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- tropical forest (2)
- type catalogue (2)
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- typification (2)
- undescribed species (2)
- unknown biodiversity (2)
- urease activity of peat (2)
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- Östliches Meißner-Vorland (2)
- 'bottom–up' and 'top–down' processes (1)
- 'star-shaped' (1)
- (Euliina) (1)
- (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl Acetat (1)
- (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate (1)
- (hyper)parasites (1)
- 10 new taxa (1)
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- 16S rRNA (1)
- 1859 (geographical variation, habitat) (1)
- 1879 (1)
- 1891 (1)
- 1898 (1)
- 1899 reidentified as Euthygomphus yunnanensis Zhou et Wu (1)
- 18S (1)
- 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA (1)
- 18S rRNA (1)
- 1902 (mutual displacement, putative hybrid) (1)
- 1904 and O. testacea Laidlaw (1)
- 1911 (1)
- 1914 (1)
- 1931 (1)
- 1953 stat. nov. (1)
- 1955 (1)
- 1970 (possible synonymy, a closely related species) (1)
- 1977 (wing lustre, new combination) (1)
- 1992. Heliogomphus sp (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose (1)
- 2-sample t-test (1)
- 2001 (the second publshed finding, additional specific characters, habitat) (1)
- 2006 (1)
- 2015 (1)
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Institute
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The fauna of Panama is species-rich due to its location and topography, and the resulting diversity of microclimates and habitats. The last summary of information about the caddisfly fauna (Insecta: Trichoptera) of Panama in 1992 noted 168 taxa in 13 families and 39 genera. Since then, and through 2014,
a large number of publications, based on work by a dedicated cadre of individuals, have recorded a net gain of 78 species and six genera. In 2015, 17 new species to science and 38 new country records were added, including one new family and two new genera for the country; and, two species were removed. Thus, 299 species of caddisflies are now known from the Republic of Panama and are distributed among 14 families
and 47 genera. Given the higher diversity in neighboring Costa Rica (>500 species), we feel certain that there are many more species yet to be discovered.
The Republic of Panama currently has 300 recorded species of Trichoptera distributed among 14 families. Herein we add 42 new country records for Panama, including one new family (Anomalopsychidae) and three new genera (Anomalopsychidae: Contulma; Hydroptilidae: Byrsopteryx and Cerasmatrichia). The newly recorded caddisfly taxa increase Panama’s total known fauna to 342 species, distributed among 15 families and 50 genera. These results are part of an ongoing effort to characterize the caddisfly fauna of Panama, and to evaluate that country’s major watersheds (cuencas).
The Republic of Panama currently includes 414 recorded species of Trichoptera. Herein we add two new genera (Hydroptilidae: Angrisanoia Ozdikmen, 2008 and Mayatrichia Mosely, 1937) and 17 new country records (Philopotamidae: Chimarra (C.) tapanti Blahnik, Wormaldia bolivari Muñoz-Quesada and Holzenthal, and Wormaldia zunigae Muñoz-Quesada and Holzenthal; Hydropsychidae: Centromacronema pygmaeum Botosaneanu; Hydroptilidae: Brysopteryx esparta Harris and Holzenthal, Byrsopteryx solisi Harris and Holzenthal, Costatrichia falsa Santos, Takiya, and Nessimian, Mayatrichia illobia Harris and Holzenthal, Metrichia amplitudinis Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal, Ochrotrichia boquillas Moulton and Harris, O. conformalis Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal, O. quinealensis Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal, and O. unica Bueno-Soria and Santiago; Leptoceridae: Triaenodes morai Holzenthal and Andersen; Odontoceridae: Marilia kingsolveri Bueno-Soria and Rojas-Ascencio; and, Helicopsychidae: Helicopsyche alajuela Johanson and Holzenthal and Helicopsyche breviterga Flint) to Panama’s caddisfly fauna. The newly recorded taxa increase Panama’s total known caddisfly fauna to 431 species, distributed among 15 families and 55 genera. These results are part of an ongoing effort to characterize the caddisfly fauna of Panama, and to evaluate the aquatic insect diversity of the country’s major watersheds (cuencas).
The Republic of Panama currently has 245 recorded species of Trichoptera distributed among 13 families. Herein we add 32 new country records for Panama, including one new family (Limnephilidae) and one new genus (Limnephilus). We also provide the first collection information for Oxyethira maya Denning for Panama. These results are part of an ongoing effort to characterize the caddisfly fauna of Panama, and to evaluate that country’s major cuencas (water basins).
There are 214 species of the suborder Tipulomorpha (Diptera) known from Panama. Of these, 162 species were described by the noted American entomologist, Charles Paul Alexander, from Panama during the period from 1912 through 1979. Panama hosts two of the four families found within the Tipulomorpha: Limoniidae (197 species) and Tipulidae (17 species). We have records of only three species from multiple provinces (n = 2) within Panama and 211 species from just one province. The vast majority of the latter are known from a single location within their respective provinces. There are 142 endemic species (66.4%) included in Panama’s Tipulomorpha fauna, with the remainder being found elsewhere in South America (48 species), Central America (44), Mexico (23 species), the Caribbean (14 species), and the United States (4 species). Whereas, this taxonomic group has benefited from collecting in the Canal Zone and the popular western highlands in Chiriqui Province, we know little or nothing of the distribution of species within the country, their natural history, or their relationship to water quality.
Cypherotylus dromedarius (Lacordaire, 1842) (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) was described from French Guiana. Information about its current distribution is scattered throughout the literature and the internet. Specimens of this species were recently observed and photographed in the Boquete area, Chiriqui Province, Panama, and constitute a new record for the country of this species. Subsequently, we located two specimens deposited in the National Reference Collection of the G. B. Fairchild Museum of Invertebrates, University of Panama, from the same locality in Chiriqui Province. We summarize the distribution of this species from scattered sources and provide five new records.
Native vegetation of the upper Murrumbidgee catchment in southeast NSW and the Australian Capital-Territory (ACT) was classified into 75 plant communities across 18 NSW Vegetation Classes within nine Structural-Formations. Plant communities were derived through numerical analysis of 4,106 field survey plots including 3,787-plots from 58 existing survey datasets and 319 new plots, which were sampled in under surveyed ecosystems. All plant-communities are described at a level appropriate for discrimination of threatened ecological communities and distinct-vegetation mapping units.
The classification describes plant communities in the context of the upper Murrumbidgee catchment and surrounding-landscapes of similar ecological character. It incorporates and, in some instances, refines identification of plant-communities described in previous classifications of alpine vegetation, forest ecosystems, woodlands and grasslands-across the Australian Alps and South Eastern Highlands within the upper Murrumbidgee catchment. Altitude,-precipitation, soil saturation, lithology, slope, aspect and landscape position were all important factors in guiding-plant community associations.
Nine Threatened Ecological Communities under Commonwealth, NSW and ACT legislation occur in the upper-Murrumbidgee catchment. This study has also identified five additional plant communities which are highly restricted-in distribution and may require active management or protection to ensure their survival.
Neobiota in Sachsen-Anhalt
(2009)
Bisamratte, Waschbär, Regenbogenforelle, Zwergwels, Kartoffelkäfer, Dreikantmuschel, Robinie, Götterbaum, Lupine, Herkulesstaude… die Aufzählung ließe sich beliebig fortsetzen. All diese Arten verbindet der Umstand, dass sie in Sachsen-Anhalt zwar weit verbreitet, aber nicht 'heimisch' sind. Sie werden als Neobiota bezeichnet, worunter wir Arten verstehen, die nach der Entdeckung Amerikas (1492) durch direkte oder indirekte Unterstützung des Menschen aus anderen Regionen nach Deutschland gekommen sind. Die Zielstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, die fremdländischen Arten in Sachsen-Anhalt näher zu beleuchten und insbesondere auf invasive Arten einzugehen. Dazu sollen zunächst Rahmenbedingungen wie Eintragspfade und ökonomische Folgen der Ausbreitung fremdländischer Arten kurz umrissen sowie der Begriff 'invasive Arten' näher erläutert werden. Den Hauptteil der Arbeit bilden Fallbeispiele für invasive Arten in Sachsen-Anhalt, ehe abschließend gesetzliche Regelungen und praktische Aspekte im Umgang mit Neobiota diskutiert werden.
Die Entwicklung der Kulturlandschaft auf der Querfurt-Merseburger Platte seit dem Mittelalter
(2002)
Durch die Entwicklung der Produktivkräfte im 19.Jh. und besonders durch die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jh. erreichte die Dynamik der Landschaftsveränderungen auch im Agrarraum ein sehr hohes Tempo. Um die Veränderungen der Kulturlandschaft als historischen Prozess zu begreifen und Spezifika der regionalen Entwicklung bei räumlichen Planungen berücksichtigen zu können, werden in Deutschland seit etlichen Jahren Untersuchungen zur historischen Landnutzung mit umweltrelevanter Zielsetzung durchgeführt. Während bei den meisten naturschutzbezogenen planungsrelevanten historischen Studien Landschaften bearbeitet wurden, die eine besondere Bedeutung für den Naturschutz besitzen, handelt es sich im Fall der Querfurt-Merseburger Platte um ein strukturarmes Agrarintensivgebiet mit Böden höchster Bonität innerhalb des mitteldeutschen Schwarzerdegebietes.
