Journal of religious culture = Journal für Religionskultur
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18
Die indischen Neo-Buddhisten, die auch Ambedkariten genannt werden, haben seit den 50er Jahren eine Bewegung entfacht, die den Buddhismus ihrer Deutung und Praxis als Höchstform der indogenen Kultur, des Dharma, versteht. Wegen der Aktualität der Dalitfrage [1] spielen diese Neo-Buddhisten in der gegenwär-tigen Politik Indiens eine gewichtige Rolle; und für den indischen Buddhismus haben sie nicht nur wegen ihrer politischen Aktivitäten an Bedeutung gewonnen, sondern einfach auch deshalb, weil sie, überwiegend der Mahar-Jati [2] zugehö-rig, inzwischen die Mehrheit der indischen Buddhisten bilden. Die Neo-Buddhisten gehen auf den sog. 'Vater der Indischen Verfassung' Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Sakpal, gen. Ambedkar (1891-1956) [3] zurück. Dieser indische Politiker entstammte der Mahar Jati [4] Maharashtras, die zu den höherrangigen Kasten der Unberührbaren zählt. Im Gegensatz zur Masse seiner Jati-Genossen war es Sakpal mit Hilfe seines brahmanischen Schullehrers Ambedkar, der ihm auch seinen Namen lieh, gelungen, eine akademische Karriere zu beginnen. Auf Grund eines Stipendiums des Maharajas von Baroda konnte er 1912 in Bombay den Grad eines Bachelor of Arts erlangen. Ein Staatsstipendium des Fürstentums Baroda ermöglichte ihm ein Studium an der Columbia Universität in New York, wo er 1915 den Grad eines Masters of Arts erwarb. In London erlaubte ihm ein Stipendium des Maharajas von Kolhapur Jura zu studieren und als Barrister-at-Law abschließen. Außerdem erwarb er noch den Doktorgrad in Ökonomie. Am-bedkar hatte damit auf Grund brahmanischer und fürstlicher Protektion eine bei-spiellose Karriere begonnen, die ihn befähigte, sofern moralisch gefestigt, die Lage der Dalits zum öffentlichen Thema in Indien zu machen.
17
Beten und Verstehen : eine religionswissenschaftliche Annäherung an Friedrich Heiler (1892 -1967)
(1998)
'Friedrich Heiler als Religionswissenschaftler' - so lautete die ursprünglich vorgesehene Formulierung des Themas. Im Prozeß des Nachdenkens gab es gute Gründe für eine Modifikation. Zunächst ist die begriffliche Näherbestimmung von 'Religionswissenschaft' weithin zu einem positionellen Unternehmen geworden. Der Bogen spannt sich von einem aufklärerisch-religionskritischen Impetus bis hin zu einer theologischen Indienstnahme der Religionswissenschaft. Welcher Position ist Heiler hier zuzuordnen? Die Frage, welches Verständnis von Religionswissenschaft bei Friedrich Heiler anzutreffen ist, hängt offenbar auch von persönlichen Einschätzungen seines Gesamtwerkes und seiner Biographie ab. Während Studenten in Marburg nach Selbstzeugnissen "Heiler nur als Religionswissenschaftler, nicht als Kirchenmann" kannten, konnte Wolfgang Philipp 1967 in einem "ökumenischen Portraits"[1] Heilers gerade das Gottesdienstlich-Liturgische in den Mittelpunkt stellen. Beide Aspekte haben ihren Anhalt auch an Heilers Biographie: 1929 wurde er Vorsitzender der Hochkirchlichen Bewegung; in dem 1948 gegründeten 'Bund für Freies Christentum' war er Vorstandsmitglied. In seinem Büchlein Schläft ein Lied in allen Dingen schreibt Rudolf Irmler: "Heilers Ziel war die Erneuerung des Gottesdienstes unter Wort und Sakrament"[2]. Udo Tworuschka, positionell eher dem 'Freien Christentum' verpflichtet, sieht in Heiler "in erster Linie den Theologen"; aber er ist für ihn "ein Theologe ganz besonderen Zuschnitts": "ein Grenzgänger zwischen Wissenschaften, Konfessionen, ja Religionen. Man kann den Religionswissenschaftler nicht ohne den Theologen, Liturgen, Musiker, Menschen- und Tierfreund verstehen. ...
16
Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) and Vishvambhara Mishra (1486 - 1533), known as Shri Krishna Caitanya, have been the outstanding representatives of the great west-eastern religious revolution which shattered the hearts of their societies in the 16th century. They were the spiritual revolutionaries of the modern times. The question may very well be raised if and how these two religious reformers on the edge of modern age share theological commonness, even though they lived wide apart and certainly did not know of each other. We will see: Both Martin Luther and Shri Krishna Caitanya have taught the un-conditioned, Free Love viz. Bhakti. Even if they did it in the tradition of the theological context they were born in they produced a new common setting of religion: the destruction of meritoricly bound religion and its substitution by free religion. The worship of God or charity were no more a mean for but the final state of salvation. Their interpretation of this revolutionary religion has lost nothing of its existen-tial meaning, even though having been twisted often enough to indiscernibility or even to the complete opposite - up to the present day. ...
