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Institute
In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird eine Zusammenfassung über den aktuellen Wissensstand zu Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- /Hyperaktivitätsstörungen sowie bestehenden Therapieoptionen gegeben. Anschließend wird eine eigene Pilotstudie vorgestellt, in welcher zwei nicht-pharmakolgische Interventionen, Neurofeedback (NF, EEG-Biofeedback) und Marburger Konzentrationstraining (MKT), miteinander verglichen werden. In den letzten Jahren hat der Evidenzgrad des Neurofeedbacks kontinuierlich zugenommen. Neurofeedback ist ein verhaltenstherapeutisches Verfahren mit dem Ziel, abhängig vom angewandten Trainings-Protokoll eine entsprechende Veränderung des EEG-Frequenzspektrums oder der ereigniskorrelierten Potentiale bei Patienten zu bewirken. Mittels dieser Modifikationen soll eine Verbesserung der ADHS-Symptomatik bedingt werden. Das Marburger Konzentrationstraining stellt eine kognitiv-behaviorale Gruppentherapie dar, deren Durchführung an das Manual von Krowatschek und Mitarbeiter (2004a) angelehnt wurde. Aus dem natürlichen Patientenzulauf der kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Ambulanz der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität wurden 47 Kinder im Alter von 6 bis 14 Jahren mit der Diagnose einer einfachen Aktivitäts- und Aufmerksamkeitsstörung (F90.0) zufällig auf die Interventionen verteilt. Unter gleichen Rahmenbedingungen erhielten 22 Probanden 10 Einzelsitzungen à 45 Minuten NF-Training mit einem Theta/Beta-Protokoll und 25 Probanden 6 Gruppensitzungen des Marburger Konzentrationstrainings à 60 Minuten. Parallel wurde ein Elterntraining mit insgesamt 5 Sitzungen angeboten. Zur Erfassung und Evaluation der ADHS-Kernsymptomatik sowie begleitender Psychopathologien wurden zu zwei Messzeitpunkten T1 (= direkt vor) und T2 (= direkt nach) dem Training sowohl neuropsychologische Testungen (objektive Ebene) durchgeführt als auch Fragebögen an Kinder, Eltern und Lehrer (subjektive Ebenen) verteilt. Die Analysen ergaben für beide Interventionen eine Reduktion der Kernsymptomatik. Wider Erwarten kam es in der NF-Gruppe lediglich zu einer tendenziellen Verminderung impulsiver und hyperaktiver Verhaltensweisen, während die MKT-Gruppe signifikante Ergebnisse für alle Verhaltensbereiche aufwies. Dementsprechend bestätigte eine Vergleichsevaluation, entgegen der ursprünglichen Annahmen eine Überlegenheit der MKT-Bedingung bezüglich der Kernsymptomatik. 125 von 189 Vergleichsanalysen zur Begleitproblematik erbrachten für beide Interventionen signifikante Verbesserungen im schulischen und sozialen Bereich sowie in Bezug auf begleitende Psychopathologien und die Gesamtproblematik. Hier wiederum erwies sich das Neurofeedback im familiären Bereich als überlegen. Auf der Suche nach Prädiktoren zeigten die Variablen „Alter“, „Erziehungsstil“ und „Teilnahme am Elterntraining“ bedeutsame Effekte. So scheinen ältere Kinder eher vom NF, die jüngeren Kinder hingegen vor allem vom MKT zu profitieren. Die Einbeziehung der Eltern ins Training scheint auf jeden Fall sinnvoll zu sein, wobei sich hier keine eindeutigen Rückschlüsse ziehen lassen. Des Weiteren ließ sich bei den Teilnehmern des Marburger Konzentrationstrainings ein prädiktiver Einfluss von Geschlecht und Intelligenzquotient erahnen. In der Zusammenschau konnte für beide Interventionen der Evidenzgrad als Therapie einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- /Hyperaktivitätsstörung erhöht werden. Beide Behandlungen vermindern die Kernsymptomatik, wobei das Neurofeedback scheinbar speziell die Impulskontrolle erhöht während das Marburger Konzentrationstraining einen besonders großen Einfluss auf die Unaufmerksamkeit ausübt. Auch bezüglich der Begleitsymptomatik werden jeweils signifikante Effekte erzielt. Diesbezüglich zeigte sich hier das Neurofeedback im familiären Bereich überlegen. Zum Teil lassen sich die Veränderungen auf spezifische Trainingseffekte zurückführen. Es ergaben sich erstmalig Hinweise auf Prädiktoren. In jedem Fall ist weitere Forschungsarbeit mit größeren Stichproben, angemessenen Kontrollbedingungen und Veränderungsmaßen notwendig. So bleiben noch viele Fragen offen, wie beispielsweise die spezifischen Wirkungsweisen beider Interventionen, entsprechende Rahmenbedingungen, Prädiktoren und die Langfristigkeit der Behandlungsmethoden.