Das beschriebene Gebiet umfasst eine Fläche von 282 km2 und stellt als Ausschnitt des subherzynen Schwarzerdegebietes einen relativ homogenen Raum im südlichen Sachsen-Anhalt dar. Es umfasst den größten Teil der im Landschaftsprogramm von Sachsen-Anhalt als „Querfurter Platte“ bezeichneten Landschaftseinheit (Ministerium für Umwelt- und Naturschutz des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt 1994). Aus geologischer Sicht ist das Untersuchungsgebiet zweigeteilt. An die durch Muschelkalk geprägte "Querfurter Mulde" in der Westhälfte schließt sich östlich die "Merseburger Buntsandsteinplatte" an. Die Grenze zwischen beiden Einheiten verläuft in N-S-Richtung in etwa parallel zu der vor der Bildung des Landkreises Merseburg-Querfurt existierenden Kreisgrenze zwischen Langeneichstädt und Schafstädt. Deshalb wird vom Verfasser der Begriff der "Querfurt-Merseburger Platte" verwendet.
Book Review: A comprehensive treatment of the ecology of aquatic insects in one place is needed for both students and researchers. Professor Ward is doing this in two volumes. The first volume covers the biology and habitats, as indicated in the subtitle, of the 13 insect orders that are either entirely aquatic at some stage, or those with some members aquatic at some stage. The second volume will be devoted entirely to the feeding ecology of these aquatic species.
Book Review: Of all of the Florida invertebrates that exist, or may have existed (one estimate claims 50,000 species) only descriptions of 350 species are included in this book. These are species that are thought to be, according to the many individual authors who wrote the accounts of these species, in decline or in danger of extinction. Final acceptance to be included in this book, and others in the series, is made by the Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. They believe, as do the various authors and editors, that there is enough information available to show that these species need special attention.
Under the skillful direction of Professor Dindal of Syracuse University, the work of 54 authors, 11 years in the making, is blended into one large, useful volume treating the systematics and biology of all organisms involved in the soil ecology of North America, north of Mexico. The separate authors treat their special groups following a similar format throughout, covering the biology, taxonomy, and ecology of each soil biotic group. The amount of data presented varies with the extent of knowledge of the group treated. The 43 chapters cover all taxa from soil bacteria through the insects. The insects are covered in 384 pages.
Book Review:
Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, VoL 11, A, B, C, Insecta. Harrison, Frederick W. (editor), and Michael Locke. New York: Wiley-Liss, voL 11A, xxii+381 [+index 1-74], voL 11B, xxii+385-840 [+index 1-74 (repeated)], voL 3, xxii+843-1296 [incL 74 page index]. Cloth: $675.00. [ISBN 0-471-15955-7 (set).]
Several Coleopterists have been asked to revise the family sections, working from diskettes modified and provided from the original "Beetles of the United States." They will rewrite these sections, and will be recognized as the author of the section. They are asked to sign a writing contract with the publisher. Other Coleopterists have been asked to review the family sections of the new book. These persons are acknowledged in the family section text.
Die aus Südafrika stammende Zweireihige Wasserähre (Aponogeton distachyos; Alismatales, Aponogetonaceae) ist in mehreren Ländern Westeuropas eingebürgert. 2014 bis 2016 wurden insgesamt bis etwa einhundert Pflanzen an drei Fundorten im Saalekreis und im Kreis Nordsachsen im Grenzgebiet zwischen Sachsen-Anhalt und Sachsen nachgewiesen. Auch in Mitteldeutschland erwies sich die Pflanze als winterhart und wird zur Bepflanzung von Gartenteichen genutzt. Noch ist unsicher, ob sie sich hier dauerhaft etablieren kann, weil das Hauptvorkommen durch Verschilfung des Gewässers zu erlöschen droht.
This preliminary study investigated the interaction between ecological, environmental and genetic factors among two native vines, Cissus hypoglauca and Cissus sterculiifolia (family Vitaceae). Data from a number of fragmented populations within the Big Scrub and surrounding rainforest areas in northern NSW were used to investigate how closely related vines respond to habitat fragmentation. What has emerged is an account of two species occupying fairly distinct ecological niches, and consequently being differently affected by current environmental disturbances. Cissus hypoglauca appears to have greater ecological amplitude, including resilience to drier environmental conditions, while in the long term Cissus sterculiifolia is likely to be more extensively affected by rainforest degradation and fragmentation. Genetic analysis suggests that prior to extensive clearing the Big Scrub provided a continuum for gene flow across otherwise fairly disjunct rainforest areas. This pilot study illustrates how simple research can often support the development of long-term conservation and management strategies at the species and plant community level.
Die Durchgängigkeit an Fließgewässern hat eine herausragende Bedeutung für die Erhaltung und Wiederherstellung von natürlichen Verhältnissen mit artenreichen und gewässertypischen Lebensgemeinschaften. Die Vielzahl der in diesem Zusammenhang zu beantwortenden Fragen kann nicht in einem einzigen Leitfaden abgehandelt werden, daher wird die Thematik in einer fünfteiligen Leitfadenreihe behandelt. Dabei werden alle Aspekte von der Aufstiegshilfe bis zum Abstieg, die Durchgängigkeit in Längsrichtung der Gewässer, zu den Auen und Zuflüssen sowie zwischen Sohle und fließender Welle aufgegriffen. Der vorliegende Teil 1 der Leitfadenreihe erläutert die Grundlagen der Durchgängigkeit für Tiere in Fließgewässern und dient als Einstieg in das Thema. Nach Einführung in die Problematik wird die Relevanz der Durchgängigkeit für Tiere in Fließgewässern hervorgehoben und die gesetzlichen und fachlichen Regeln dargestellt. Es wird erläutert, warum die Durchgängigkeit wegen dieser Vorgaben grundsätzlich zu gewährleisten ist. Die Durchgängigkeit ist ein wichtiges Kriterium in der europäischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie und der im Landesrecht, z. B. in der Gewässerbeurteilungsverordnung, umgesetzten Vorgaben. In Anlage 1 werden die betreffenden Rechtsvorschriften in Auszügen wieder gegeben. Neben den Fischen als Indikatororganismen für die Bewertung des ökologischen Zustandes von Wasserkörpern nach WRRL werden auch die Anforderungen der Benthosorganismen sowie der Landtiere und Tiere der Wasserwechselzone erläutert. In Anlage 2 sind die Anforderungen an die Durchgängigkeit für die Fisch-Indikatorarten zusammengestellt. Die vielfältigen Querbauwerke und ihre primäre Wirkung als dauerndes Wanderhindernis bei der Längsdurchg ängigkeit werden dargestellt und die Problematik der Ufer- und Sohlenbefestigung sowie der Tiefenerosion bei der lateralen Durchgängigkeit diskutiert. Des Weiteren werden nutzungsbedingte Folgeeffekte (Sekundäreffekte) wie z. B. durch Wasserentnahmen und in Staubereichen erläutert. Anhand von Vorher-Nachher-Vergleichen und bereits ausgeführter Beispiele wird die ganze Palette der Möglichkeiten vom Rückbau bestehender Querbauwerke, der Passierbarmachung der Bauwerke bis hin zur Umgehung der Querbauwerke aufgezeigt. Dabei werden auch Sonderfälle wie temporäre Fließgewässer, schutzwürdige Gewässerabschnitte und auch kulturhistorische Aspekte behandelt. Abschließend wird dargestellt, welche Defizite bei Wanderhilfen auftreten können und wie eine Kontrolle und Bewertung der Durchgängigkeit möglich ist.
Die Durchgängigkeit in Fließgewässern hat eine herausragende Bedeutung für die Erhaltung und Wiederherstellung von natürlichen Verhältnissen mit artenreichen und gewässertypischen Lebensgemeinschaften. Die Vielzahl der in diesem Zusammenhang zu beantwortenden Fragen kann nicht in einem einzigen Leitfaden abgehandelt werden. Die Thematik wird daher in einer Leitfadenreihe in 5 Teilen behandelt. Dabei werden alle Aspekte von der Aufstiegshilfe bis zum Abstieg, der Durchgängigkeit in Längsrichtung der Gewässer (longitudinal), zu den Auen und Zuflüssen (lateral) und zwischen Sohle und fließender Welle (vertikal) betrachtet. Der vorliegende Teil 2 der Leitfadenreihe erläutert verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung der Durchgängigkeit für die Gewässerfauna an Querbauwerken. Als Querbauwerke werden Sohlen– und Regelungsbauwerke sowie Stauwerke bei Wasserkraftanlagen u. a. bezeichnet. Als Lösungen werden hier passierbare Querbauwerke, Umgehungsgewässer, gerinneartige Fischaufstiegsanlagen mit Störsteinen sowie Kombinationsanlagen erläutert. Andere bekannte Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung der Durchgängigkeit sind in der Fachliteratur (z. B. DVWK-Merkblatt 232, 1996) ausführlich beschrieben. Kapitel 1 führt in die Thematik ein. Neben der Definition von Querbauwerken werden u. a. eine Prioritätenliste und ein Zielkatalog zur Herstellung der Durchgängigkeit bei Querbauwerken erläutert. Kapitel 2 erläutert die passierbaren Querbauwerke. Zunächst werden verschiedene Rampentypen und –formen klassifiziert und dann Empfehlungen zur hydraulischen und konstruktiven Bemessung und Ausführung gegeben. Auch die Durchgängigkeit bei Pegelanlagen wird behandelt. Anschließend werden ausgewählte Beispiele in Baden- Württemberg dargestellt. Kapitel 3 dokumentiert Bauweisen von Umgehungsgewässern sowie gerinneartige Fischaufstiegsanlagen mit Störsteinen und gibt Empfehlungen zu deren Bemessung und Gestaltung. Ein ausführlicher Beispielkatalog ist auch in diesem Kapitel zu finden. Kapitel 4 gibt einen Überblick über die Kombinationsmöglichkeiten unterschiedlicher Durchgängigkeitsbauwerke bei speziellen Randbedingungen. Fischaufstieg in Kombination mit Bootsdurchgängigkeit ist ebenfalls Thema dieses Kapitels und liefert einige Möglichkeiten zur Erfüllung beider Forderungen. Dieser Leitfaden ist die Fortschreibung des Leitfadens „Anlagen zur Herstellung der Durchgängigkeit“ der Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg Heft 63 (2000). Er richtet sich gleichermaßen an Behörden und Planer. Der Leitfaden ermöglicht es dem Anwender, den für seine Aufgabenstellung optimalen Anlagentyp zu wählen und die Bemessung durchzuführen.
