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Pain and pain chronification are incompletely understood and unresolved medical problems that continue to have a high prevalence. It has been accepted that pain is a complex phenomenon. Contemporary methods of computational science can use complex clinical and experimental data to better understand the complexity of pain. Among data science techniques, machine learning is referred to as a set of methods that can automatically detect patterns in data and then use the uncovered patterns to predict or classify future data, to observe structures such as subgroups in the data, or to extract information from the data suitable to derive new knowledge. Together with (bio)statistics, artificial intelligence and machine learning aim at learning from data. ...
Neben der Karotisendarterektomie wurde seit Ende der 80er Jahren die weniger invasive endovaskuläre Behandlung mit PTA und Stentimplantation zur Schlaganfallprävention entwickelt. Infolge der schnellen technischen Entwicklung wurden neue, sich besser an die anatomischen Verhältnisse anpassende Karotisstents und Protektionssysteme zum Schutz vor embolischen Komplikationen eingeführt, deren Nutzen anhand von klinischen Daten bisher nicht endgültig bewiesen werden konnte. Insbesondere der Nutzen von Filtersystemen wurde vor dem Hintergrund, dass in einigen Studien auch ohne Protektion nur geringe klinische Komplikationsraten auftraten, kontrovers diskutiert. Da klinische Komplikationen nach neuroangiographischen Eingriffen relativ selten sind, wurde früher schon von anderen Arbeitsgruppen die diffusionsgewichtete MRT-Bildgebung eingesetzt, um subklinische Komplikationen in Form von mikroembolischen Infarkten zu detektieren, die häufiger vorkommen als klinisch manifeste Schlaganfälle und als geeigneter Surrogatparameter für das Embolierisiko endovaskulärer Prozeduren gelten. . Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, mit Hilfe von nach der Stentapplikation durchgeführten DWI-Aufnahmen festzustellen, ob trotz konsequentem Einsatz von Embolieschutzfiltern noch ischämische Läsionen nachweisbar sind und ggf. Risikofaktoren für deren Auftreten zu definieren.
The conventional approach of looking down a microscope to perform microsurgical procedures is associated with occupational injuries, anti-ergonomic postures, and increased tremor and fatigue, all of which predispose microsurgeons to early retirement. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) visualization of real-time microscope magnification has been developed as an alternative. Despite its commercial availability, no supermicrosurgical procedures have been reported using this technology to date. Lymphovenous anastomoses (LVAs) often require suturing vessels with diameters of 0.2–0.8 mm, thus representing the ultimate microsurgical challenge. After performing the first documented LVA procedure using 3D-augmented visualization in our unit and gaining experience with this technique, we conducted an anonymized in-house survey among microsurgeons who had used this approach. The participants considered that 3D visualization for supermicrosurgery was equivalent in terms of handling, optical detail, depth resolution, and safety to conventional binocular magnification. This survey revealed that team communication, resident education, and ergonomics were superior using 3D digital hybrid visualization. Postoperative muscle fatigue, tremor, and pain were also reduced. The major drawbacks of the 3D visualization microscopic systems are the associated costs, required space, and difficulty of visualizing the lymphatic contrast used.
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma with a preserved B‐cell phenotype and follicular T helper (TFH) cells rosetting around the tumor cells, the lymphocyte‐predominant (LP) cells. As we recently described reactivity of the B‐cell receptors of LP cells of some NLPHL cases with Moraxella spp. proteins, we hypothesized that LP cells could present peptides to rosetting T cells in a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)‐bound manner. Rosetting PD1+ T cells were present in the majority of NLPHL cases, both in typical (17/20) and variant patterns (16/19). In most cases, T‐cell rosettes were CD69+ (typical NLPHL, 17/20; NLPHL variant, 14/19). Furthermore, both MHCII alpha and beta chains were expressed in the LP cells in 23/39 NLPHL. Proximity ligation assay and confocal laser imaging demonstrated interaction of the MHCII beta chain expressed by the LP cells and the T‐cell receptor alpha chain expressed by rosetting T cells. We thus conclude that rosetting T cells in NLPHL express markers that are encountered after antigenic exposure, that MHCII is expressed by the LP cells, and that LP cells interact with rosetting T cells in an immunological synapse in a subset of cases. As they likely receive growth stimulatory signals in this way, blockade of this interaction, for example, by PD1‐directed checkpoint inhibitors, could be a treatment option in a subset of cases in the future.
