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In this paper, I revisit the arguments against the use of fuzzy logic in linguistics (or more generally, against a truth-functional account of vagueness). In part, this is an exercise to explain to fuzzy logicians why linguists have shown little interest in their research paradigm. But, the paper contains more than this interdisciplinary service effort that I started out on: In fact, this seems an opportune time for revisiting the arguments against fuzzy logic in linguistics since three recent developments affect the argument. First, the formal apparatus of fuzzy logic has been made more general since the 1970s, specifically by Hajek [6], and this may make it possible to define operators in a way to make fuzzy logic more suitable for linguistic purposes. Secondly, recent research in philosophy has examined variations of fuzzy logic ([18, 19]). Since the goals of linguistic semantics seem sometimes closer to those of some branches of philosophy of language than they are to the goals of mathematical logic, fuzzy logic work in philosophy may mark the right time to reexamine fuzzy logic from a linguistic perspective as well. Finally, the reasoning used to exclude fuzzy logic in linguistics has been tied to the intuition that p and not p is a contradiction. However, this intuition seems dubious especially when p contains a vague predicate. For instance, one can easily think of circumstances where 'What I did was smart and not smart.' or 'Bea is both tall and not tall.' don’t sound like senseless contradictions. In fact, some recent experimental work that I describe below has shown that contradictions of classical logic aren’t always felt to be contradictory by speakers. So, it is important to see to what extent the argument against fuzzy logic depends on a specific stance on the semantics of contradictions. In sum then, there are three good reasons to take another look at fuzzy logic for linguistic purposes.
Dieser Beitrag basiert auf dem Forschungsprojekt DICONALE, das sich die Erstellung eines konzeptuell orientierten, zweisprachigen Wörterbuchs mit Online-Zugang für Verballexeme des Deutschen und Spanischen zum Ziel gesetzt hat. Das Anliegen dieses Beitrags ist es, die relevantesten Eigenschaften des geplanten Wörterbuchs exemplarisch anhand von zwei Verblexemen aus dem konzeptuellen Feld der KOGNITION vorzustellen. Neben der Beschreibung der paradigmatischen Sinnrelationen der Feldelemente zueinander wird besonderer Wert auf die syntagmatischen Inhalts- und Ausdrucksstrukturen und auf die kontrastive Analyse gelegt. Es wird versucht, einerseits einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Besonderheiten des Wörterbuchs anzubieten und andererseits die Relevanz solcher Kriterien für die heutige kontrastive Lexikographie Deutsch-Spanisch nachzuweisen.
Im folgenden Beitrag handelt es sich um die Entwicklung eines semantischen Wörterbuches der deutschen Sprache für maschinelle Sprachverarbeitungssysteme im Rahmen des Projektes "Compreno" bei dem russischen IT-Unternehmen ABBYY. Es wird eine kurze Übersicht über andere elektronische Quellen zur deutschen Sprache gegeben, ferner werden ihre Unterschiede im Vergleich zum Projektwörterbuch analysiert. An einigen Beispielen werden aktuelle Probleme der Computerlexikografie (Bedeutungsunterscheidung, Komposita-Analyse u.a.) und ihre mögliche Lösung in Bezug auf das Projektwörterbuch betrachtet.
This paper discusses an attempt to write a computer program that would properly model the phonological development of Chinese from Middle Chinese to Modern Peking Mandarin, using the rules in Chen 1976. Several problems are encountered, the most significant being that the rules cannot apply in the same order for all lexical items. The significance of this in terms of the implementation of sound change is briefly discussed.
This special issue of the ZAS Papers in Linguistics contains a collection of papers of the French-German Thematic Summerschool on "Cognitive and physical models of speech production, and speech perception and of their interaction".
