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Viele militärische Übungsplätze in Deutschland verfügen über ökologisch äußerst wertvolle Bereiche. Die Gründe dafür sind mannigfaltig (vgl. Högel; Lange 1992) Dort, wo eine Nutzung durch die Streitkräfte fortbesteht, soll durch Benutzungs- und Bodenbedeckungspläne die ökologische Werterhaltung festgeschrieben werden (Richtlinie 1992). In den Fällen, wo Flächen aus der militärischen Nutzung entlassen werden, entstehen Zielkonflikte durch unterschiedlichste Ansprüche (Högel; Lange 1992). Die Naturschutzbehörden müssen in diesem Falle Vorhaben zum Erhalt ökologisch wertvoller Flächen fachlich exakt begründen können. Besonders schwierig ist das bei Gebieten, die durch die sowjetischen Streitkräfte genutzt wurden. Über die ökologische Ausstattung dieser Standort- oder Truppenübungsplätze ist bislang kaum etwas bekannt, da 40 Jahre lang keine Daten erhoben werden konnten.
Background & Aims: Spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSS) frequently develop in liver cirrhosis. Recent data suggested that the presence of a single large SPSS is associated with complications, especially overt hepatic encephalopathy (oHE). However, the presence of >1 SPSS is common. This study evaluates the impact of total cross-sectional SPSS area (TSA) on outcomes in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Methods: In this retrospective international multicentric study, CT scans of 908 cirrhotic patients with SPSS were evaluated for TSA. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded. Each detected SPSS radius was measured and TSA calculated. One-year survival was the primary endpoint and acute decompensation (oHE, variceal bleeding, ascites) was the secondary endpoint.
Results: A total of 301 patients (169 male) were included in the training cohort. Thirty percent of all patients presented with >1 SPSS. A TSA cut-off of 83 mm2 was used to classify patients with small or large TSA (S-/L-TSA). Patients with L-TSA presented with higher model for end-stage liver disease score (11 vs. 14) and more commonly had a history of oHE (12% vs. 21%, p <0.05). During follow-up, patients with L-TSA experienced more oHE episodes (33% vs. 47%, p <0.05) and had lower 1-year survival than those with S-TSA (84% vs. 69%, p <0.001). Multivariate analysis identified L-TSA (hazard ratio 1.66; 95% CI 1.02–2.70, p <0.05) as an independent predictor of mortality. An independent multicentric validation cohort of 607 patients confirmed that patients with L-TSA had lower 1-year survival (77% vs. 64%, p <0.001) and more oHE development (35% vs. 49%, p <0.001) than those with S-TSA.
Conclusion: This study suggests that TSA >83 mm2 increases the risk for oHE and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Our results support the clinical use of TSA/SPSS for risk stratification and decision-making in the management of patients with cirrhosis.
Lay summary: The prevalence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSS) is higher in patients with more advanced chronic liver disease. The presence of more than 1 SPSS is common in advanced chronic liver disease and is associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy. This study shows that total cross-sectional SPSS area (rather than diameter of the single largest SPSS) predicts survival in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. Our results support the clinical use of total cross-sectional SPSS area for risk stratification and decision-making in the management of SPSS.