states cause a de-shielding of the 15N nitrogen compared to the dark state. This indicates a stepwise stronger interaction with the counterion as the Schiff base proton moves away from the Schiff base and comes closer to the D116 in the transition from K- to L-state and approaches the proton transfer step during the M-state formation. In the O-state, the retinal was found to be in the all-trans conformation but differed to the dark state in the C13, C20, and Schiff base nitrogen chemical shifts. The largest effect (9 ppm) was observed for the Schiff base nitrogen, which could be explained by the effect of the positive charge of bound Na+ near the Schiff base in the O-state, coordinated by N112 and D116 as observed in the O-state crystal structure in the pentameric form.
The structural change at the opsin followed the retinal isomerization and the energy transfer from the chromophore to the surrounding were also investigated in this thesis using various amino acids labeling schemes. Moreover, 1H-13C hNOE in combination with CE-DNP was applied to probe the dynamics of retinylidene methyl groups and 23Na MAS NMR was employed to detect the bound sodium ion at the protomer interface in KR2 dark state.
The aim of the present article is to provide a comparative analysis between two important works of German and Hungarian literature on the background of the theory of Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of archetypes. Both works (the novel Demian by Hermann Hesse and the drama Erstwhile Solace [Ősvigasztalás] by Áron Tamási) approach the theme of the search for identity as well as for the absolute and the divinity, with the focus on the archetypes of the collective unconscious. Motifs such as androgyny, shadow or dream, the issue of polarity and unity form common points of contact between the two analysed literary works.
The Black Church, the largest sacral building in Transylvania, has been given a central role in the local identity narratives. As a historical place of remembrance, it mediates and mobilizes elements of historical knowledge, and at the same time constructs a myth.The article examines how the Black Church in Brasov, one of the most important symbols of the Transylvanian Saxons, is poetically constructed as a place of cultural memory in the German, Romanian and Hungarian poems of the interwar period, how the concrete place is reinterpreted as a space for creating identity, while the ethnic dimension should not be ignored. It examines the question of what symbolic value it has for the German, Romanian and Hungarian populations and how this can be seen from the lyrical texts of the time.
Relativistic hydrodynamics has been quite successful in explaining the collective behaviour of the QCD matter produced in high energy heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. We briefly eview the latest developments in the hydrodynamical modeling of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Essential ingredients of the model such as the hydrodynamic evolution equations, dissipation, initial conditions, equation of state, and freeze-out process are reviewed. We discuss observable quantities such as particle spectra and anisotropic flow and effect of viscosity on these observables. Recent developments such as event-by-event fluctuations, flow in small systems (proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions), flow in ultracentral collisions, longitudinal fluctuations, and correlations and flow in intense magnetic field are also discussed.
Thermoanaerobacter kivui is a thermophilic acetogen that can grow on carbon monoxide as sole carbon and energy source. To identify the gene(s) involved in CO oxidation, the genome sequence was analyzed. Two genes potentially encoding CO dehydrogenases were identified. One, cooS, potentially encodes a monofunctional CO dehydrogenase, whereas another, acsA, potentially encodes the CODH component of the CODH/ACS complex. Both genes were cloned, a His-tag encoding sequence was added, and the proteins were produced from a plasmid in T. kivui. His-AcsA copurified by affinity chromatography with AcsB, the acetyl-CoA synthase of the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl CoA synthase complex. His-CooS copurified with CooF1, a small iron-sulfur center containing protein likely involved in electron transport. Both protein complexes had CO:ferredoxin oxidoreductase as well as CO:methyl viologen oxidoreductase activity, but the activity of CooSF1 was 15-times and 231-times lower, respectively. To underline the importance of CooS, the gene was deleted in the CO-adapted strain. Interestingly, the ∆cooS deletion mutant did not grow on CO anymore. These experiments clearly demonstrated that CooS is essential for growth of T. kivui on CO. This is in line with the hypothesis that CooS is the CO-oxidizing enzyme in cells growing on CO.