Antigenic and 3D structural characterization of soluble X4 and hybrid X4-R5 HIV-1 Env trimers
(2014)
Background: HIV-1 is decorated with trimeric glycoprotein spikes that enable infection by engaging CD4 and a chemokine coreceptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4. The variable loop 3 (V3) of the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is the main determinant for coreceptor usage. The predominant CCR5 using (R5) HIV-1 Env has been intensively studied in function and structure, whereas the trimeric architecture of the less frequent, but more cytopathic CXCR4 using (X4) HIV-1 Env is largely unknown, as are the consequences of sequence changes in and near V3 on antigenicity and trimeric Env structure.
Results: Soluble trimeric gp140 Env constructs were used as immunogenic mimics of the native spikes to analyze their antigenic properties in the context of their overall 3D structure. We generated soluble, uncleaved, gp140 trimers from a prototypic T-cell line-adapted (TCLA) X4 HIV-1 strain (NL4-3) and a hybrid (NL4-3/ADA), in which the V3 spanning region was substituted with that from the primary R5 isolate ADA. Compared to an ADA (R5) gp140, the NL4-3 (X4) construct revealed an overall higher antibody accessibility, which was most pronounced for the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), but also observed for mAbs against CD4 induced (CD4i) epitopes and gp41 mAbs. V3 mAbs showed significant binding differences to the three constructs, which were refined by SPR analysis. Of interest, the NL4-3/ADA construct with the hybrid NL4-3/ADA CD4bs showed impaired CD4 and CD4bs mAb reactivity despite the presence of the essential elements of the CD4bs epitope. We obtained 3D reconstructions of the NL4-3 and the NL4-3/ADA gp140 trimers via electron microscopy and single particle analysis, which indicates that both constructs inherit a propeller-like architecture. The first 3D reconstruction of an Env construct from an X4 TCLA HIV-1 strain reveals an open conformation, in contrast to recently published more closed structures from R5 Env. Exchanging the X4 V3 spanning region for that of R5 ADA did not alter the open Env architecture as deduced from its very similar 3D reconstruction.
Conclusions: 3D EM analysis showed an apparent open trimer configuration of X4 NL4-3 gp140 that is not modified by exchanging the V3 spanning region for R5 ADA.
Bicellonycha amoena (Gorham, 1880) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) usually flies one meter above ground level over grass, water, or open areas, where males produce a simple single flash every 2–4 seconds, having their most active flashing period from mid to late dusk and early night. In addition, nothing else is known about the behavior of this species. We conducted field observations at the “Mayan Golf Club” in Guatemala Department, and Santiago Sacatepéquez, Sacatepéquez Department, Guatemala; and analyzed B. amoena flashes with a spectroscope. Fireflies displayed a lime-green bioluminescence color. The male flashing activity began ~30 minutes after sunset and lasted approximately 70 minutes. For B. amoena, the spectral composition of the flash is intermediate between those known from twilight-active fireflies and nocturnalactive fireflies.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:512FB867-8E8F-47E6-AD02-B3B13C97C25D
Fifteen species of mosses are reported as new to Costa Rica, five of those are new to Central America. These are: Paraleucobryum albicans (Schwaegr.) Loeske, Philonotis elongata (Dism.) Crum & Steere, Leskeodon cubensis (Mitt.) Thér., Hookeriopsis dimorpha (C.M.) Broth. and Isopterygium machrisianum (Crum) Irel.
Poster presentation from Twentieth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2011 Stockholm, Sweden. 23-28 July 2011. One of the central questions in neuroscience is how neural activity is organized across different spatial and temporal scales. As larger populations oscillate and synchronize at lower frequencies and smaller ensembles are active at higher frequencies, a cross-frequency coupling would facilitate flexible coordination of neural activity simultaneously in time and space. Although various experiments have revealed amplitude-to-amplitude and phase-to-phase coupling, the most common and most celebrated result is that the phase of the lower frequency component modulates the amplitude of the higher frequency component. Over the recent 5 years the amount of experimental works finding such phase-amplitude coupling in LFP, ECoG, EEG and MEG has been tremendous (summarized in [1]). We suggest that although the mechanism of cross-frequency-coupling (CFC) is theoretically very tempting, the current analysis methods might overestimate any physiological CFC actually evident in the signals of LFP, ECoG, EEG and MEG. In particular, we point out three conceptual problems in assessing the components and their correlations of a time series. Although we focus on phase-amplitude coupling, most of our argument is relevant for any type of coupling. 1) The first conceptual problem is related to isolating physiological frequency components of the recorded signal. The key point is to notice that there are many different mathematical representations for a time series but the physical interpretation we make out of them is dependent on the choice of the components to be analyzed. In particular, when one isolates the components by Fourier-representation based filtering, it is the width of the filtering bands what defines what we consider as our components and how their power or group phase change in time. We will discuss clear cut examples where the interpretation of the existence of CFC depends on the width of the filtering process. 2) A second problem deals with the origin of spectral correlations as detected by current cross-frequency analysis. It is known that non-stationarities are associated with spectral correlations in the Fourier space. Therefore, there are two possibilities regarding the interpretation of any observed CFC. One scenario is that basic neuronal mechanisms indeed generate an interaction across different time scales (or frequencies) resulting in processes with non-stationary features. The other and problematic possibility is that unspecific non-stationarities can also be associated with spectral correlations which in turn will be detected by cross frequency measures even if physiologically there is no causal interaction between the frequencies. 3) We discuss on the role of non-linearities as generators of cross frequency interactions. As an example we performed a phase-amplitude coupling analysis of two nonlinearly related signals: atmospheric noise and the square of it (Figure 1) observing an enhancement of phase-amplitude coupling in the second signal while no pattern is observed in the first. Finally, we discuss some minimal conditions need to be tested to solve some of the ambiguities here noted. In summary, we simply want to point out that finding a significant cross frequency pattern does not always have to imply that there indeed is physiological cross frequency interaction in the brain.
The following four species new to science are described: Platygaster azarbaijanica Buhl & Asadi sp. nov., Platygaster lotfalizadehi Buhl & Asadi sp. nov., Platygaster karimpouri Asadi & Buhl sp. nov. and Synopeas calecai Buhl & Asadi sp. nov. Diagnostic characters are discussed, and figures are provided to distinguish the new species. In addition, ten species of Platygastrinae Howard, 1892 belonging to the genera Platygaster Latreille, 1809, Synopeas Förster, 1856 and Leptacis Förster, 1856 are reported as new records for the fauna of Iran. Four species of Platygaster and one species of Synopeas are recorded as ʻconferʼ.
This paper presents the first comprehensive list of 2,688 species of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) recorded from Brazil. The list is based on the taxonomic and ecological literature, and new records from some insect collections, and includes locality references for each species. In addition, Brazilian localities and the country-level distribution outside of Brazil are provided for each species. Brazilian localities are organized by state, and include the bibliographic reference and page number where each locality was reported. All localities are geo-referenced, organized by state, and listed in an Appendix.
The present study focuses on shrimps belonging to the genus Lysmata Risso, 1816, collected from Madagascar during the Atimo Vatae expedition carried out in 2010. Lysmata malagasy sp. nov. is a new species belonging to the clade named “long accessory ramous” or “cosmopolitan” in previous phylogenetic studies. The new species can be distinguished from the only two other representatives of this group in the Indo-west Pacific, L. ternatensis De Man, 1902, and L. trisetacea (Heller, 1861), by the accessory ramus of the lateral antennular flagellum consisting of four elongated articles. Lysmata lipkei Okuno & Fiedler, 2010 is reported here from Madagascar with a remarkable extension of its known range after its original description from Japan. This species has also been reported from Singapore and, as alien species, from Brazil. Lastly, L. kuekenthali De Man, 1902 known from numerous localities in the Indo-West Pacific biogeographic area, is reported for the first time from Madagascar. Results of the present morphological and molecular analyses suggest that L. hochi Baeza & Anker, 2008 from the Caribbean Sea is a synonym of the Indo-West Pacific L. kuekenthali, and thus the latter species is alien in the western Atlantic.