Die vorliegende Dissertation stellt Ludwig Edinger (1855-1918) erstmals im Kontext der Entwicklung dar, die das von ihm begründete Neurologische Institut nach seinem Tode genommen hat. Die aufgeworfene Problemstellung konzentriert sich auf die Rekonstruktion dessen, was Edinger in seinem Neurologischen Institut verwirklichen wollte. Mit dieser Institutions- und Ideengeschichte sind menschliche Schicksale unauflösbar verbunden. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sollen abschließend kurz zusammengefasst werden: 1.) Die kritische Diskussion des bisherigen Rezeptionsstandes, dessen geschichtliche Etappen rekonstruiert wurden, demonstrierte detailliert die bis in die Gegenwart reichenden Verkürzungen im Verständnis von Leben und Werk Ludwig Edingers. Für eine angemessene Erinnerung an die Bedeutung dieses deutschen Juden erwies sich der Nationalsozialismus als entscheidende Zäsur. Ein fast vollständiges Tabu über der Institutsgeschichte zwischen dem Beginn des Ersten und dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges war die wirkungsgeschichtliche Folge (Kapitel I). 2.) Demgegenüber galt es zunächst, den Zusammenhang zwischen Edingers deutsch-jüdischer Lebensgeschichte und der inneren Einheit seines wissenschaftlichen Werkes in den Blick zu rücken (Kapitel II). 3.) Ludwig Edinger ist nun nicht mehr nur als vergleichend-neuroanatomischer Grundlagenforscher, sondern auch als praktischer und theoretisierender Nervenarzt erkennbar (Kapitel III und IV). 4.) Rekonstruiert wurde das interdisziplinäre Forschungsprogramm, das Ludwig Edinger in seinem Neurologischen Instituts verwirklichen wollte (Kapitel IV). 5.) Ein Produkt dieses neurowissenschaftlichen Projekts war die von Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) begründete Neuropsychologie (Kapitel IV, V und VI). 6.) Einen weiteren Zweig bildete die ebenfalls in den zwanziger Jahren begründete Paläoneurologie Tilly Edingers (1897-1967), die familiengeschichtlich, kulturell und wissenschaftlich an Leben und Werk ihres Vater anknüpfte (Kapitel VII). 7.) Dargestellt wurde schließlich die mehrschichtige Bedeutung Johann Wolfgang von Goethes für deutsch-jüdischen Neurowissenschaftler aus Frankfurt am Main, die bis ins US-amerikanische Exil hineinreichte (Kapitel VIII). Über die Erforschung der genannten Problembereiche hinaus versteht sich die skizzierte Zusammenführung von deutsch-jüdischer Akkulturations- und Emigrationsgeschichte mit der Wissenschaftsgeschichte einer medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplin als die eigentliche historiographische Innovation der vorliegenden Dissertation. Die Geschichte des Neurologischen Instituts nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wäre Gegenstand einer eigenen Arbeit, die auch zu diskutieren hätte, welche Aspekte an Ludwig Edingers Vermächtnis aktualisiert wurden. Ein erster Überblick hierzu liegt vor.
Latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 4 (LTBP4) belongs to the fibrillin/LTBP family of proteins and plays an important role as a structural component of extracellular matrix (ECM) and local regulator of TGFβ signaling. We have previously reported that Ltbp4S knock out mice (Ltbp4S −/−) develop centrilobular emphysema reminiscent of late stage COPD, which could be partially rescued by inactivating the antioxidant protein Sestrin 2 (Sesn2). More recent studies showed that Sesn2 knock out mice upregulate Pdgfrβ-controlled alveolar maintenance programs that protect against cigarette smoke induced pulmonary emphysema. Based on this, we hypothesized that the emphysema of Ltbp4S −/− mice is primarily caused by defective Pdgfrβ signaling. Here we show that LTBP4 induces Pdgfrβ signaling by inhibiting the antioxidant Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in a TGFβ-dependent manner. Overall, our data identified Ltbp4 as a major player in lung remodeling and injury repair.
Background: In macrophages Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and induces proinflammatory cytokine expression. Therefore, mechanisms terminating proinflammatory gene expression are important. Autophagy plays a central role in controlling innate immune responses by lysosomal degradation of signaling proteins, thus contributing to the resolution of inflammation. Autophagic proteins like p62 directly interact with molecules involved in the TLR4-signaling pathway, but a correlation with the IRAK E3 ligase and scaffold protein Pellino3 remains obscure. Hence, we are interested in elucidating the function of Pellino3 to prove our hypothesis that it is a key regulator in the TLR4-signaling cascade.
Methods: We used the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model causing polymicrobial sepsis to analyze Pellino3 protein and mRNA expression. Furthermore, we induced endotoxemia in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages by LPS treatment to verify in vivo experiments. Lentiviral Pellino3 knockdown in RAW264.7 macrophages was used for cytokine measurements at mRNA level. To analyze potential Pellino3 binding partners in TLR4-signaling by mass spectrometry (MS), we overexpressed FLAG-tagged Pellino3 in RAW264.7 macrophages, treated cells for 3, 6 and 24 hours with LPS and immunoprecipitated Pellino3 via its FLAG-tag. To consider Pellino3 degradation as a result of p62-mediated autophagy, we transiently knocked down p62 by siRNA in RAW264.7 macrophages and also pharmacologically blocked LPS-induced autophagy by Bafilomycin A1.
