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Background: In this interdisciplinary project, the biological effects of heavy ions are compared to those of X-rays using tissue slice culture preparations from rodents and humans. Advantages of this biological model are the conservation of an organotypic environment and the independency from genetic immortalization strategies used to generate cell lines. Its open access allows easy treatment and observation via live-imaging microscopy. Materials and methods: Rat brains and human brain tumor tissue are cut into 300 micro m thick tissue slices. These slices are cultivated using a membrane-based culture system and kept in an incubator at 37°C until treatment. The slices are treated with X-rays at the radiation facility of the University Hospital in Frankfurt at doses of up to 40 Gy. The heavy ion irradiations were performed at the UNILAC facility at GSI with different ions of 11.4 A MeV and fluences ranging from 0.5–10 x 106 particles/cm². Using 3D-confocal microscopy, cell-death and immune cell activation of the irradiated slices are analyzed. Planning of the irradiation experiments is done with simulation programs developed at GSI and FIAS. Results: After receiving a single application of either X-rays or heavy ions, slices were kept in culture for up to 9d post irradiation. DNA damage was visualized using gamma H2AXstaining. Here, a dose-dependent increase and time-dependent decrease could clearly be observed for the X-ray irradiation. Slices irradiated with heavy ions showed less gamma H2AX-positive cells distributed evenly throughout the slice, even though particles were calculated to penetrate only 90–100 micro m into the slice. Conclusions: Single irradiations of brain tissue, even at high doses of 40 Gy, will result neither in tissue damage visible on a macroscopic level nor necrosis. This is in line with the view that the brain is highly radio-resistant. However, DNA damage can be detected very well in tissue slices using gamma H2AX-immuno staining. Thus, slice cultures are an excellent tool to study radiation-induced damage and repair mechanisms in living tissues.
In this work we study the properties of quarkonium states in a quark-gluon plasma which, due to expansion and non-zero viscosity, exhibits a local anisotropy in momentum space. We determine the hard-loop resummed gluon propagator in an anisotropic QCD plasma in general linear gauges and define a potential between heavy quarks from the Fourier transform of its static limit. This potential which arises due to one-gluon exchange describes the force between a quark and anti-quark at short distances. It is closer to the vacuum potential as compared to the isotropic Debye screened potential which indicates the reduced screening in an anisotropic QCD plasma. In addition, angular dependence appears in the potential; we find that there is stronger attraction on distance scales on the order of the inverse Debye mass for quark pairs aligned along the direction of anisotropy than for transverse alignment. The potential at long distances, however, is non-perturbative and modeled as a QCD string which is screened at the same scale as the Coulomb field. At asymptotic separation the potential energy is non-zero and inversely proportional to the temperature. With a phenomenological potential model which incorporates the different behaviors at short and long distances, we solve the three-dimensional Schrödinger equation. Our numerical results show that quarkonium binding is stronger at non-vanishing viscosity and expansion rate, and that the anisotropy leads to polarization of the P-wave states. Furthermore, we determine viscosity corrections to the imaginary part of the heavyquark potential in the weak-coupling hard-loop approximation. The imaginary part is found to be smaller (in magnitude) than at vanishing viscosity. This implies a smaller decay width of quarkonium bound states in an anisotropic plasma.
Poster presentation: The brain is autonomously active and this self-sustained neural activity is in general modulated, but not driven, by the sensory input data stream [1,2]. Traditionally one has regarded this eigendynamics as resulting from inter-modular recurrent neural activity [3]. Understanding the basic modules for cognitive computation is, in this view, the primary focus of research and the overall neural dynamics would be determined by the the topology of the intermodular pathways. Here we examine an alternative point of view, asking whether certain aspects of the neural eigendynamics have a central functional role for overall cognitive computation [4,5]. Transiently stable neural activity is regularly observed on the cognitive time-scale of 80–100 ms, with indications that neural competition [6] plays an important role in the selection of the transiently stable neural ensembles [7], also denoted winning coalitions [8]. We report on a theory approach which implements these two principles, transient-state dynamics and neural competition, in terms of an associative neural network with clique encoding [9]. A cognitive system [10] with a non-trivial internal eigendynamics has two seemingly contrasting tasks to fulfill. The internal processes need to be regular and not chaotic on one side, but sensitive to the afferent sensory stimuli on the other side. We show, that these two contrasting demands can be reconciled within our approach based on competitive transient-state dynamics, when allowing the sensory stimuli to modulate the competition for the next winning coalition. By testing the system with the bars problem, we find an emerging cognitive capability. Only based on the two basic architectural principles, neural competition and transient-state dynamics, with no explicit algorithmic encoding, the system performs on its own a non-linear independent component analysis of input data stream. The system has rudimentary biological features. All learning is local Hebbian-style, unsupervised and online. It exhibits an ever-ongoing eigendynamics and at no time is the state or the value of synaptic strengths reset or the system restarted; there is no separation between training and performance. We believe that this kind of approach – cognitive computation with autonomously active neural networks – to be an emerging field, relevant both for system neuroscience and synthetic cognitive systems.