A new alpheid shrimp, Aretopsis sandybrucei sp. nov., is described on the basis of three specimens collected from three deep-water banks in the Chesterfield Plateau of the Coral Sea, between New Caledonia and Queensland, Australia, at a depth range of 280–550 m. The new species is the first known deep-water species of the genus Aretopsis De Man, 1910, with its two congeners, A. amabilis De Man, 1910 and A. manazuruensis Suzuki, 1971, being confined to the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, to a maximum depth of 50 m. Based on morphological grounds, A. sandybrucei sp. nov. can be easily separated from A. amabilis and A. manazuruensis by the generally much stouter third to fifth pereiopods, with their dactyli each bearing a very small secondary unguis on the flexor margin, in comparison to a much stronger one in the other two species. Aretopsis sandybrucei sp. nov. also differs from A. amabilis and A. manazuruensis by the less contrasting colour pattern, including the more translucent, dull yellowish chelae and tail fan. An association of A. sandybrucei sp. nov. with a deep-water hermit crab appears to be highly likely due to the presence of several large hermit crabs (Paguridae) in at least one of the three dredge/bottom trawl hauls, which was also containing a paratype of the new species. The taxonomic status of A. amabilis and A. manazuruensis is discussed.
Panaeolus punjabensis M. Asif, Q. Firdous, A. Izhar, Niazi & Khalid sp. nov. was collected from three different localities (Bahawalnagar, Kasur, and Lahore) in Punjab, Pakistan. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and D1/D2 domain of large subunit (28S) rDNA confirmed the taxonomic distinctness of this species. The new species is potentially hallucinogenic and characterized by a parabolic pileus with a light brown center, broadly fusiform basidiospores, presence of cheilocystidia, pileocystidia, and caulocystidia, and absence of pleurocystidia and clamp connections. The DNA sequences of the species clustered together in a well-supported distinct clade. We present a detailed description, photographs, and line drawings, and elucidate and discuss the phylogenetic position of the new species. Morphological comparisons with phylogenetically and morphologically allied species are discussed.
During mycological surveys of different areas of Punjab, Pakistan, we collected a new species from the genus Candolleomyces. This is the first report of any species of this genus from Pakistan. Candolleomyces asiaticus M.Asif, A.Izhar, Niazi & Khalid sp. nov. is characterized by ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid (8.2 × 5 µm) basidiospores with indistinct germ pores, lageniform to utriform cheilocystidia without adhering deposits at the apices, absence of pleuro-, pileo- and caulocystidia, pileipellis with spherical, subglobose to columnar cells, and presence of clamp connections. The morpho-anatomical and molecular phylogenetic analysis of nrITS revealed its distinct phylogenetic position, further supporting the recognition of a new species.
Two new species, Habrocestum sahyadri sp. nov., and Irura shendurney sp. nov. are described from the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. The unknown female of Habrocestum kerala Asima, Caleb, Babu #38; Prasad, 2022 is described and three other species: Gelotia lanka Wijesinghe, 1991, Phintella accentifera (Simon, 1901) and Vailimia jharbari Basumatary, Caleb #38; Das, 2020 are recorded from the locality. Detailed descriptions, diagnosis and illustrations of the species are provided.
Mutualisms are important structuring forces in ecological communities, influencing ecosystem functions, diversity, and evolutionary trajectories. New interactions, particularly between native and non-native species, are globally increasing in biotic communities as species introductions accelerate. Positive interactions such as novel mutualisms can affect the fitness of organisms in invaded communities. Non-natives can augment native mutualism networks, replace extinct native partners, or disrupt native mutualisms. Because they are actively forming or newly formed, novel mutualisms offer a unique opportunity to examine in real time the factors governing early mutualism formation and stability, including frequency-dependent processes and those relying on specific traits or functions. These central ecological questions have been inferred from long-formed mutualisms, but novel mutualisms may allow a glimpse of successes and failures in ecological time with insights into the relative importance of these factors as ecological systems shift. To this end, this commentary addresses how novel mutualisms inform our understanding of mutualism formation, stability, the importance of functional traits, and niche vs. neutral processes, using examples across multiple systems. Novel mutualism research thus far has been largely limited in both questions and ecosystems, but if more broadly applied could benefit both theoretical and applied ecology.
Seed disperser preferences may mediate the impact of invasive, non-native plant species on their new ecological communities. Significant seed disperser preference for invasives over native species could facilitate the spread of the invasives while impeding native plant dispersal. Such competition for dispersers could negatively impact the fitness of some native plants. Here, we review published literature to identify circumstances under which preference for non-native fruits occurs. The importance of fruit attraction is underscored by several studies demonstrating that invasive, fleshy-fruited plant species are particularly attractive to regional frugivores. A small set of studies directly compare frugivore preference for native vs. invasive species, and we find that different designs and goals within such studies frequently yield contrasting results. When similar native and non-native plant species have been compared, frugivores have tended to show preference for the non-natives. This preference appears to stem from enhanced feeding efficiency or accessibility associated with the non-native fruits. On the other hand, studies examining preference within existing suites of co-occurring species, with no attempt to maximize fruit similarity, show mixed results, with frugivores in most cases acting opportunistically or preferring native species. A simple, exploratory meta-analysis finds significant preference for native species when these studies are examined as a group. We illustrate the contrasting findings typical of these two approaches with results from two smallscale aviary experiments we conducted to determine preference by frugivorous bird species in northern California. In these case studies, native birds preferred the native fruit species as long as it was dissimilar from non-native fruits, while non-native European starlings preferred non-native fruit. However, native birds showed slight, non-significant preference for non-native fruit species when such fruits were selected for their physical resemblance to the native fruit species. Based on our review and case studies, we propose that fruit characteristics of native plant communities could dictate how well a non-native, fleshy-fruited plant species competes for dispersers with natives. Native bird preferences may be largely influenced by regional native fruits, such that birds are attracted to the colors, morphology, and infructescence structures characteristic of preferred native fruits. Non-native fruits exhibiting similar traits are likely to encounter bird communities predisposed to consume them. If those non-natives offer greater fruit abundance, energy content, or accessibility, they may outcompete native plants for dispersers.
Entlang des Rhein-Main-Donau-Kanals zwischen Forchheim und Fürth wurden an drei unterschiedlich alten Ausbaustufen (1968/1970/1971) Vegetationstransekte aufgenommen. Die drei Kanalabschnitte verfügen über verschiedene geologische Ausgangssituationen (alluviale Talaufschüttung, Terrassensande der Regnitz, Schichten des oberen Keuper). Die bautechnischen Vorhaben erlauben eine Zusammenfassung mehrerer Transekte.
Durch den floristischen Vergleich der einzelnen Transekt-Quadrate kristallisieren sich sechs unterschiedliche Lebensräume heraus. Ihre Abfolge wiederholt sich in allen drei Bauabschnitten.
Der Substrateinfluss, die unterstützenden Begrünungsmaßnahmen (Gehölzpflanzung und Aussaat), die Nutzungsintensität und der Pflegeaufwand spiegeln sich in den Berechnungen der Gemeinschaftskoeffizienten wider. Das unterschiedliche anthropogene Eingreifen hat zu relativ klar abgegrenzten, durch Trennarten gekennzeichneten Einheiten geführt, die im einzelnen beschrieben werden.
Das Ergebnis dieser stichpunktartigen Erhebung dient als Grundlage für Rekultivierungsmaßnahmen, die standort-, nutzungs- und pflegeabhängigen Bedingungen Rechnung tragen.
Durch Arthropoden übertragene Erreger von Infektionen des Menschen in Mitteleuropa – ein Update
(2008)
Mitteleuropa beherbergt eine nicht geringe Zahl von Krankheitserregern (mindestens 14 Viren, ca. 10 bakterielle Erreger und mindestens 4 Protozoen), die durch Stechmücken, Zecken oder Sandmücken übertragen werden. In allen Fällen handelt es sich um Erreger von Zoonosen, also Mikroorganismen, deren natürliches Reservoir Wildtiere (allenfalls, sekundär, auch Haustiere) darstellen. Eine Ausrottung dieser Erreger ist daher ausgeschlossen. (Die Ausrottung der Malaria in Mitteleuropa und darüber hinaus in Europa war vor allem deshalb möglich, weil die involvierten Plasmodien-Spezies außer dem Menschen keine anderen Vertebraten infizieren können.)Die Erfassung der durch Arthropoden übertragenen Erreger und deren Verbreitungsareale schreitet – vor allem durch den Einsatz molekularbiologischer Methoden – zügig voran. Einige neue oder zumindest für Mitteleuropa neue, humanmedizinisch relevante Mikroorganismen sind in letzten Jahren nachgewiesen worden, mit weiteren Entdeckungen ist durchaus zu rechnen. Möglicherweise wird auch der Klimawandel, insbesondere bei einem Fortschreiten einer globalen Erwärmung, zur Etablierung von neuen Erregern ebenso wie zur Ausweitung der Verbreitungsareale von Vektoren führen. Vor allem wird aber der Faktor der Globalisierung durch mögliche Einschleppungen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen. Es gibt bisher nur gegen einen einzigen Erreger – gegen das Virus der Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis – einen Impfstoff, der sich überdies durch hervorragende Wirksamkeit und außerordentlich gute Verträglichkeit auszeichnet. Mit neuen Impfstoffen gegen andere Erreger ist allerdings in der nahen Zukunft nicht zu rechnen. Immerhin sind aber die durch Bakterien ebenso wie die durch Protozoen hervorgerufenen Erkrankungen einer antibiotischen Therapie zugänglich, wenn sie rechtzeitig diagnostiziert werden. Hingegen stehen uns keine Medikamente gegen die durch Arthropoden übertragenen Viren zur Verfügung. Prophylaktische Maßnahmen werden daher weiterhin bedeutsam sein; das gilt vor allem für Kleinkinder, für alte Menschen und Immunsupprimierte.