15 a
Die Vaishnavas [1] zählen zu den indischen Dvaitas oder Theisten. Sie verehren Vishnu bzw. Krishna als einzigen, allumfassenden und personalen Gott. Dieser Gott kommt, wenn die Weltordnung, der Dharma, in Gefahr oder gestört ist, als heilbringender Avatar in die Welt. Und Buddha war ein solcher Avatar, d.h. eine helfende Inkarnation Vishnus. Ganz in dieser Tradition stehend hat der weltbekannte Gaudiya-Vaishnava Leh-rer und Gründer-Acharya der Iskcon, Swami Bhaktivedanta [1896-1977] [2] in seiner Theologie Buddha als Mensch gewordenen Gott, als Inkarnation Krish-nas, beschrieben. Zwar ist Buddha Krishna selbst, aber dieser erledigte [und er-ledigt bis heute?] in dieser Gestalt eine eng umgrenzte Aufgabe. Swami Bhakti-vedanta zitiert diesbezüglich ein Vaishnava Gedicht, in welchem diese Aufgabe sehr schön besungen wird: "O Lord Krishna, You have assumed the form of Lord Buddha, taking compassion on the poor animals."[3] Gott kam also als Buddha in diese Welt, um als Herr und Beschützer der Tiere Ahimsa, das Nicht-verletzen von lebenden Wesen zu predigen und zu verbreiten. In seinem Kommentar zum Shrimad Bhagavatam, einer der Heiligen Schriften der Vaishnavas, entwickelt Swami Bhaktivedanta seine eigene Buddha- Theologie. ...
15 b
The Hindu Buddha according to the theology of the Bengali Vaishnava Acharya Bhaktivedanta Swami
(1999)
In the broad Indian religious culture we find two basic concepts of the inner structure of the Holy. The Advaita religion believes in the 'not-two' will say absolute 'oneness' of the ultimate reality. The Dvaita religion yet believes in 'two' will say the dual structure of the whole. Nevertheless, the latter one is no radical dualism because it recognises nothing to be outside the last reality. It is a kind of 'dualist monism' and insofar fundamentally different to West Asian and European moderate or radical dualism. The Dvaita religion experiences the inner structure of the Holy as everlasting dynamic relation of the whole and its parts. As a rule, the representation of the whole is the personal God, mostly called Bhagavan. The representations of the parts are the soul or jivas. Mostly following the idea the whole being a personal God the Dvaita religion is something like theism; yet, it is an Indian or Hindu theism teaching that the Godhead comprises within herself souls and matter, too. By the way, many of the jivas aren't conscious of their role within the Holy. They erroneously take themselves for empty monads and believe that they would get their realisation only by implementing themselves with 'matter'. Experiencing in this concern the uselessness of matter, the maya energy of the Godhead, they can get the true consciousness of their role as divine co-players in the inner divine play or lila. ...
14
This study is obliged to the "Marburg School of the Science of Religions" (R. Otto, H. Frick, K. Goldammer, E. Benz). The methodological concept follows the comparison of religions, as it is classically demonstrated by R. Otto in his work about "West-östliche Mystik"[1] concern-ing the contrasting of Shankara and Meister Eckhart. That the comparison of the figures of the masters which is practised in this school may yield good results is also proved by G. Mensching, Otto's disciple in Bonn, in his book on "Buddha und Christus - ein Vergleich"[2] and H. Frick, Otto's successor on the Marburg chair in Systematic Theology, in his early trea-tise upon "Ghazalis Selbstbiographie. Ein Vergleich mit Augustins Konfessionen"[3][4]. Spe-cial emphasis should be given to the attempt of F. Heiler who as early as in 1918 contrasts Buddha as a "master of contemplation" to Jesus as a "master of prayer" in his work "Die bud-dhistische Versenkung"[5]. All the mentioned attempts are based on the eminent enquiries in the field of the common history of religions and the psychology of religion as R. Otto's "Das Heilige" [6] and F. Heiler's "Das Gebet"[7]. Worth mentioning is also the comprehensive study of the Marburg church historian and distinguished authority of the Asian religious world, E. Benz, about "Die Vision"[8]. Benz, also a disciple of R. Otto, was a famous re-searcher of mysticism and spiritualism as well (Joachim of Floris, J. Böhme, E. Swedenborg). ...