In this thesis we report on the high pressure synthesis, crystal growth, structural characterisation and magnetic properties of the cubic vanadate pyrochlores A2V2O7 (with A = Y, Er and Dy). We have found that high pressure is requisite for the stabilization of the selected compounds. For this purpose, a multianvil high pressure apparatus was built in our laboratory and a new multianvil inset (i.e., a ceramic pressure medium and the interior parts) was developed. The multianvil press is based on a hydraulic press with a maximum force of 7.73 MN (corresponds to 788 tons), a Walker type module and a specially designed hydraulic and electric control. Pressure calibration of the multianvil setup was performed by high pressure fixed points (i.e. solid-solid transformation of Bi I-II (2.55 GPa) and Bi II-III (3.15 GPa)). A maximum pressure of 6 GPa was attained using hardened metal anvils (tungsten carbide) with truncation edge length (TEL) of 14 mm and a sample volume of ~ 70 mm3. Heating of the sample in our current multianvil setup (TEL = 14 mm) was achieved by resistive heating of a graphite furnace. Temperatures up to 1500 °C could be obtained at pressures up to 6 GPa. By systematic variation of the synthesis conditions (for instance the operation temperature or the choice of the crucible material) under high pressure and taking into account the well known ternary compounds, when accessing the phase diagram, the cubic vanadate pyrochlores A2V2O7 (with A = Y, Er and Dy) were synthesized successfully. It was found that the oxygen partial pressure is crucial for the formation of the desired pyrochlore phase. Gas-tight platinum crucibles were used as container material for the synthesis of the vanadate pyrochlores. We have investigated, that pressures of the order of 5.0 GPa and temperatures of approximately 1200 °C are necessary for the stabilization of the monophasic samples of the vanadate pyrochlores. Lu2V2O7 could be synthesized under ambient pressure conditions and is used in our studies for comparison purposes. A special graphite furnace was developed for the high pressure crystal growth of the vanadate pyrochlores. For the first time, A2V2O7 (with A = Y, Er and Dy) single crystals with a maximum size of 0.4 mm were grown by using the grain growth method at high pressure and high temperature conditions. The samples (i.e., powders and single crystals) were characterised by single crystal Xray diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction method, Laue method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Complementary to the X-ray diffraction methods, infrared absorsoption spectroscopy was used to distinguish between the fluorite and pyrochlore structure. It has been shown that all samples crystallize in a well-ordered cubic structure with the space group F d 3m. The vanadium (+4) content in the samples was determined by oxidative weight gain in air using a thermogravimetric (TG) balance. A structural phase transformation of cubic to tetragonal was observed by differential thermal analysis (DTA) in conjunction with high temperature diffractometry. The magnetic characterisation of the vanadate pyrochlores A2V2O7 (Y, Lu, Er and Dy) was performed by Katarina Removic-Langer in the laboratory of Prof. Dr. M. Lang. All materials studied are ferromagnetic. The ferromagnetic critical temperatures are between 70 and 73 K. In case of Er2V2O7 and Dy2V2O7 an additional increase in the magnetization was observed below 20 K. The increase in the magnetization below 20 K exhibited by Er2V2O7 and Dy2V2O7 originates from the interactions between the two magnetic sublattices (i.e., the rare earth- and the vanadium sublattice).