Results: We demonstrated Pellino3 protein degradation in primary CD11b+ splenocytes after 24 hours following CLP operation and confirmed this in RAW264.7 macrophages after 24-hour LPS stimulation. Knockdown of Pellino3 attenuates proinflammatory cytokines, for example IL-6 mRNA, after 6 hours of LPS. Furthermore, we found by MS and verifying immunoprecipitation experiments that p62 is a Pellino3 binding partner, thus targeting Pellino3 for degradation. In line, both p62 knockdown and Bafilomycin A1 treatment prevent Pellino3 degradation, supporting an autophagic mechanism.
Conclusion: Our observations highlight a regulatory role of Pellino3 on TLR4 signaling. Thus, antagonism of Pellino3 in the hyperinflammatory phase of sepsis may counteract the cytokine storm. Furthermore, stabilization of Pellino3 by inhibition of autophagy in the hypoinflammatory phase of sepsis may improve immunity. In consideration of these two conflictive sepsis phases, modulation of Pellino3 may provide a new strategy for the development of a therapy approach in sepsis.
High tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) is a characteristic of most solid tumors. TIFP may hamper adequate uptake of macromolecular therapeutics in tumor tissue. In addition, TIFP generates mechanical forces affecting the tumor cortex, which might influence the growth parameters of tumor cells. This seems likely as, in other tissues (namely, blood vessels or the skin), mechanical stretch is known to trigger proliferation. Therefore, we hypothesize that TIFP-induced stretch modulates proliferation-associated parameters. Solid epithelial tumors (A431 and A549) were grown in Naval Medical Research Institute nude mice, generating a TIFP of about 10 mm Hg (A431) or 5 mm Hg (A549). Tumor drainage of the central cystic area led to a rapid decline of TIFP, together with visible relaxation of the tumor cortex. It was found by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis that TIFP lowering yields a decreased phosphorylation of proliferation-associated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumor relaxation. In confirmation, immunohistochemical staining showed a decrease of tumor-associated proliferation marker Ki-67 after TIFP lowering. These data suggest that the mechanical stretch induced by TIFP is a positive modulator of tumor proliferation.
Low-frequency spike-field coherence is a fingerprint of periodicity coding in the auditory cortex
(2018)
The extraction of temporal information from sensory input streams is of paramount importance in the auditory system. In this study, amplitude-modulated sounds were used as stimuli to drive auditory cortex (AC) neurons of the bat species Carollia perspicillata, to assess the interactions between cortical spikes and local-field potentials (LFPs) for the processing of temporal acoustic cues. We observed that neurons in the AC capable of eliciting synchronized spiking to periodic acoustic envelopes were significantly more coherent to theta- and alpha-band LFPs than their non-synchronized counterparts. These differences occurred independently of the modulation rate tested and could not be explained by power or phase modulations of the field potentials. We argue that the coupling between neuronal spiking and the phase of low-frequency LFPs might be important for orchestrating the coding of temporal acoustic structures in the AC.
Background: Computed tomography (CT) low-dose (LD) imaging is used to lower radiation exposure, especially in vascular imaging; in current literature, this is mostly on latest generation high-end CT systems.
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of reduced tube current on objective and subjective image quality of a 15-year-old 16-slice CT system for pulmonary angiography (CTPA).
Material and Methods: CTPA scans from 60 prospectively randomized patients (28 men, 32 women) were examined in this study on a 15-year-old 16-slice CT scanner system. Standard CT (SD) settings were 100 kV and 150 mAs, LD settings were 100 kV and 50 mAs. Attenuation of the pulmonary trunk, various anatomic landmarks, and image noise were quantitatively measured; contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) were calculated. Three independent blinded radiologists subjectively rated each image series using a 5-point grading scale.
Results: CT dose index (CTDI) in the LD series was 66.46% lower compared to the SD settings (2.49 ± 0.55 mGy versus 7.42 ± 1.17 mGy). Attenuation of the pulmonary trunk showed similar results for both series (SD 409.55 ± 91.04 HU; LD 380.43 HU ± 93.11 HU; P = 0.768). Subjective image analysis showed no significant differences between SD and LD settings regarding the suitability for detection of central and peripheral PE (central SD/LD, 4.88; intra-class correlation coefficients [ICC], 0.894/4.83; ICC, 0.745; peripheral SD/LD, 4.70; ICC, 0.943/4.57; ICC, 0.919; all P > 0.4).
Conclusion: The LD protocol, on a 15-year-old CT scanner system without current high-end hardware or post-processing tools, led to a dose reduction of approximately 67% with similar subjective image quality and delineation of central and peripheral pulmonary arteries.