13
I am proposing to deal with my subject "Minorities in a Democracy with special reference to India" under the following heads: A Recent Case; Nature and Relationship, Formation and Responses; Concluding Remarks. I. A Recent Case I became a member of the National Commission for Minorities on 3rd of December, 1996. This means I have now already served more than eleven months in this office. One of the ex-ercises, which I undertook during these eleven months, was to pay as many as visits to differ-ent states of India. Already I have covered about 16 states and Union Territories. One of the most recent visits was to my home state Panjab from October 21-25, 1997. The case with which I am going to share with you was the one with which I was faced unexpectedly during this visit. ...
12a
Daß Gott Mensch werden müsse, um den Menschen das Wesen Gottes zu offenbaren, ist kein ausschließlich im Christentum verbreiteter Gedanke. Im Bhagavata Purana, einer der heiligen Schriften der Hindus, spricht Gott Vishnu bei Gelegenheit seiner Menschwerdung als Krishna den oben zitierten Satz. In einer immer kleiner wer-denden Welt gewinnt die gegenseitige Wahrnehmung der Religionen immer größere Bedeutung. Meine Absicht ist es, mich im folgenden darüber zu äußern, welchen Beitrag die von mir vertretene theologische Disziplin, die Kirchengeschichte oder historische Theologie, dazu leisten kann, andere Religionen zur Kenntnis zu nehmen und das Gespräch mit ihnen zu suchen. Als Bezugspunkt dient mir im folgenden die Krishna-Verehrung. Meine Ausführungen gliedern sich in fünf Abschnitte: – Zwei Überlieferung, wie Gott Mensch wurde. – Problemstellung und Aufgabe der interreligiösen Begegnung. – Historische Theologie nach ihrer geschichtlichen Seite. – Historische Theologie nach ihrer theologischen Seite. – Überlegungen zum Gespräch mit anderen Religionen als Begegnung zwischen ähnlichen Größen.
12b
That God has to become man in order to reveal the being of God to mankind is a belief not only held by Christianity. In Bhagavata Purana, one of the holy scriptures of Hinduism, God Vishnu speaks the sentence quoted above when he is incarnated as Krishna. In a world getting ever smaller, awareness of other religions gains more and more importance. It is my purpose to show what contribution the theological field I represent, ecclesiastical history or historical theology,1 may make towards getting to know other religions and seeking dialogue with them. I will use the worship of Krishna in the following text to exemplify my propositions. My explanations are set out in five parts: (I) two traditions of how God became man; (II) the problem and purpose of inter-religious encounter; (III) historical theology as history; (IV) historical theology as theology; (V) thoughts about dialogue with other religions as an encounter between two things of comparable significance.
11
In Germany, theological studies on the Hindu religion of the International Soci-ety of Krishna Consciousness and its Vaishnava theology are still only just be-ginning. Previously this relevant task was left mostly to religio-political polemics, resulting in a politically highly problematic research deficit which seriously impeded the necessary social and clerical confrontation with these new religious impulses in the German society. But theological passiveness and polemic activ-ism actually reduce the chances for religiously relevant analyses and socially acceptable solutions of philosophical and spiritual problems. Ignorance rather than dialogue, and polemics inimical to dialogue, have directly or indirectly stabilised the destructive forces in the new religious communities for decades, and consequently favoured a diminution and isolation of reformative tendencies. Due to an increasing respect for the freedom of religion as a human right, the profane alliance of the aggressive forces of both sides has recently ended, and a public, and differentiating, discussion of participants and persons concerned has cautiously started, reinforcing a freer and more competent inter-civil dialogue about spiritual affairs. Clear signs may be seen, not only of a reform within the ISKCON religion, but also in the churches setting about discussing the multi-religious topic on a higher level. A so-called broader theological research, partly transcending the border-lines of Christianity, is developing in the universities, and the free science of religion in Germany is receiving a surprising impetus. It was the suppression of the science of religion that had been impeding a constructive discussion in society of the new religious situation in Germany. The rejection of an inter-civil dialogue of spiritual affairs, however, contradicts an effective democracy which subsists on the continuous confrontation of free citizens with their common culture, especially with the ultimate questions of human existence. But the success of this inter-civil confrontation is solely guaranteed if the participants in the dialogue respect their mutual freedom as citizens and take the mutual dialogue among citizens for granted. This is the only way to attain a reasonable range of solutions concerning the ends of our existence and its proper means. As a contribution to this inter-civil dialogue a theological analysis is to be made of the religious culture practised by citizens of this country engaged in the ISK-CON religion and from there desiring to exert an impact on our civil culture. I. Subject and Aim of Diacritical Theology Because of the diffuse understanding of theology it is necessary to explain what it is, where it should and should not be engaged. Theology is not a religious ideology of a particular community that argues the interests of social organisations, but a universal science. It is not limited to a certain religious culture or form of society but is committed to its specific subject (1). Such an autonomous theology has the task of discrimen inter legem et evangelium—the diacritical analysis of Law and Gospel according to the description of its function by Martin Luther. We will follow these basic categories of diacritical theology and explain them here (2).