In Nordwestdeutschland kommen Tiere des Sandlaufkäfers Cicindela hybrida vor, die eine ausgedehntere Behaarung der Stirn aufweisen als andere Vertreter dieser Art. Auch die Form der Mittelbinde auf den Flügeldecken erinnert manchmal sehr an Cicindela maritima. In tabellarischer Form werden Unterscheidungsmerkmale für nordwestdeutsche Käfer beider Arten angegeben.
In Benin, people have a rich ethnobotanical knowledge of plant species, reflecting the cultural and ecological diversity of their environment. Several studies were focused on the question of how valuable are plant species for local communities. However, there has been very little research interest in the orchid species in spite of the importance of orchids in the livelihood of the local people. This study examined the use and differences in knowledge of local people of orchids in the Sudanian zone of Benin. An ethnobotanical study was conducted amongst the four main socio-economic and ethnic groups from six villages around the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin. One hundred and sixty people participated in this study. Data were gathered using semi-structured individual interviews and analysed using quantitative ethnobotanical methods. 29 different types of use were recorded and can be grouped into four main use categories: medicinal, veterinary, spiritual and food. There were differences in orchid utilization among the ethnic groups, gender and age. The knowledge of orchid uses was significantly affected by the ethnic group and the age of the respondent. Unlike young educated generations, most adults and elders, especially women, had a more comprehensive knowledge of orchid uses. Calyptrochilum christianum, the most used orchid, was mentioned in more than 50% of the types of orchid use. The Gourmantché and Waama tribe had more knowledge on orchid use whereas the Berba tribe had less knowledge. Three orchid species (Habenaria cirrhata, Eulophia horsfallii and Nervilia bicarinata) were reported as food. Orchids had low use value ranging from 0.01 (Eulophia spp) to 0.2 (C. christianum). The controlled access to the biosphere reserve and rural exodus can explain the lack of indigenous knowledge transfer of orchid use and value from elders to the young generation.
An annotated list of twenty species of rarely collected and little known bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) from the Himalayas is given. Sphecodes bluethgeni sp. nov. is described from Bhutan. Three species are newly recorded from the Himalayas: S. binghami Blüthgen, 1924, S. kershawi Perkins, 1921 and S. laticeps Meyer, 1920. Based on type specimens, new synonymies have been proposed for Sphecodes cameronii (Bingham, 1897) = S. armeniacus Warncke, 1992 syn. nov.; S. gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) = S. indicus Bingham, 1898 syn. nov.; and S. invidus (Cameron, 1897) = S. nigrobasalis Meyer, 1922 syn. nov. A lectotype is designated for Sphecodes sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927. Illustrated keys to males and females of all species known from the Himalayas and an updated checklist of the 26 Himalayan species of Sphecodes are provided. Additionally, one new species from neighboring Uttar Pradesh (India), Sphecodes uttaricus sp. nov., is here described as new and included due to its close relationship to the Himalayan S. sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927.
The present study deals with the investigation of bryophytic flora of Mukteshwar (Uttarakhand). The present account deals with the study of 38 species belonging to 31 genera of 21 families. The mosses are represented by 21 species of 20 genera and 12 families, while Liverworts are represented by 15 species of 10 genera and 8 families. Hornworts consist of 1 genus and 2 species. The dominant families are Aytoniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Thuidiaceae and Pottiaceae. The dominant genera are Plagiochasma, Targionia, Marchantia, Plagiochila, Atrichum, Thuidium and Pogonatum. Macrothamnium stigmatophyllum has been identified as new to western Himalaya, while Thuidium philiberti Limpr. is new to Uttarakhand.
On the clay plains surrounding Lake Chad (West Africa: northern Sudanian and southern Sahelian zone), certain varieties of pearl millet (Sorghum bicolor), commonly referred to as Masakwa, are cultivated during the dry season. Recently fallowed Masakwa fields support a particular progression of pioneer vegetation. In the first year of fallow, the pioneer vegetation typically belongs to the class Echinochloetea colonae Wittig 2005 and can be classified as Hygrophiletum auriculatae sensu lato. Approximately half of the stands consist of the Hygrophiletum auriculatae Ataholo 2002 sensu stricto, whereas the other half is primarily composed of a Celosia argentea-Hibiscus trionum community. After two years of fallow, the vegetation is typically formed by the Sorghetum arundinacei Ataholo 2002, which, in a few cases, can also occur in the first fallow year.
Two new species of marine Platyhelminthes, Microstomum laurae sp. nov. and Microstomum edmondi sp. nov. (Macrostomida: Microstomidae) are described from the west coast of Sweden. Microstomum laurae sp. nov. is distinguished by the following combination of characters: rounded anterior and posterior ends; presence of approximately 20 adhesive papillae on the posterior rim; paired lateral red eyespots located level with the brain; preoral gut extending anterior to brain and and very small sensory pits. Microstomum edmondi sp. nov. is a protandrous hermaphrodite with a single ovary, single testis and male copulatory organ with stylet. It is characterized by a conical pointed anterior end, a blunt posterior end with numerous adhesive papillae along the rim, and large ciliary pits. The stylet is shaped as a narrow funnel with a short, arched tip. In addition, the first records of fully mature specimens of Microstomum rubromaculatum von Graff, 1882 from Fiskebäckskil and a phylogenetic analysis of Microstomum Schmidt, 1848 based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene are presented.
Metacyclops sakaeratensis sp. nov. and M. brancelji sp. nov. are described as being present in the mountainous areas of Northeastern and Southern Thailand, respectively. Two new species resemble M. woni in both sexes, but they are easily distinguished from their Cambodian relative by having: 1) transverse suture on the dorsal surface of the genital double-somite, 2) serrated hyaline frill on the posterior margin of third pedigerous somite, 3) different length / width ratio of caudal ramus, and 4) a row of spinule on caudal surface of intercoxal sclerite of the third swimming legs. The significant differences between M. sakaeratensis sp. nov. and M. brancelji sp. nov. are present in both sexes, including the body size, integumental ornamentation of the body surface, length / width ratio of caudal ramus, armature of the fifth swimming leg, and the male sixth swimming leg. In addition, an up-to-date key to the female of all fifteen species of Metacyclops recorded in Asia is provided.
Ten new species of Corthylus Erichson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are described from Mexico: Corthylus spinosulus, new species,C. cristatus, new species,C. cristatulus,new species, C. granulocristatus, new species, C. poblanus, new species, C. ibarrai, new species, C. latisetosus, new species, C.burgosi, new species, C. granulosus, new species, and C. microcorthyloides, new species. Corthylus uniseptis Schedl, 1961 is synonymized with C. parvulus Blandford, 1904, new synonymy. Additional distribution records are given for Mexican species of Corthylus.
Eight new species of Hypothenemus Westwood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are described from Brazil and Peru: H. subsulcatus Atkinson and Flechtmann new species, H. wilsoni Atkinson and Flechtmann new species, H. murariae Atkinson and Flechtmann new species, H. lunzi Atkinson and Flechtmann new species,H. cordeiroi Atkinson and Flechtmann new species, H. concavodeclivis Atkinson and Flechtmann new species, H. foelkelae Atkinson and Flechtmann new species, H. olzenoi Atkinson and Flechtmann new species. Fifteen species are recorded from Brazil for the first time, including H. aulmanni, a new record from the Western Hemisphere. New synonymies affecting Brazilian species include H. ebenus Wood 2007 = H. crudiae (Panzer, 1791) and Stephanoderes parallelus Hopkins 1915 = H. plumeriae (Nordlinger, 1856).
Three Neotropical species are transferred to the genus Premnobius Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Ipini): Premnobius assiduus (Schedl, 1961, from Xyleborus), P. flechtmanni (Wood, 2007, from Acanthotomicus) and P. neoajunctus (Schedl, 1967, from Xyleborus). An illustrated key is presented for the native and introduced species of the genus known from the New World.
180 species of bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are known to occur in Texas and Oklahoma. 175 species are known from Texas, 35 of which are reported here for the first time. 78 species are known from Oklahoma, 47 of which are new records for the state. Based on overall distribution patterns the largest group of species found in Texas and virtually all known from Oklahoma are widely distributed in eastern and southeastern North America, reaching their southwestern limits here. In the case of Texas other large elements include Neotropical elements shared with Mexico and a large number found in southwestern North America. New distribution and significant new host records are discussed. Distribution maps are included for most species and a checklist is provided as an appendix.
