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In the German-speaking regions of Switzerland, dialect is spoken by all social groups in most communicative situations, Standard German being used only when prescribed. Swiss dialects rarely appeared in written form before the 1980s, apart from the genre of dialect literature. Due to the growing acceptance of informal writing styles in many European languages, dialect is increasingly employed for written personal communication, in particular in computer-mediated communication (CMC). In Swiss Internet Relay Chat (IRC) rooms, varieties of German are used side by side as all chatters have a command of both standard and dialectal varieties. Depending on the channel, the proportion of dialectal contributions can be as high as 90 percent. The choice of a particular variety depends on both individual preference and on the predominant variety used within a specific thread. In this paper I take a quantitative approach to language variation in IRC and demonstrate how such an approach can help embed qualitative research on code-switching in CMC.
There is an inexhaustible stream of theoretical work on aspect. More than 20 major books of a gelteral nature have come out during the past few years, not to mention the vast amount of shorter articles. The theoretical proposals found in these works are often radically different. What is the state of the art in this highly controversial area? To what extent can the "ordinary working linguist" profit from the flood of theoretical proposals? This paper started out as a review article on five recent books on aspect. These reviews are incorporated here into a general assessment of contemporary aspect theories. We will classify different approaches to aspect and try to sort out their theoretical primitives. The paper concludes wich a brief summary pointing out the most urgent desiderata for a typologically adequate approach to aspect.
In this article, we analyse the use of modality markers in a German text taken from the Freiburger Korpus. We notice how the necessity of preserving face influences the speakers' choices of downgraders and upgraders, devices that determine the intensity of the speech acts and, therefore, the mood of the interaction.
Rezeptive Mehrsprachigkeit ist eine der jüngsten Forderungen der EU-Kommission zum Erreichen einer realistischen Mehrsprachigkeit in Europa. Die maximalistischen Forderungen nach Perfektion in allen sprachlichen Kompetenzen haben sich in den nationalen Unterrichtswesen als illusionär erwiesen, da diese nirgendwo von statistisch nachvollziehbarem Erfolg gekrönt sind. Die sprachliche Diversität im multilingualen Europa findet sich nicht in der Realität der Bildungssysteme wieder. Zwar verfügen heute europaweit 26 % der Europäer über eine zweite und 8% über eine dritte Fremdsprache, in den einzelnen Ländern sieht es jedoch oft desolat aus. Während in den kleineren Unionsländern kaum jemand als nur monolingual gilt (Luxemburg 2%) ist die Krankheit der Einsprachigkeit in den großen EU-Staaten seuchenhaft verbreitet, etwa Großbritannien mit 66%. Dies hat in den neunziger Jahren in der Kommission zu den Postulaten geführt, die sich die Forschergruppe EuroCom als Programm gesetzt hat, nämlich Mehrsprachigkeit über den Einstieg in rezeptive Kompetenzen modularisiert und kognitiv über Transferbasen innerhalb von Sprachfamilien zu erreichen. EuroCom steht dabei als Kürzel für Eurocomprehension, ein Akronym für Europäische Interkomprehension in den drei großen Sprachengruppen Europas, der romanischen, slawischen und germanischen. Die Beschränkung auf rezeptive Kompetenzen ist dabei nur ein methodisches Ausgangsprinzip, das es ermöglicht, Mehrsprachigkeit besonders schnell über das Leseverständnis zu erreichen und modularisiert auf Hörverständnis und aktive Sprechkompetenz sukzessiv auszuweiten. Die Methode EuroCom arbeitet über die Aktivierung intralingualen Wissens mit linguistischem Transfermaterial in nahverwandten Sprachen, das als kognitives Potential den Erschließungsprozess optimiert und in kürzester Zeit ein Lese- und Hörverstehen in einer ganzen Sprachenfamilie erreichbar macht. ...
This paper argues that short (clause-internal) scrambling to a pre-subject position has A properties in Japanese but A'-properties in German, while long scrambling (scrambling across sentence boundaries) from finite clauses, which is possible in Japanese but not in German, has A'-properties throughout. It is shown that these differences between German and Japanese can be traced back to parametric variation of phrase structure and the parameterized properties of functional heads. Due to the properties of Agreement, sentences in Japanese may contain multiple (Agro- and Agrs-) specifiers whereas German does not allow for this. In Japanese, a scrambled element may be located in a Spec AgrP, i.e. an A- or L-related position, whereas scrambled NPs in German can only appear in an AgrP-adjoined (broadly-L-related) position, which only has A'-properties. Given our assumption that successive cyclic adjunction is generally impossible, elements in German may not be long scrambled because a scrambled element that is moved to an adjunction site inside an embedded clause may not move further. In Japanese, long distance scrambling out of finite CPs is possible since scrambling may proceed in a successive cyclic manner via embedded Spec- (AgrP) positions. Our analysis of the differences between German and Japanese scrambling provides us with an account of further contrasts between the two languages such as the existence of surprising asymmetries between German and Japanese remnant-movement phenomena, and the fact that unlike German, Japanese freely allows wh-scrambling. Investigation of the properties of Japanese wh-movement also leads us to the formulation of the "Wh-cluster Hypothesis", which implies that Japanese is an LF multiple wh-fronting language.
This paper builds on Zwicky's (1986) notion of shape condition, that is, a rule that specifies the phonological shape of inflected forms "by reference to triggers at least some of which lie outside the syntactic word". Zwicky observes that "many rules traditionally classified as external sandhi rules are [shape conditions]". They are not phonological rules in the usual sense, since they only apply to specific lexical items and are active within syntactic rather than phonological domains.
Shape conditions are problematic in many standard grammar architectures. On the one hand, they seem to be constraints on lexical entries, while on the other hand, they make reference to the syntactic context. Hayes (1990) has sketched a theory of "precompiled phrasal phonology" in which allomorph choice is conditioned by subcategorization frames in lexical entries. However, his approach is not formalized in any detail, and moreover makes the implicit claim that the relation between a shape condition target and its triggers can be equated with the syntactic relation between a lexical head and its complement. Although this assumption holds good for the Hausa phenomena he addresses, we do not believe that it holds in general.
HPSG appears to offer promising framework for formalizing something like Hayes' approach, but the standard machinery also makes it hard to distinguish a shape condition trigger from a complement. In order to overcome this difficulty, we develop the notion of phonological context: a feature of signs which allows us to condition allomorphic alternation in terms of (i) the phonological edges, and (ii) the syntactic properties of an expression's immediate syntactic sisters. We show how our analysis deals with four illustrative cases: the indefinite article alternation in English, syncretic liaison forms for possessive pronouns in French, Hausa verb-final vowel shortening, and soft mutation in Welsh nouns.
This paper presents an overview of Corpus Linguistics and some possibilities of studies with corpora. It gives suggestions on how to build a corpus and shows the application of Corpus Linguistics in different areas of linguistic research.