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"Back to basics" : a cognitive analysis of conversion de-adjectival nominalisation in English
(2003)
How far can language-specific structures influence conceptualisation? After a period of time where the discussion of any ‘Whorfian’ effects tended to be considered of little scientific merit, the recent decade has seen a renewed interest in this question. In particular, studies have aimed to tease apart ‘thinking for speaking’ from general cognition (cf. Slobin 1996, Stutterheim & Nüse 2002) and have shown that language-specific differences can often be observed in verbalisation as well as in the preverbal preparation phase of speech production, rather than in non-linguistic tasks.
Vorliegender Beitrag geht davon aus, dass das Kulturphänomen "Deutsche Sprache" in Form und Gebrauch eine weitgehend regionale (areale) Inhomogenität aufweist. Im Argumentationsrahmen einer variationslinguistischen Dialektologie wird versucht, die diatopische Variationsbreite der deutschen Sprache zu umreißen und vor diesem Hintergrund eine spezifische bilinguale dialektale Kontaktvarietät des Deutschen (nämlich das sog. ,,Kontaktdeutsch") in ihrer synchron wie auch diachron überaus dynamischen Ausprägungsstruktur zu beschreiben und in das gegenwärtige Varietätenspektrum des Deutschen - sowohl hinsichtlich seiner Vetonung als auch seiner Dignität - einzuordnen. Somit soll auch zur Erforschung der inneren Dynamik der Varietätenvielfalt beigetragent werden.
Sprache ist der Grundstein in der Bildung und im Zusammenhalt soziokultureller Gruppen. Jedoch wird sie auch so von der Gruppe beeinflusst, dass sich verschiedene soziokulturelle Konventionen unbewusst in den sprachlichen Beiträgen von Mitgliedern solcher Gruppen widerspiegeln. Bei Interaktionen zwischen Sprechern verschiedener Kulturen können Unstimmigkeiten der Erwartungen in Bezug auf den Konversationsstil zu Missverständnissen führen, sowie zu Konflikten und sogar zur Bildung bzw. Verstärkung von Stereotypen. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist, einige Beispiele und Überlegungen bezüglich der Beziehung zwischen Konversationsstil und Interkulturalität in Anlehnung an den Ausdruck von Dissens zu präsentieren.
The large majority of the isoglosses which can be established in the South Slavic dialectal area date from the time of the disintegration of Common Slavic and from more recent periods (e.g., Ivi´c 1958: 25ff). The isoglosses have often shifted in the course of the centuries, so that their original position cannot always be determined. In this study I shall concentrate upon the dialectal differences which originated before the 10th century. At that time, Slavic was still a largely uniform language, though it was certainly not completely homogeneous.
This paper presents a definition of phraseology, and based on this definition it establishes the different types of phraseological units. Then it tries to characterize the idiomatic expression as a metaphoric expression within the scope of phraseologisms, and presents a morpho-syntactic classification of these idioms. The next step consists of a comparison between verbal idiomatic expressions in German and Brazilian Portuguese in order to establish a typology of equivalences between the two languages. It also compares same type of. restrictions which occur in idiomatic expressions of both languages, and emphasizes the importance of register in some of the expressions.
In this paper we propose a compositional semantics for lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (LTAG). Tree-local multicomponent derivations allow separation of the semantic contribution of a lexical item into one component contributing to the predicate argument structure and a second component contributing to scope semantics. Based on this idea a syntax-semantics interface is presented where the compositional semantics depends only on the derivation structure. It is shown that the derivation structure (and indirectly the locality of derivations) allows an appropriate amount of underspecification. This is illustrated by investigating underspecified representations for quantifier scope ambiguities and related phenomena such as adjunct scope and island constraints.