Rhinoliths are mineralised foreign bodies in the nasal cavity that are a chance finding at anterior rhinoscopy. Undiscovered, they grow appreciably in size and can cause a foul-smelling nasal discharge and breathing problems. Giant nasal stones are now a very rare occurrence, since improved diagnostic techniques, such as endoscopic/microscopic rhinoscopy, now make it possible to identify foreign bodies at an early stage of development. We report the case of a 37-year-old patient who, at the age of 5-6 years, introduced a foreign body, probably a stone, into his right nasal cavity. On presentation, he complained of difficulty in breathing through the right nostril that had persisted for the last 10 years. For the past four years a strong fetid smell from the nose had been apparent to those in his vicinity. Under general anaesthesia, the stone was removed in toto from the right nasal cavity. The possible genesis of the rhinolith is discussed, our case compared with those described in the literature, and possible differential diagnoses are considered.
Moderately elevated levels of plasma plant sterols have been suspected to be causally involved in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plant sterols and other markers of sterol metabolism predicted all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular health (LURIC) study. A total of 1,257 individuals who did not use statins and at baseline had a mean (± SD) age of 62.8 (± 11.0) years were included in the present analysis. Lathosterol, cholestanol, campesterol, and sitosterol were measured to estimate cholesterol synthesis and absorption. The mean (± SD) time of the follow-up for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was 7.32 (± 2.3) years. All-cause (P = 0.001) and cardiovascular (P = 0.006) mortality were decreased in the highest versus the lowest lathosterol to cholesterol tertile. In contrast, subjects in the third cholestanol to cholesterol tertile had increased all-cause (P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (P = 0.010) compared with individuals in the first tertile. The third campesterol to cholesterol tertile was associated with increased all-cause mortality (P = 0.025). Sitosterol to cholesterol tertiles were not significantly related to all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. The data suggest that high absorption and low synthesis of cholesterol predict increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in LURIC participants.
Qualitative und quantitative serologische Verfahren können durch Interferenzen gestört sein. Wir konnten in einem exemplarischen Fall anhand des Influenza A/H1N1v-Hämagglutinationshemmtests (H1N1-HHT) zeigen, dass auch Hyposensibilisierungstherapie und Vakzination zu Interaktionen in der serologischen Diagnostik führen und die Aussagekraft des H1N1-HHT massiv beeinträchtigen. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass Hyposensibilisierung und Vakzination im Klinik- und Praxisalltag häufig erbrachte Leistungen darstellen, erscheint dieser Umstand berichtenswert.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are implicated in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis. PPAR agonists have been shown to control inflammatory processes, in part by inhibiting distinct proinflammatory genes (e.g. Il-1β and IFN-γ). IL-8 is a member of the proinflammatory chemokine family that is important for various functions, such as mediating the adhesion of eosinophilic granulocytes onto endothelial cells. The influence of PPARδ activators on the expression of IL-8 in noninduced quiescent endothelial cells is unclear. Therefore, we explored the influence of PPARδ activators on the expression of IL-8 in nonstimulated endothelial cells. PPARδ agonists induce IL-8 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. This induction is demonstrated at the level of both protein and mRNA expression. Transcriptional activation studies using IL-8 reporter gene constructs and DNA binding assays revealed that PPARδ agonists mediated their effects via an NFκB binding site. It is well known that IL-8 is also regulated by mRNA stability. To provide further evidence for this concept, we performed mRNA stability assays and found that PPARδ agonists induce the mRNA stability of IL-8. In addition, we showed that PPARδ agonists induce the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, which are known to be involved in the increase of mRNA stability. The inhibition of these MAPK signaling pathways resulted in a significant suppression of the induced IL-8 expression and the reduced mRNA stability. Therefore, our data provide the first evidence that PPARδ induces IL-8 expression in nonstimulated endothelial cells via transcriptional as well as posttranscriptional mechanisms.
ecently, pertussis has become a problem also in the adult population, with incidences even higher than in children. Pediatric health care workers (HCWs) are an important source of transmission, exposing very young and immunocompromised patients to an increased risk of potentially severe pertussis infections. Encouraging HCWs to get vaccinated can play a vital role in stopping the transmission of pertussis, thereby reducing institutional outbreaks.
In Germany, HCWs come up with all sorts of reasons for not getting pertussis vaccination. This study was meant to provide information in order to better understand the backgrounds of these attitudes.