Research on post-establishment evolution in nonnative plant populations has focused almost exclusively on testing the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, which posits that the lack of specialized herbivores in the invaded range drives evolution in nonnative plant populations. Fifteen years of conflicting EICA test results suggest that selection pressures other than specialized herbivory are important in driving post-establishment evolution in invasive species. Alternative hypotheses, such as the Evolution of Reduced Competitive Ability (ERCA) hypothesis, have been proposed but have received little attention or testing. We argue that the lack of consensus across studies that test EICA may be due in part to the lack of consistent definitions and varying experimental design parameters, and that future research in this field would benefit from new methodological considerations. We examined previous work evaluating post-establishment evolution and evaluated the range of study systems and design parameters used in testing the EICA hypothesis. Our goal was to identify where different uses of ecological terms and different study parameters have hindered consensus and to suggest a path forward to move beyond EICA in post-establishment evolution studies. We incorporated these methods into a design framework that will increase data harmony across future studies and will facilitate examinations of any potential selection pressure driving evolution in the invaded range.
Ordovician ectocochleate cephalopods of the order Lituitida Starobogatov, 1983, mainly from erratics of the Orthoceratite Limestone embedded in Pleistocene glacio-fluvial sediments in Germany, Poland and the Kaliningrad Region of Russia are revised. In total, seven genera (Rhynchorthoceras, Ancistroceras, Angelinoceras, Holmiceras, Lituites, Trilacinoceras, Cyclolituites) and 28 species are identified. Eleven species are newly described: Rhynchorthoceras kranepuhlense sp. nov., R. rugium sp. nov., Holmiceras havelense sp. nov., Lituites baculus sp. nov., L. bottkei sp. nov., L. clavis sp. nov., L. dewitzi sp. nov., L. kruegeri sp. nov., L. nebeni sp. nov., Trilacinoceras filix sp. nov. and T. knoefleri sp. nov. The concept of several taxa described in the 19th century, including the ambiguous species L. lituus de Montfort, 1808 and L. perfectus Wahlenberg, 1818, is refined. Neotypes are proposed for the latter two species.
Polychelidan lobsters (Decapoda: Polychelida) are crustaceans with extant species which are restricted to deep water environments. Fossil species, however, used to live in more varied palaeoenvironments, from shallow water to deep water, and were more diverse morphologically. We redescribe two species of polychelidan lobsters, the Late Triassic Rosenfeldia triasica Garassino, Teruzzi & Dalla Vecchia, 1996 and the Late Jurassic Eryon oppeli Woodward, 1866, recently assigned to the same genus, Rosenfeldia, based upon only a few characters. Our investigation of all available material of both species leads us to distinguish these two species and to erect Rogeryon gen. nov. to accommodate Eryon oppeli. The palaeobiology of both species is interpreted for the first time. Rosenfeldia triasica with its stout first pereiopods and mandibles with both incisor and molar processes (documented for the first time in Polychelida) was benthic and probably fed either on slow-moving sedentary preys or was a scavenger. Rogeryon oppeli gen. et comb. nov. was benthic, visually adapted to shallow water palaeoenvironments, and possibly had a diet similar to that of slipper lobsters and horseshoe crabs. The redescription of these two species highlights the palaeobiological diversity of fossil polychelidans.
In memoriam Falco peregrinus
(1986)
1885 finden sich dann gleich zwei Brüterwähnungen. Eine davon betrifft ein Gelege an den Externsteinen, das vier Eier enthielt. Nachdem eine Zerstörung durch Menschen verhindert werden konnte, wurde das Gelege von Mardern geraubt. In dieser ersten Erwähnung werden bereits die Punkte deutlich, die den Kampf um die Erhaltung des Wanderfalken in unserem Jahrhundert prägen: Zunächst muß der Falke vor den Nachstellungen seines ärgsten Feindes, des Menschen, geschützt werden. Aber selbst wenn das gelingt, treten oft noch natürliche Verluste ein. Diesen Kampf, eigentlich als Hauptthema für diesen Artikel gedacht, möchte ich im folgenden einerseits an der Geschichte der einzelnen Horste, andererseits aber auch an Beispielen aus Presseartikeln, die die Einstellung gegenüber unseren Greifen verdeutlichen, sowie an gerichtlichem Vorgehen gegen die illegal handelnden Greifvogelfeinde, darstellen. Das Material darüber konnte ich zum großen Teil der Akte HEINZ KUHLMANNs entnehmen, der den bei seinen vielfältigen und aufopfernden Bemühungen geführten Briefwechsel abheftete. Allgemeineres, zusammenfassendes Material stellte mir Herr Conrads zur Verfügung, Angaben über die Aussprengung des Horstes an der Velmerstot erhielt ich von Herrn Oberförster i.R. Klocke und Herrn Henschel, dem zuständigen Sachbearbeiter beim Regierungspräsidenten in Detmold. Ihnen und allen genannten Helfern bin ich für ihre bereitwillige Unterstützung sehr dankbar!
Japan and south eastern Australia have a large exotic flora in common, in spite of contrasting histories, physiographies and land-use patterns. There are some 187 common invading species and at least 71 of these are widespread in both locations. Some 15 widespread exotic invaders in Japan have not been recorded in Australia and a number of native Japanese plants that could be introduced as ornamentals and escape cultivation are noted. The incursion of most exotic species to Japan has been historically recent. The lack of quarantine for plants (apart from parasitic plants and plants infected with disease) coupled with large importations of wheat and soybeans from north America and contaminated grain and fodder for farm animals has led to an exponential rate of plant invasion in Japan. The apparent lack of impact of woody invading species in Japanese forests and forests margins may be due simply to the relatively short time invading species (some with long juvenile periods) have been naturalised.
The Rutaceae is an important worldwide family. In Australia, members of the family have radiated across the landscape from rainforests, moist and dry eucalypt forests, heaths, alpine areas and deserts.
Some 71 native taxa (in 14 genera) of Rutaceae occur in the Sydney Region, representing some 3% of the native vascular plant flora of the region. Species richness is greatest in heaths, woodlands and dry forests on sandstone derived soils. A number of species occur in moist forest, while a few species occur in riparian forests, rainforests or forests on clay soils or soils derived from granite. The most species rich genera are Boronia and Zieria (both 18 species). Fifteen species in the region are rare or threatened at the state or national level, with a further 2 species poorly known and likely candidates as threatened species. There are 17 species endemic to the Sydney region, 11 of which are rare or threatened.
Most species flower in winter to spring with seeds released in October to December. There are two basic modes of dispersal in the family in the Sydney Region. Firstly, a few species, generally associated with rainforests, disperse seeds widely via fleshy fruits that are taken by birds and probably mammals. Secondly, most Rutaceae species have limited dispersal ability and have short range initial ballistic dispersal of seeds from fruits at maturity followed by secondary seed dispersal primarily by ants. In this latter group, seeds are generally dispersed less than a few metres. There is a high level of seed dormancy at seed release. Members of the Rutaceae are likely to have persistent soil seedbanks with germination linked to fire, except perhaps for species in rainforest or rainforest margins (where the nature of possible seedbanks is unknown). Heating of the soil during fire is one mechanism for breaking seed dormancy and allowing germination. Other mechanisms, i.e. smoke and the interaction of fire related germination cues may also be important. Fire is a widespread disturbance affecting vegetation in the Sydney Region. Within the Rutaceae in the Sydney region, a mixture of fire-sensitive and resprouting species occur, although details for many species are lacking. To maintain the floristic diversity in the family, effective management of such plant communities requires sufficient times between fires for seedlings to flower and replenish the soil seedbanks, as well as for juveniles of resprouting species to become fire-resistant.
The ecology of Rutaceae species remains poorly understood, a pattern typical across Australia, with a few notable exceptions. There have been no comprehensive demographic studies of members of the family in Sydney, and only limited attempts to examine aspects of the biology of the species in the family. In particular, the seed biology and ecology of the family and the impact of fire on species are poorly understood. This review poses a number of questions for research on members of the Rutaceae.
The grass Elymus multiflorus subsp. kingianus (family Poaceae) is considered to be endemic to Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands. We assessed the conservation status of the taxon on Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, and undertook targeted field surveys across three years and several seasons in suitable habitat, based on the single previously recorded location. We found the species occurrence on Lord Howe Island was highly restricted, with only a few plants found at 2 locations in close proximity. A number of exotic grasses pose a threat to the long-term conservation of the taxon, which was assessed as being eligible for listing as critically endangered under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
Kinchega National Park reserves significant stands of Eucalyptus largiflorens open woodland on the Darling River floodplain, low open Maireana pyramidata shrubland and Casuarina pauper/Alectryon oleifolius open woodland on dune systems. We identify four key issues for the conservation of flora in Kinchega National Park, western NSW. These are:
1) There is an urgent need to initiate regeneration in a number of long-lived perennial trees and shrubs. Failure to do so will lead to local population declines and extinction in a number of species. Reduction in grazing impacts of rabbits and goats is needed. Some degree of rabbit control has been achieved over the last few years through a combination of the effects of the rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) and an extensive rabbit control program for the reserve.
2) The need to initiate a water plan of management for the reserve to overcome the problem of changes in water flows, flood periodicity and flood magnitude that have occurred in response to water regulation activities on the Darling River.
3) Management of several threatened species and ecological communities on the reserve, in particular the nationally vulnerable species Acacia carneorum and Solanum karsense. Kinchega NP is the only conservation reserve containing populations of these species and these populations are significant for both species.
4) Management of weeds, in particular those with bird-dispersed fruits as these species have the potential to become severe problems on the park.
