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The language, and especially vocabulary, reflects very precise changes taking place in extralinguistic provinces. This article demonstrates the development of masculine names of persons and jobs which until now have been reserved for women, hence in the maternity and education field, comparative - in Polish and German. First, the article presents the systemic possibilities of both languages to mark the gender or gender neutrality. Then, on chosen examples found on Internet forums, it demonstrates how nowadays they are realized in "parole".
This paper is concerned with the cultural reality characterised by the cmmunication within bi- or multilingual groups, in comparison to monolingual comniunication. In other words, such groups use their varieties of language differently. In this respect the paper deals with a culture of multilingualisrn, with a primary aim of highlighting subtly the characteristics end structure of the bi- or multilingual way of speaking. In particular, the predominant goal of this study is to emphasize respects of the "mixed" speech behaviour (the bilingual inode of discourse); and of innovations in speech and communication of transcultural bi- or multilingualism utilizing the example of the German as a minority language in Hungary. On the basis of the research it has become clear that linguistic variations and differentes should not be viewed automatically as individual mistakes but as a reaction to a new conununicative challenge. The conclusions for the discipline of "applird lingusitics" encompass that: all outcornes of communicative dynamic processes on the system of language concerning monolingual as well as bilingual language behaviour (inclusive of both "natural" and "artificial" bi- or multilingualism), should be considered more subtly both in theory and practice. In addition these outcomes must be analysed and heuristically described within an integrated frame.
A comprehensive investigation of Japanese particle was missing up to now. General implications were set up without the fact that a comprehensive analysis was carried out. [...] We offer a lexicalist treatment of the problem. Instead of assuming different phrase structure rules we state a type hierarchy of Japanese particles. This makes a uniform treatment of phrase structure as well as a differentiation of subcategorization patterns possible.
We present a solution for the representation of Japanese honorifical information in the HPSG framework. Basically, there are three dimensions of honorification. We show that a treatment is necessary that involves both the syntactic and the contextual level of information. The japanese grammar is part of a machine translation system.
Jan Snyman papers
(2007)
Biographical history and context: Professor Jan Snyman spent most of his life researching the lesser known and marginalised San languages of Botswana and South West Africa (now Namibia). Together with O. Kohler, E. Westphal and A. Traill, he pioneered linguistic studies on these endangered languages of Africa. He contributed significantly in collection of the data that helped classify and understand the grammar of San languages. Snyman also wrote several grammars in the form of monographs and notes on these languages. By the time he died, in 2002, a draft for the Tshwaa and Kua languages had been completed. Content: Linguistic, phonetics and orthography research materials including fonts for phonetic languages. Covering dates: 1967-2000
Jagić o Maretiću
(2008)
In this text, we describe the development of a broad coverage grammar for Japanese that has been built for and used in different application contexts. The grammar is based on work done in the Verbmobil project (Siegel 2000) on machine translation of spoken dialogues in the domain of travel planning. The second application for JACY was the automatic email response task. Grammar development was described in Oepen et al. (2002a). Third, it was applied to the task of understanding material on mobile phones available on the internet, while embedded in the project DeepThought (Callmeier et al. 2004, Uszkoreit et al. 2004). Currently, it is being used for treebanking and ontology extraction from dictionary definition sentences by the Japanese company NTT (Bond et al. 2004).
Cilj je ovoga rada predstaviti morfološke značajke imenica a-deklinacije u govoru Svetoga Đurđa. Analiza se temelji na ekscerpiranim primjerima iz transkripcija ogledā slobodnoga govora prikupljenih tijekom vlastitih terenskih istraživanja te na podatcima iz detaljnih morfoloških upitnika. Građa je provjerena i u Rječniku govora Svetog Đurđa. U radu su imenice a-vrste opisane po sljedećemu načelu: najprije je predstavljen tablični pregled nastavaka u vrsti te su zabilježene posebnosti vezane uz određene padeže. Poslije njih slijedi pregled morfonoloških alternacija, naglasnih tipova iz sinkronijske perspektive te pregled povijesnoga razvoja morfologije imenica navedene vrste. Posebno su analizirane te objašnjene u komentarima imenice koje se svojom paradigmom ne uklapaju u najčešće obrasce. Zaključci dobiveni ovim istraživanjem uspoređeni su s dosad objavljenim prikazima morfologije govora Svetoga Đurđa u kritičkome osvrtu. Novi, detaljniji i precizniji zaključci, koji potiču na opis drugih sklonidbenih vrsta imenica, odnosno, morfološki opis drugih vrsta riječi, doprinijet će boljemu poznavanju govora.