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The earliest known extensive texts in Gullah (and perhaps African American Vernacular English as well) to appear in print were published in The Riverside Magazine for Young People in November, 1868, under the title "Negro Fables" (p. 505-507). These are four animal stories, which the editor of the magazine, Horace Elisha Scudder, described in his column only as having been "taken down from the lips of an old negro, in the vicinity of Charleston" (see Appendix for the editor´s comments and the full text of the stories).2 The Story-Teller was evidently a genuine "man of words" (Abrahams, 1983), a true raconteur who could artistically embellish a simple traditional account (perhaps further embellished by the transcriber) in a variety of ways. That he commanded a certain range of Gullah is evident from particular signature features in the texts, but the absence of other typical Gullah features and the presence of shared Gullah/African American Vernacular English usages, together with the periodic appearance of standard English forms, demonstrate that these texts provide perhaps the earliest actual documentation (apart from early tertiary comments, cited e.g. in Feagin, 1997, p. 128-129) of register variation or style/code-switching among Gullah speakers. ...
Zum Thema: Herdenschutzhunde
(2003)
The definition of similarity between sentences is formulated on the levels of words, POS tags, and chunks (Abney 91; Abney 96). The evaluation of this approach shows that while precision and recall based on the PARSEVAL measures (Black et al. 91) do not reach state of the art Parsers yet (F1=87.19 on syntactic constituents, F1=77.78 including functionargument structure), the parser shows a very reliable performance where function-argument structure is concerned (F1=96.52). The lower F-scores are very often due to unattached constituents.
This paper addresses the problem ofconstraints for relative quantifier sope, in partiular in inverse linking readings wherecertain scope orders are exluded. We show how to account for such restrictions in the Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) framework by adopting a notion offlexible composition. In the semantics we use for TAG we introduce quantifier sets that group quantifiers that are "glued" together in the sense that no other quantifieran scopally intervene between them. Theflexible composition approach allows us to obtain the desired quantifier sets and thereby the desiredconstraints for quantifier sope.
In this paper we propose a compositional semantics for lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (LTAG). Tree-local multicomponent derivations allow separation of the semantic contribution of a lexical item into one component contributing to the predicate argument structure and a second component contributing to scope semantics. Based on this idea a syntax-semantics interface is presented where the compositional semantics depends only on the derivation structure. It is shown that the derivation structure (and indirectly the locality of derivations) allows an appropriate amount of underspecification. This is illustrated by investigating underspecified representations for quantifier scope ambiguities and related phenomena such as adjunct scope and island constraints.
The present work reports two experiments on brain electric correlates of cognitive and emotional functions. (1) Studying paranormal belief, 35-channel resting EEG (10 believers and 13 skeptics) was analyzed with "Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography" (LORETA) in seven frequency bands. LORETA gravity centers of all bands shifted to the left in believers vs. sceptics, and showed that believers had stronger left fronto-temporo-parietal activity than skeptics. Self-rating of affective attitude showed believers to be less negative than skeptics. The observed EEG lateralization agreed with the ‘valence hypothesis’ that posits predominant left hemispheric processing for positive emotions. (2) Studying emotions, positive and negative emotion words were presented to 21 subjects while "Event-Related Potentials" (ERPs) were recorded. During word presentation (450 ms), 13 microstates (steps of information processing) were identified. Three microstates showed different potential maps for positive vs. negative words; LORETA functional imaging showed stronger activity in microstate #4 (106-122 ms) for positive words right anterior, for negative words left central; in #6 (138-166 ms) for positive words left anterior, for negative words left posterior; in #7 (166-198 ms), for positive words right anterior, for negative words right central. In conclusion: during word processing, the extraction of emotion content starts as early as 106 ms after stimulus onset; the brain identifies emotion content repeatedly in three separate, brief microstate epochs; and, this processing of emotion content in the three microstates involves different brain mechanisms to represent the distinction positive vs. negative valence.
Zwei nahe verwandte, zugleich aber antinomische Begriffe markieren das Spannungsfeld, in dem vorliegender Beitrag einige Koordinaten aufzuweisen versucht: Geschichte und Geschichten. Ihr Verhältnis soll aus drei Perspektiven erörtert werden, zunächst hinsichtlich ihrer Rolle in der aktuellen Selbstaufklärung der Historie über ihren Status als "Textwissenschaft". Ein weiterer Abschnitt argumentiert historiographiegeschichtlich; er geht zurück auf die goethezeitliche Genese der Geschichte aus Geschichten. Ziel ist es, den poetikgeschichtlichen Ort der Geschichten, welche die Historie heute schreibt und denkt, zu umreißen. Wie "poetisch" und wie modern, lautet diese dritte Frage, sind die Texte der Geschichte - oder genauer: können sie sein?
Zu den wichtigsten Neuerungen der "Sattelzeit", dem Übergang von der alteuropäischen zur "modernen" Gesellschaft um 1800, gehört die Herausbildung und Etablierung einiger Begriffe, die sich durch ihre Fähigkeit auszeichnen, eine Vielzahl verstreuter Erscheinungen als kontinuierliches Ganzes zu präsentieren. "Kollektivsingulare" hat Reinhart Koselleck diese Begriffe genannt, zu denen beide Definienten des im vorliegenden Band umrissenen Forschungsbereichs zählen: "die Geschichte" ebenso wie "die Literatur". Diese und andere Kollektivsingulare integrieren, was in einer von der Erfahrung beschleunigter Veränderung geprägten Welt, in der das Wißbare beständig wächst, dem verstehenden Zugriff zu entgleiten droht. In der modernen Welt kommt oder – hier muß mittlerweile vielleicht einschränkt werden – kam ihnen daher eine kaum zu überschätzende kognitive wie lebenspraktische Funktion zu.
A taxonomic study of the Staphylinid subfamily Aleocharinae of the Australian Region is presented, including a critical revision of 14 typical series, the lectotype of which is designated when necessary. 10 new genera are deseribed (3 in Athetini, 2 in Thamiaraeini, and 5 in Oxypodini) and 38 species (3 in Gyrophaenini, 2 in Bolitocharini, 4 in Diestotini, 21 in Athetini, 5 in Thamiaraeini, and 3 in Oxypodini). New combinations are proposed for 12 species (l in Homalotini, 1 in Diestotini, 3 in Athetini, 6 in Oxypodini, and 1 in Aleocharini). The genus Correa Fauvel is considered junior synonym of the genus Aleochara. Every new genus and species is described and illustrated.