In the framework of this thesis the intense low energy ion beam transport was investigated. Especially, the beam transport in toroidal magnetic field configurations was discussed, as it may allow the accumulation of high intensive beams in the future. One of the specific tasks is to design an injection system that can be used for the proposed low energy accumulator ring. This thesis regarding beam transport investigations is related to the larger research fields, storage rings used in accelerator physics and non-neutral plasmas. The proposal of building a storage ring with longitudinal guiding magnetic fields was made. Due to natural transversal focussing in magnetic fields it is possible to accumulate very intense charged particle beams, a subject of interest within the physics community. A simulation code (TBT) was written to describe the particle motion in curved segments. Particle in Cell techniques were utilized to simulate a multi particle dynamics. This code allows the user to generate different particle distributions as input parameter. A possibility of reading an external data file was made available so that a measured distribution can be used to compare simulation results with measured ones. A second order cloud in cell method was used to calculate charge density and in turn to solve Poisson’s equation. The circular toroidal coordinate system was used. The drift motion and gyrating motion was proved to be consistent with analytical values. Further simulations were performed to study the self field effects on beam transport. The experiments with single toroidal segments find niche in the work. The experiments were performed to compare the simulation results and gain practical experience. The toroidal segment has similar dimensions (major axis R = 1:3 m, minor axis r = 0:1 m, arc angle 30°) as for a full scale ring design. The main difference lies in the magnetic field strength. The available segments can be operated at room temperature producing 0:6T on axis maximum magnetic field, while for the storage ring design this value is in the range of 5T. The preparatory experiments consisted of building and characterization of the ion source in a first step. Along with the momentum spectrometer and emittance scanner the beam properties were studied. Low mass ion beams He+ and mixed p, H2+, H3+ beams were analyzed. The proton beam consisting of a 48% H+ fraction was extracted regularly and used for further experiments. A moderate beam energy of 10 keV was chosen as operational energy for which 3.08 mA proton beam current was measured. In the second stage, beams were transported through a solenoid and the phase space distribution was measured as a function of the magnetic field for different beam energies. The phase-space as distributions measured in a first stage were simulated backward and then again forward transported through the solenoid. The simulated results were then compared with the measured distribution. The LINTRA transport program was used. The phase-space distribution was further simulated for transport experiments in a toroidal magnetic field. The experiments with a single toroidal segment give basic results necessary to compare the results between transport code (TBT) and measurements. The optical diagnostic provides measurements which can be well compared with the simulated results. A digital camera with a magnetic shield was used to record images in jpeg file format. A subroutine was written to analyze an image file to give the intensity distribution of a given image file. The integrated profile in vertical and horizontal direction was used to calculate the vertical drift and the beam size. The simulated values were in good agreement with the measured ones. The injection system needs most care. The transport program that was used to simulate the beam in the toroid was also used to design the injection system. The injection system with its special field configurations was designed to perform experiments with room temperature segments. The main point to tackle was to smoothly bring the charged particles generated outside the trap into the acceptance of the ring. The designed system consists of two sources, one representing a ring beam and the other one the injection beam. While simulations showed a clear way, how to inject the particle beam via a well positioned solenoid and in combination with a transverse electric field element causing an ExB drift into the main ring acceptance. After construction of these injection elements it will be very important to measure the robustness of such a system with respect to the beam stability- especially of the injection channel.
The bulk viscosity of several quark matter phases is calculated. It is found that the effect of color superconductivity is not trivial, it may suppress, or enhance the bulk viscosity depending on the critical temperature and the temperature at which the bulk viscosity is calculated. Also, is it found that the effect of neutrino-emitting Urca processes cannot be neglected in the consideration of the bulk viscosity of strange quark matter. The results for the bulk viscosity of strange quark matter are used to calculate the r-mode instability window of quark stars with several possible phases. It is shown that each possible phase has a different structure for the r-mode instability window.
Ein wesentliches Ziel der Physik mit schweren Ionen ist die Untersuchung der Zustände von Kernmaterie bei hohen Dichten bzw. Temperaturen. Solche Zustände lassen sich durch Kollisionen von hochenergetischen schweren Ionen in Teilchenbeschleunigern wie dem Super Proton Synchrotron SPS am Europäischen Kernforschungszentrum CERN in Genf erzeugen und untersuchen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse des Einflusses des in einer solchen Kollision erzeugten Mediums auf hochenergetische Teilchen, welche dieses Medium durchqueren. Hierzu werden Korrelationen zwischen Teilchen mit hohem Transversalimpuls pt als Funktion der Zentralität der Kollisionen und der Ladung der beteiligten Teilchen untersucht. Ziel ist es, hierdurch eine experimentelle Grundlage für die theoretische Beschreibung der Eigenschaften des Mediums in solchen Kollisionen bereitzustellen. ...
