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The publication of the Liikanen Group's final report in October 2012 was surrounded by high expectations regarding the implementation of the reform plans through the proposed measures that reacted to the financial and sovereign debt crises. The recommendations mainly focused on introducing a mild version of banking separation and the creation of the preconditions for bail-in measures. In this article, we present an overview of the regulatory reforms, to which the financial sector has been subject over the past years in accordance with the concepts laid out in the Liikanen Report. It becomes clear from our assessment that more specific steps have yet to be taken before the agenda is accomplished. In particular, bail-in rules must be implemented more consistently. Beyond the question of the required minimum, the authors develop the notion of a maximum amount of liabilities subject to bail-in. The combination of both components leads to a three-layer structure of bank capital: a bail-in tranche, a deposit-insured bailout tranche, and an intermediate run-endangered mezzanine tranche. The size and treatment of the latter must be put to a political debate that weighs the costs and benefits of a further increase in financial stability beyond that achieved through loss-bearing of the bail-in tranche.
Es wäre eine bessere Welt, würde es diese Bilder nicht geben: Die Rede ist von Darstellungen, die sexuellen Missbrauch von und sexualisierte Gewalt an Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigen. Die physischen und psychischen Verletzungen, die durch den Missbrauch, aber auch durch dessen Perpetuierung in Bildern verursacht werden, sind unermesslich. Daher greift die Gesellschaft zu einem ihrer schärfsten Schwerter – dem Strafrecht.
Das Recht – abstrakt und bilderfeindlich? Ein Fehlurteil. Denn schon immer hat das Recht zu sinnlichen Hilfsmitteln gegriffen, um sich den Menschen verständlich zu machen, teils auf realer, besonders gern aber auf sprachlicher Ebene. Die heutige Bilderflut ist jedoch auch für die Rechtswissenschaft ein neues Phänomen.
According to international and national constitutional law, indigenous peoples in most Latin American countries have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions. As a consequence of this and of a long and ongoing process of political debate and recognition, ever more indigenous peoples are practicing their own laws, following their own cultural traditions and customs. In doing so, they often draw on history, recreating their identities and reconstructing their distinct legal pasts. At the same time, historical research has increasingly pointed out the intense interaction between indigenous peoples and European invaders during colonial period. It has become clear that it is difficult to draw a clear line between purely ‘indigenous’ and ‘colonial’ legal traditions due to the hybridisation of indigenous and colonial laws and legal practices. The aim of this paper is to introduce this historiography and its relevance to law and to present some methodological challenges in writing the history of indigenous rights in Latin America resulting from this shift in (legal) historiography.
Der Beitrag ist der urheberrechtlichen Einordnung des sog. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) gewidmet. In einem ersten Abschnitt werden technische, organisatorisch-wirtschaftliche und juristische Unterschiede zwischen dieser Übertragungstechnologie und dem sog. Internet-TV herausgearbeitet. Sodann wird nach Maßgabe der SatCabRL 93/83 geprüft, ob die Ausübungsregeln der §§ 20b, 87 V UrhG nur für klassisches Kabelfernsehen oder auch für IPTV gelten. Das Ergebnis lautet, dass IPTV unter die §§ 20b, 87 V UrhG fällt, soweit sein Einsatz nach der AKM-Entscheidung des EuGH überhaupt eine erlaubnispflichtige öffentliche Wiedergabe darstellt.
The EU Collective Redress Recommendation has invited Member States to introduce collective redress mechanisms by 26 July 2015. The well-known reservations claim potentially abusive litigation and potential settlement of not well-founded claims resulting from controversial funding of cases by means of contingency fees and from ‘opt-out’ class action procedures. The paper posits that there may also be some fear that the European Commission may try to pursue the enforcement of its regulatory agenda in this way at the expense of individual claimants’ interests. Therefore a comparative analysis is carried out to see to what extent concerns about individual rights as opposed to regulatory goals are reflected in the different newly revised systems in place across Europe. As an iterim result the Dutch settlement procedure for mass damage claims, the English Group Litigation Order and the German test case procedure turn out to be relatively well-suited to deal with mass damage claims. At the same time, none of them can quite reach an optimal balance between individual rights and regulatory goals and therefore each of them is subject to criticism. That is why the further question is raised in how far these procedures could complement each other, thus contributing to the enforcement of individual rights without overregulating markets in Europe.