A survey was conducted at the children's university hospital in Frankfurt, using an anonymous questionnaire. Survey results were used to design an intervention to increase the immunization rate of staff. Disappointingly, our efforts to increase the acceptance of the immunization program by providing information in advance were not yet satisfying.
Misconception about pertussis vaccination was prevalent especially among nursing staff. The main reasons for non-compliance included: unawareness of an own risk of infection, the belief that pertussis is not a serious illness, fear of side effects, the belief that the pertussis vaccine might trigger the pertussis disease itself, and skepticism about the efficacy of the pertussis vaccination.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gained considerable interest as a therapeutic target during chronic inflammatory diseases. Remarkably, the pathogenesis of diseases such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer is associated with impaired PPARγ expression. Considering that regulation of PPARγ expression during inflammation is largely unknown, we were interested in elucidating underlying mechanisms. To this end, we initiated an inflammatory response by exposing primary human macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and observed a rapid decline of PPARγ1 expression. Because promoter activities were not affected by LPS, we focused on mRNA stability and noticed a decreased mRNA half-life. As RNA stability is often regulated via 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs), we analyzed the impact of the PPARγ-3′-UTR by reporter assays using specific constructs. LPS significantly reduced luciferase activity of the pGL3-PPARγ-3′-UTR, suggesting that PPARγ1 mRNA is destabilized. Deletion or mutation of a potential microRNA-27a/b (miR-27a/b) binding site within the 3′-UTR restored luciferase activity. Moreover, inhibition of miR-27b, which was induced upon LPS exposure, partially reversed PPARγ1 mRNA decay, whereas miR-27b overexpression decreased PPARγ1 mRNA content. In addition, LPS further reduced this decay. The functional relevance of miR-27b-dependent PPARγ1 decrease was proven by inhibition or overexpression of miR-27b, which affected LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-6. We provide evidence that LPS-induced miR-27b contributes to destabilization of PPARγ1 mRNA. Understanding molecular mechanisms decreasing PPARγ might help to better appreciate inflammatory diseases.
Background: The apoptosis-inducing serine protease granzyme B (GrB) is an important factor contributing to lysis of target cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Expression of enzymatically active GrB in recombinant form is a prerequisite for functional analysis and application of GrB for therapeutic purposes. Methods and Findings: We investigated the influence of bacterial maltose-binding protein (MBP) fused to GrB via a synthetic furin recognition motif on the expression of the MBP fusion protein also containing an N-terminal alpha-factor signal peptide in the yeast Pichia pastoris. MBP markedly enhanced the amount of GrB secreted into culture supernatant, which was not the case when GrB was fused to GST. MBP-GrB fusion protein was cleaved during secretion by an endogenous furin-like proteolytic activity in vivo, liberating enzymatically active GrB without the need of subsequent in vitro processing. Similar results were obtained upon expression of a recombinant fragment of the ErbB2/HER2 receptor protein or GST as MBP fusions. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that combination of MBP as a solubility enhancer with specific in vivo cleavage augments secretion of processed and functionally active proteins from yeast. This strategy may be generally applicable to improve folding and increase yields of recombinant proteins.
This review critically analyzes the clinical data of patients with suspected kava hepatotoxicity and suggests recommendations for minimizing risk. Kava is a plant (Piper methysticum) of the pepper family Piperaceae, and its rhizome is used for traditional aqueous extracts in the South Pacific Islands and for commercial ethanolic and acetonic medicinal products as anxiolytic herbs in Western countries. A regulatory ban for ethanolic and acetonic kava extracts was issued in 2002 for Germany on the basis of reports connecting liver disease with the use of kava, but the regulatory causality assessment was a matter of international discussions. Based on one positive reexposure test with the kava drug, it was indeed confirmed that kava is potentially hepatotoxic. In subsequent studies using a structured, quantitative and hepatotoxicity specific causality assessment method in 14 patients with liver disease described worldwide, causality for kava ± co-medicated drugs and dietary supplements including herbal ones was highly probable (n = 1), probable (n = 4) or possible (n = 9) regarding aqueous extracts (n = 3), ethanolic extracts (n = 5), acetonic extracts (n = 4), and mixtures containing kava (n = 2). Risk factors included overdose, prolonged treatment, and comedication with synthetic drugs and dietary supplements comprizing herbal ones in most of the 14 patients. Hepatotoxicity occurred independently of the used solvent, suggesting poor kava raw material quality as additional causative factor. In conclusion, in a few individuals kava may be hepatotoxic due to overdose, prolonged treatment, comedication, and probably triggered by an unacceptable quality of the kava raw material; standardization is now required, minimizing thereby hepatotoxic risks.