The physics of interacting bosons in the phase with broken symmetry is determined by the presence of the condensate and is very different from the physics in the symmetric phase. The Functional Renormalization Group (FRG) represents a powerful investigation method which allows the description of symmetry breaking with high efficiency. In the present thesis we apply FRG for studying the physics of two different models in the broken symmetry phase. In the first part of this thesis we consider the classical O(1)-model close to the critical point of the second order phase transition. Employing a truncation scheme based on the relevance of coupling parameters we study the behavior of the RG-flow which is shown to be influenced by competition between two characteristic lengths of the system. We also calculate the momentum dependent self-energy and study its dependence on both length scales. In the second part we apply the FRG-formalism to systems of interacting bosons in the phase with spontaneously broken U(1)-symmetry in arbitrary spatial dimensions at zero temperature. We use a truncation scheme based on a new non-local potential approximation which satisfy both exact relations postulated by Hugenholtz and Pines, and Nepomnyashchy and Nepomnyashchy. We study the RG-flow of the model, discuss different scaling regimes, calculate the single-particle spectral density function of interacting bosons and extract both damping of quasi-particles and spectrum of elementary excitations from the latter.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die 1s Photoionisation von Neondimeren mit einer Photonenenergie von 10 eV über der 1s Schwelle von Neon durchgeführt. Das Ziel dieser Messung war die Beantwortung der seit vielen Jahren diskutierten Frage nach der Lokalisierung oder Delokalisierung von Vakanzen in homonuklearen diatomaren Systemen am Beispiel des Neondimers. Können die Vakanzen also einem Atom des Dimers zugeordnet werden oder sind sie über beide Atome verteilt? Bezüglich dieser Frage wurden sowohl die in der Photoionisation direkt entstandenen 1s Vakanzen als auch die aus der Relaxation durch einen interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) resultierenden Vakanzen in der Valenzschale des Neondimers untersucht. Als Observable dienten dabei die Elektronen-Winkelverteilungen im dimerfesten Koordinatensystem, wobei eine bezüglich der ‘rechten’ und der ‘linken’ Seite des homonuklearen diatomaren Moleküls auftretende Asymmetrie in der Winkelverteilung eindeutig eine Lokalisierung der Vakanz indiziert. Dies lässt sich damit begründen, dass die Elektronenwellen im Fall einer delokalisierten Vakanz durch die symmetrisierten Wellenfunktionen beschrieben werden, welche sich aus der kohärenten Überlagerung der lokalisierten Wellenfunktionen ergeben. Die resultierende Winkelverteilung der Elektronen um die Dimerachse ist somit symmetrisch. Im Fall einer lokalisierten Vakanz wird die Elektronenwelle dagegen durch die ‘rechts’ oder ‘links’ lokalisierten Wellenfunktionen, welche aus der kohärenten Überlagerung der symmetrisierten Wellenfunktionen gebildet werden, beschrieben, so dass abhängig von der Elektronenwellenlänge Asymmetrien in der Elektronen-Winkelverteilung auftreten können. Die Möglichkeit, eine eventuelle Asymmetrie in der Winkelverteilung um die Dimerachse zu beobachten ist allerdings nur dann gegeben, wenn die beiden Seiten des Dimers im Anschluss an die Reaktion unterscheidbar sind, d.h. der Ursprung des emittierten Elektrons feststellbar ist, da sich sonst der Fall einer ‘links’ lokalisierten Vakanz mit dem Fall einer ‘rechts’ lokalisierten Vakanz kohärent überlagert. Die Unterscheidung konnte in der vorliegenden Messung anhand der aus einigen Relaxationen hervorgehenden unterschiedlichen Ladungen der ionischen Fragmente des Neondimers durchgeführt werden. Insgesamt wurden im Anschluss an die 1s Photoionisation von Ne2 mit einer Rate von 3:1 der symmetrische Ladungsaufbruch Ne1+ + Ne1+ und der für die Untersuchung der Winkelverteilungen relevante asymmetrische Ladungsaufbruch Ne2+ + Ne1+ des Neondimers beobachtet. Alle in diesen beiden