Other issues that are likely to be significant in the future are salinity impacts and the interaction between grazing pressure, regeneration and climate change.
The flora of the Lord Howe Island Group (31°30’S, 159°05’E) comprises a unique mix of elements of Australian, New Zealand and New Caledonian floras. It is significant for its high degree of endemism and for its structural and biological (leaves, flowers, fruit) role in supporting a diverse array of fauna. Conservation of this flora is dependant upon: reducing current habitat degradation (mostly the result of exotic weeds); minimising any future impacts, in particular the effects of climate change on the unique cloud forests of the southern mountains and the continued introduction and spread of weeds and the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.
We provide a description of the nature of the major threats to the flora and suggest an area-based scheme, focussed on the relative conservation significance of remaining vegetation, as a mechanism for developing priorities for threat mitigation activities. While a number of threat control works are in place, eg. weed control, some re-emphasis is needed. In addition, some new initiatives are required including: reducing the rate of introductions of new exotics; a system to remove potential environmental weeds from the settlement area; phytosanitary guidelines; pathogen quarantine measures; search and removal of environmental weeds from remote areas; and ex situ initiatives for plant species restricted to the cloud forests of the southern mountains.
Zu den potenziellen Beeinflussungen von Zugvögeln durch Offshore-Windparks zählt die Barrierewirkung für fliegende Vögel infolge Meideverhaltens oder aber die Anlockung durch Attraktion. Obwohl andernorts Meideverhalten für einzelne Arten belegt ist, konnte deren Existenz im Rahmen des durchgeführten Effektmonitorings im Bereich der Deutschen Bucht bisher nicht nachgewiesen werden. Werden methodische Anpassungen vorgenommen, wie in dieser Arbeit beschrieben, lassen sich fundierte Aussagen zu Reaktionen von Zugvögeln gegenüber Offshore-Windparks auch im Rahmen von Umweltverträglichkeitsstudien ableiten. Der Vergleich von Zugplanbeobachtungen in verschiedenen Blickrichtungssektoren im Nahbereich von „alpha ventus“ zeigt, dass Basstölpel und weitere Vogelarten in den windparkzugewandten Raumsektoren in geringerer Häufigkeit auftreten. Dies lässt auf eine Meidereaktion schließen.
Die ökologische Begleitforschung am Offshore-Windpark „alpha ventus“, 45 km nördlich der Nordseeinsel Borkum, konzentriert sich u. a. auf das Zuggeschehen migrierender Vögel. Erstmals seit Beginn der Datenerhebung im Herbst 2003 präsentieren wir einen mittels verschiedener Fernerkundungsmethoden zeitlich lückenlos erfassten Verlauf einer Massenzugnacht am 1./2.11.2010 während derer es zu einem Massenkollisionsereignis kam. Dieses konnte ursächlich auf die spezifische Konstellation in der Ausprägung verschiedener Wetterparameter zurückgeführt werden. Verstärkte (Massen)Zugbewegungen aus NO am frühen Abend des 1.11.2010 fanden ihren zahlenmäßigen Höhepunkt von etwa 460 Radarechos/h zwischen 19:00 Uhr und 20:00 Uhr MEZ. Ein in etwa zeitgleich stattfindender Wetterumschwung mit einem Wechsel von Rückenwind auf direkten Gegenwind, zunehmender Windgeschwindigkeit und abnehmender Sichtweite schlug sich während der zugstärksten Phase zwischen 19:00 Uhr und 1:00 Uhr in einer kontinuierlichen Abnahme von in höheren Luftschichten fliegenden Vögeln nieder. Ab etwa 4:00 Uhr wurden über 50 % der ziehenden Vögel in niedrigen Höhenbereichen von bis zu 200 m registriert, vermutlich als Reaktion auf plötzlich auftauchende Schlechtwetterbedingungen. Verstärkte Aggregation der Vögel im Wirkungsbereich von FINO1 bzw. künftiger WEAs erhöht das Kollisionsrisiko. Kollisionen konnten durch Video- und Wärmebildaufnahmen an FINO1 bestätigt werden: Mit 88 Totfunden aus der Zugnacht des 1./2.11.2010 platziert sich dieses Ereignis an vierter Stelle der bisher dokumentierten Massenkollisionen an FINO1. Da die Dokumentation solcher (Massen-)Kollisionsereignisse in der Regel erschwert und oftmals methodisch limitiert ist, ist auch die damit verbundene Abschätzung des Gefährdungspotenzials für Vögel auf Populationsebene bislang unmöglich. Das geschilderte Ereignis wirft im Hinblick auf zukünftig geplante WEAs ein chlaglicht auf zu befürchtende quantitative Dimensionen der Opferzahlen.
Nineteen species of crepuscular and perhaps nocturnal eudamine skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) included in Evans (1952) group "D" genera Bungalotis Watson, Salatis Evans, Sarmientoia Berg, Dyscophellus Godman and Salvin, and Nascus Watson occur in the Cacaulândia area of central Rondônia, Brazil. Their relative abundance and phenology there are given. Taxonomic comments and comparisons with published information are made. Bungalotis lactos Evans, 1952, new status, is considered a species separate from Bungalotis borax Evans, 1952. New genera Nicephellus and Euriphellus are proposed for Eudamus nicephorus Hewitson, 1876, and Papilio euribates Stoll, 1782, respectively, removing both from Dyscophellus and creating new combinations. Discophellus porsena Bell, 1934, reinstated status, is raised from synonymy to a full species of Dyscophellus. The subspecies of Dyscophellus ramusis (Stoll, 1781), as presently recognized, are probably good species; Dyscophellus ramon Evans, 1952, new status, is considered a full species. Pseudonascus, new genus, is proposed for Papilio paulliniae Sepp, [1842], removing this species from Nascus and creating a new combination. Two new species, Bungalotis aureus from Ecuador and Dyscophellus mielkei from Rondônia, Brazil, are described. Male and female genitalia are illustrated for all taxa available from the Rondonian study site plus some from other areas.
Twenty-two species of Strymon are known from the vicinity of Cacaulandia in Rondonia, Brazil, of which 14 are new species. These belong to 5 species groups: the "oreala" group [Strymon megarus (Godart)]; the "ziba" group [Strymon ziba (Hewitson), Strymon thulia (Hewitson), Strymon spinatus new species, Strymon latamaculus new species, Strymon pallidulus new species, Stlymon tholus new species]; "valentina" group [Strymon rotundum new species]; "crossoea" group [Strymon crossoea (Hewitson), Strymon crambusa (Hewitson), Stlymon germana new species, Strymon novasignum new species, Strymon clavus new species, Strymon implexus new species, Strymon inmirum new species, Strymon incanus new species, Strymon faunalia (Hewitson), Strymon halos new species, Strymon conspergus new species, Strymon bazochii (Godart), Strymon diagonalis new species]; and "eurytulus" group [Strymon bubastus (Stoll)]. Tentative subgroups of species are suggested for the "crossoea" group as they occur in Rondonia. A neotype is designated for Tmolus basilides and the name synonymized with Strymon megarus. The "basilides" group of Johnson et al. (1990) is renamed the "ziba" group. Based on lectotype designations and superficial and genital differences, S. ziba and S. thu.lia are elevated to specific status.
The species of Gigantombra and Angulopis encountered in the Caca ulandia area of central Rondonia, Brazil, are reviewed. These include ten species (all new) of Gigantombra (G. microserrata, G. dl:vergens, G. quadramacula, G. ampla, G. fuscafascia, G. silva, G. rondonia, G. obscura, G. pelplexa, G. pUlpura) and one new species of Angulo pis (A. tenuis). Thecla sangala Hewitson (1868) is recognized as having priority over Theela autoelea Hewitson (1863-1878 [1877]), new synonym. Rondonia continues to appear as a center ofthecline endemism and to provide abundant examples of sibling species diversity.
The pyrgine genus Porphyrogenes Watson, 1893 (Hesperiidae) is discussed, especially as it occurs in central Rondônia, Brazil. Of eleven species of Porphyrogenes found in Rondônia, four (P. specularis, P. convexus, P. sparus, and P. spadix) are described as new species. Biological details of the genus are discussed. An additional five new species of Porphyrogenes (P. spina, P. sporta, P. splendidus, P. simulator, and P. speciosus) are described from elsewhere. Porphyrogenes cervinus (Plötz, 1883), new synonym of Porphyrogenes ferruginea (Plötz, 1883), reinstated status, is raised from a subspecies of Porphyrogenes despecta (Butler, 1870) to species-level. Porphyrogenes omphale (Butler, 1871), reinstated status, is not synonymous with Porphyrogenes passalus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) and becomes a species-level taxon for which no subspecies are recognized; P. passalus was described from a female with no known male. Porphyrogenes sula Williams and Bell, 1940, reinstated status, is raised from synonymy with Porphyrogenes zohra (Möschler, 1879) to species-level. Porphyrogenes stresa Evans, 1952, new status, is raised from a subspecies of P. zohra to species-level. Porphyrogenes immaculata (Skinner, 1920), new synonymy, was described from a male, which we believe is the male of Porphyrogenes sororcula (Mabille and Boullet, 1912). Porphyrogenes suva Evans, 1952, new synonymy, formerly considered a full species, was described from a male which we believe is the male of, and thus synonymous with, Porphyrogenes probus (Möschler, 1877). Porphyrogenes virgatus (Mabille, 1888) and Porphyrogenes eudemus (Mabille, 1888), considered synonyms of P. zohra and Porphyrogenes vulpecula (Plötz, 1882), respectively, without justification by Evans (1952), are removed from those synonymies and retained, along with P. passalus, as females without confirmed affinities. Lectotypes are here designated for Phareas ferruginea Plötz, 1883; Augiades despecta Butler, 1870; Telegonus omphale Butler, 1871; Eudamus pausias Hewitson, 1867; Telegonus probus Möschler, 1877; Telemiades vulpecula Plötz, 1882; Eudamus passalus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; Thymele virgatus Mabille, 1888; and Thymele eudemus Mabille, 1888. A neotype is designated for Phareas cervinus Plötz, 1883, that being the lectotype of Phareas ferruginea. Types of all taxa in the genus are illustrated. Three named and five unnamed phenotypes of females, not reconciled with males, are identified and described. Twenty-six species are now recognized, making this one of the largest hesperiid genera in the neotropics.