Organized by Susanne Fuchs (ZAS Berlin), Jonathan Harrington (IPdS Kiel), Pascal Perrier (ICP Grenoble) and Bernd Pompino-Marschall (HUB and ZAS Berlin) and funded by the German-French University in Saarbrücken this summerschool was held from September 19th till 24th 2004 at the coast of the Baltic Sea at the Heimvolkshochschule Lubmin (Germany) with 45 participants from Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Canada. The scientific program of this summerschool that is reprinted at the end of this volume included 11 key-note presentations by invited speakers, 21 oral presentations and a poster session (8 presentations). The names and addresses of all participants are also given in the back matter of this volume.
All participants was offered the opportunity to publish an extended version of their presentation in the ZAS Papers in Linguistics. All submitted papers underwent a review and an editing procedure by external experts and the organizers of the summerschool. As it is the case in a summerschool, papers present either works in progress, or works at a more advanced stage, or tutorials. They are ordered alphabetically by their first author's name, fortunately resulting in the fact that this special issue starts out with the paper that won the award as best pre-doctoral presentation, i.e. Sophie Dupont, Jérôme Aubin and Lucie Ménard with "A study of the McGurk effect in 4 and 5-year-old French Canadian children".
The author presents MASSY, the MODULAR AUDIOVISUAL SPEECH SYNTHESIZER. The system combines two approaches of visual speech synthesis. Two control models are implemented: a (data based) di-viseme model and a (rule based) dominance model where both produce control commands in a parameterized articulation space. Analogously two visualization methods are implemented: an image based (video-realistic) face model and a 3D synthetic head. Both face models can be driven by both the data based and the rule based articulation model.
The high-level visual speech synthesis generates a sequence of control commands for the visible articulation. For every virtual articulator (articulation parameter) the 3D synthetic face model defines a set of displacement vectors for the vertices of the 3D objects of the head. The vertices of the 3D synthetic head then are moved by linear combinations of these displacement vectors to visualize articulation movements. For the image based video synthesis a single reference image is deformed to fit the facial properties derived from the control commands. Facial feature points and facial displacements have to be defined for the reference image. The algorithm can also use an image database with appropriately annotated facial properties. An example database was built automatically from video recordings. Both the 3D synthetic face and the image based face generate visual speech that is capable to increase the intelligibility of audible speech.
Other well known image based audiovisual speech synthesis systems like MIKETALK and VIDEO REWRITE concatenate pre-recorded single images or video sequences, respectively. Parametric talking heads like BALDI control a parametric face with a parametric articulation model. The presented system demonstrates the compatibility of parametric and data based visual speech synthesis approaches.
The goal of our current project is to build a system that can learn to imitate a version of a spoken utterance using an articulatory speech synthesiser. The approach is informed and inspired by knowledge of early infant speech development. Thus we expect our system to reproduce and exploit the utility of infant behaviours such as listening, vocal play, babbling and word imitation. We expect our system to develop a relationship between the sound-making capabilities of its vocal tract and the phonetic/phonological structure of imitated utterances. At the heart of our approach is the learning of an inverse model that relates acoustic and motor representations of speech. The acoustic to auditory mappings uses an auditory filter bank and a self-organizing phase of learning. The inverse model from auditory to vocal tract control parameters is estimated using a babbling phase, in which the vocal tract is essentially driven in a random manner, much like the babbling phase of speech acquisition in infants. The complete system can be used to imitate simple utterances through a direct mapping from sound to control parameters. Our initial results show that this procedure works well for sounds generated by its own voice. Further work is needed to build a phonological control level and achieve better performance with real speech.
Der Beitrag behandelt zunächst die Frage, welche Vorteile elektronische Wörterbücher gegenüber traditionell gedruckten Wörterbüchern besitzen. Danach werden drei Online-Programme zur automatischen Übersetzung (Babelfish, Google Übersetzer, Bing Translator) vorgestellt. Beispieltexte werden mit diesen Programmen übersetzt, danach wird die jeweilige Qualität der Übersetzungen beurteilt. Schließlich diskutiert der Beitrag noch die Folgen, die durch die Möglichkeiten automatischen Übersetzens für die Auslandsgermanistik zu erwarten sind. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Programme für das automatische Übersetzen künftig durchaus ernstzunehmende Auswirkungen auf die philologischen Wissenschaften haben können.