Ladungsaufbrüchen resultierenden intra- und interatomaren Relaxationsprozesse sowie ihre Raten wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit identifiziert und analysiert. Der dominante Zerfallskanal des symmetrischen Ladungsaufbruchs resultierte dabei aus dem im Anschluss an einen KL2,3L2,3 stattfindenden Radiative Charge Transfer, bei welchem unter Aussendung eines Photons ein Ladungsaustausch zwischen den Neonionen des Dimers stattfindet. Der dominante Zerfallskanal des asymmetrischen Ladungsaufbruchs wurde durch den im Anschluss an einen KL1L2,3 stattfindenden ICD bestimmt. Bei diesem in Clustern auftretenden Relaxationsprozess wird die Innerschalenvakanz aus Atom 1 durch ein Valenzelektron aus Atom 1 aufgefüllt. Sobald die Relaxationsenergie dabei nicht ausreicht, um, wie beim Augerzerfall, ein weiteres Valenzelektron aus Atom 1 zu ionisieren, wird die Energie mittels eines virtuellen Photons zum neutralen Nachbaratom des Dimers transferiert, und aus diesem wird ein Elektron, das ICD-Elektron, emittiert. Zur experimentellen Untersuchung der verschiedenen Zerfälle wurde die COLTRIMS (COLd Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy)-Technik verwendet. Bei dieser Impulsspektroskopie werden die Fragmente mit einer Raumwinkelakzeptanz von 4pi mit Hilfe eines elektrischen und eines magnetischen Feldes auf die ortsauflösenden Detektoren geführt, und ihre Flugzeiten und Auftrefforte werden gemessen. Die COLTRIMS-Technik zeichnet sich dabei dadurch aus, dass eine koinzidente Messung der Elektronen und Ionen möglich ist, wodurch die Fragmente eines Reaktionsereignisses einander zugeordnet werden können. Innerhalb der Reaktionsereignisse fragmentierte das Neondimer im Anschluss an die Relaxation in beiden Ladungsaufbrüchen Ne1+ + Ne1+ und Ne2+ + Ne1+ unter 180° in einer Coulombexplosion. Somit spiegelten die Richtungen der Relativimpulse der Ionen im Rahmen der ‘Axial-Recoil-Approximation’ die Position der Dimerachse zum Zeitpunkt der Reaktion wider, und aus den Impulsen der Elektronen konnten die Emissionsrichtungen der Elektronen bezüglich der Dimerachse abgeleitet werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde mit der beschriebenen Messtechnik eine deutliche Asymmetrie in der Winkelverteilung der 1s Photoelektronen sowie der 2p ICD-Elektronen um die Dimerachse beobachtet. Die gemessene Winkelverteilung der 1s Photoelektronen wies dabei eine qualitativ sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit einer innerhalb einer Hartree-Fock-Rechnung erhaltenen Winkelverteilung für eine vollständig lokalisierte 1s Vakanz im Neondimer auf. Für die Winkelverteilungen der ICD-Elektronen existieren bis heute noch keine theoretischen Vorhersagen. Mit den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte somit gezeigt werden, dass entgegen den heute gängigen Theorien zur Beschreibung des Neondimers sowohl die Vakanzen der innersten Schale als auch die Vakanzen der Valenzschale des Neondimers als lokalisiert beschrieben werden müssen.
Es wurde eine neue Routine zur Berechnung der Raumladungskräfte basierend auf einer schnellen Fourier-Transformation entwickelt und in das Teilchensimulationsprogramm LORASR integriert. Dadurch werden einzelne oder bis zu mehreren 100 Simulationen im Batch-Modus mit je 1 Million Makroteilchen und akzeptablen Rechenzeiten ermöglicht. Die neue Raumladungsroutine wurde im Rahmen der Europäischen „High Intensity Pulsed Proton Injectors” (HIPPI) Kollaboration erfolgreich validiert. Dabei wurden verschiedene statische Vergleichstests der Poisson-Solver und schließlich Vergleichsrechnungen entlang des Alvarez-Beschleunigerabschnittes des GSI UNILAC durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden Werkzeuge zum Aufprägen und zur Analyse von Maschinenfehlern entwickelt. Diese wurden erstmals für Fehlertoleranzstudien an der IH-Kavität des Heidelberger Therapiebeschleunigers, am Protonen-Linearbeschleuniger für das FAIR Projekt in Darmstadt sowie am Vorschlag eines supraleitenden CH-Beschleunigers für die “International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility” (IFMIF) eingesetzt.