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Analysis of 4-fluoroamphetamine in cerumen after controlled oral application
- Cerumen was found to be a promising alternative specimen for the detection of drugs. In a pilot study, drugs of abuse were identified at a higher detection rate and a longer detection window in cerumen than in urine. In this study, cerumen from subjects was analyzed after they ingested the designer stimulant 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) in a controlled manner. Methods: Twelve subjects ingested placebo and 100 mg of 4-FA. Five of them were also given 150 mg of 4-FA in 150 mL Royal Club bitter lemon drink at least after 7 days. Cerumen was sampled using cotton swabs at baseline, 1 h after the ingestion of the drug and at the end of the study day (12 h). After extraction with ethyl acetate followed by solid-phase extraction, the extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Results and discussion: In the cerumen of all 12 subjects, 4-FA was detected 12 h after its ingestion; in most subjects, cerumen was detected after 1 h of ingestion, ranging from 0.06 to 13.90 (median 1.52) ng per swab. The detection of 4-FA in cerumen sampled 7 days or more after the first dose suggested a long detection window of cerumen. Conclusions: Cerumen can be successfully used to detect a single drug ingestion even immediately after the ingestion when a sufficient amount of cerumen is used.
Author: | Sylvia Meier, Silvana Petzel-Witt, Manfred Schubert-ZsilaveczGND, Elizabeth B. de Sousa Fernandes Perna, Eef L. TheunissenORCiD, Johannes G. RamaekersORCiD, Stefan W. TönnesORCiD |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-638733 |
DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2796 |
ISSN: | 1942-7611 |
Parent Title (English): | Drug testing and analysis |
Publisher: | Wiley |
Place of publication: | Hoboken, NJ |
Document Type: | Article |
Language: | English |
Date of Publication (online): | 2020/04/04 |
Date of first Publication: | 2020/04/04 |
Publishing Institution: | Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg |
Release Date: | 2022/03/16 |
Tag: | 4-fluoroamphetamine; alternative matrices; cerumen; drug abstinence; liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry |
Volume: | 12 |
Issue: | 7 |
Page Number: | 7 |
First Page: | 968 |
Last Page: | 974 |
HeBIS-PPN: | 494334061 |
Institutes: | Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie |
Medizin | |
Dewey Decimal Classification: | 6 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / 61 Medizin und Gesundheit / 610 Medizin und Gesundheit |
Sammlungen: | Universitätspublikationen |
Licence (English): | Creative Commons - Namensnennung-Nicht kommerziell 4.0 |