Eight species of Celaenorrhinus (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae) occur near Cacaulhdia in central Rondonia, Brazil. Three of these represent unnamed species and are described as new: Celaenorrhinus orneates Austin, Celaenorrhinus par Steinhauser & Austin, and Celaenorrhinus autochton Steinhauser & Austin. The male of C. saviais described for the first time. Both sexes of all 8 species (except female C. orneates) and their genitalia are illustrated. Males of C. savia and C. orneates are similar to C. jao in lacking tibial tufts, modified thoracic scales, and abdominal pouches; C. autochton lacks tibial tufts and modified thoracic scales. This adds to the diversity of secondary sexual characters among New World Celaenorrhinus. The following taxa, treated by Evans (1952) as subspecies, are raised to specific rank: C. shema disjunctus Bell, 1940; C. similis stola Evans, 1952; C. similis approximatus Williams & Bell, 1940; and C. similis bifurcus Bell, 1934.
Thirteen species of skippers (six newly described; Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini) from higher elevations of Mexico and Central America are reviewed. These are included in four genera (one newly described), some with proposed new combinations. Onespa Steinhauser, 1974, originally described as monotypic, is shown to include three species in addition to its type species, Onespa nubis Steinhauser, 1974. One of these, Atrytone gala Godman, 1900, that has been misplaced in several genera since its description, represents a new combination. The other two species, distributed in montane habitats in northwestern Mexico and in Costa Rica, are described as new. Buzyges Godman, 1900, distributed in Mexico and Central America and also formerly considered monotypic, is shown to embrace four species. Besides the type species, Buzyges idothea Godman, 1900, two species long placed in Poanes Scudder, 1872, Pamphila rolla Mabille, 1883, and Poanes benito Freeman, 1979, are included as new combinations. Another species, known only from Costa Rica, is described as new. These are united by several superficial characters, but especially by genital morphology of both sexes. Librita Evans, 1955, was described to include three species of which one, Librita raspa Evans, 1955, was subsequently removed. Augiades heras Godman, 1900 is here also removed from Librita and placed in a new genus with three previously undescribed species. This completes the disintegration of Librita, which is now monotypic. The four genera, although exhibiting similarities suggesting potential alliance, differ in their unique combinations of several superficial and genital traits from each other and other hesperiine skippers.
Taxonomy and distribution of the ectoparasitic insects of bats from Argentina, are reviewed. Seventeen species of Diptera (six of Nycteribiidae and eleven of Streblidae), six species of Siphonaptera (four ofIschnopsyllidae, one of Pulicidae, and one ofStephanocircidae), and seven species of Hemiptera (Polyctenidae) are known presently for Argentina. The information was obtained by reviewing the literature and collecting in the field between 1989 and 1998. The specimens collected in the field were compared with the type material
deposited at the Field Museum of Natural History (CHNM).
Zwischen Höxter und dem südlich davon gelegenem Godelheim liegt, eingeengt von einer Bundesbahnlinie und einer Bundesstraße, eine Kiesgrube. Ihr Besitzer, Herr Michael BIERKOCH, Höxter, stieß dort unter einer 1 m mächtigen Schicht "blauen Tons" immer wieder in etwa 8 m Tiefe auf "torfige Ablagerungen mit Farnresten, Holzstücken, ganze Haselnüssen und einmal auch auf eine kapitale Abwurfstange eines Rothirsches". Diese befindet sich heute in der Sammlung des Städtischen König-Wilhelm-Gymnasiums in Höxter. Aus dieser Schicht gelangte eine Probe vom 8.7.1984 über Herrn Prof. Dr. Helmut DUTHWEILER an das Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Christian- Albrechts-Universität Kiel, wo es Herr Dr. Fritz-Rudolf AVERDIECK analysierte. Hier sein Gutachten (in Klammern Ergänzungen der Redaktion.
Im Wesertal liegt knapp 2 km südlich von Höxter bei 51° 45' N und 9° 22' E in einer Erstreckung von wenig über einem halben Kilometer schrotschussförmig verteilt eine Gruppe von rundlichen Eintiefungen (Abb. l u. 2). Drei von ihnen waren in den meisten der letzten Jahre mit Wasser gefüllt. Seit 1974 sind sie vom flächigen Naturdenkmal "Grundlosen" eingeschlossen. Die Verordnung (Regierungsbezirk Detmold vom 17. 2. 1975, Nr. 7) enthält keine nähere Begründung. Die schon viele Jahre vorher vom Verf. betriebene Unterschutzstellung gewann erst Gestalt nach einer Tagungsexkursion des Westfälischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins und einer vom ersten Vorsitzenden, Herrn Dr. Runge, verfassten Resolution vom 26. 5. 1972 an den Bürgermeister von Höxter. In diesem Brief heißt es u. a.: „Die Tagungsteilnehmer haben bei ihrer Exkursion in der Weseraue mit Erstaunen den Reichtum der Grundlosen in pflanzensoziologischer, floristischer und tiergeographischer Hinsicht festgestellt. So wurden . . . das äußerst seltene Moorkreuzkraut (Senecio tubicaulis) und der Seefrosch (Rana ridibunda) entdeckt", der bisher in ganz Westfalen nur hier beobachtet wurde (vgl. RAUS 1977). Die Floristisch-Soziologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft führte auf ihrer Tagung 1976 ebenfalls eine Exkursion in dieses Gebiet. Angesichts der Bedrohung seiner Ökologie durch den nahen Kiesabbau wurden auf der Abschlussdiskussion eingehendere Untersuchungen zur Flora und Fauna, auch hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung, beschlossen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag legen die beiden Verfasser die Ergebnisse ihrer Nachforschungen zur Entwicklung der Grundlosen und der Vegetation der engeren Umgebung in geschichtlicher und vorgeschichtlicher Zeit vor. Zur Mitarbeit konnte ein weiterer Autor gewonnen werden, der durch die absoluten Datierungen ein Zeitgerüst beisteuerte, das die Erkennung von Komplikationen möglich machte.
Pityogenes chalcographus is a widely distributed spruce pest in Eurasia (KNIZEK et al. 2005). In 70ies, E. Führer studied the intraspecific variation of this spruce bark beetle and detected race differentiation among European populations based on crossing experiments (FÜHRER 1977), morphological characters FÜHRER 1978) and allozyme electrophoresis (RITZENGRUBER 1990). In order to verify the hypothesis differentiation, we analysed diverse European P. chalcographus populations using the Cytochrome Oxidase gene (COI) of the mitochondrial DNA. The complete COI gene of 96 individuals was sequenced. In facilitate the screening of the European populations, we applied a PCR-SSCP method. This polyacrylamide electrophoresis technique offers a sensitive but inexpensive, rapid and convenient method for detecting polymorphisms, reducing the amount of samples that require sequencing (SUNNUCKS et al. 2000).
Anfang der 80er Jahre wurde zum ersten Mal von SIMOVA-TOSIC & FILEV (1985) in der Nähe des Ohrid Sees (Balkan) eine unbekannte Miniermotte bei einem Massenauftretten an Aesculus hippocastanum L. festgestellt. Die neue Art wurde von DESCHKA & DIMIC (1986) Cameraria ohridella genannt. Seit dieser Erstentdeckung der Motte am Balkan lässt sich eine rasche Ausbreitung des Schädlings in Europa beobachten. Aufgrund der inzwischen erfolgten zahlreichen Veröffentlichungen ist davon auszugehen, dass bis jetzt nahezu ganz Europa, ausgenommen Skandinavien, von der Motte besiedelt wurde. In Griechenland wurde die Motte 1996 von SKUHRAVY (1999) bei Florina (Nord Griechenland) erstmals festgestellt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, Erkenntnisse über die Biologie der Motte in Griechenland zu gewinnen. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen beziehen sich auf die Jahre 2001 bis 2004 und wurden im Rahmen des E.U. Programms CONTROCAM durchgeführt.
Taxonomic history and review of the Förster genera of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea)
(2023)
Platygastridae is a ʻdark taxonʼ, with many genera and species in dire need of professional attention. The taxonomic impediment is especially severe in the Palearctic Platygastrinae due to the abundance of names with vague concepts. Historical descriptions and their associated type material must be examined and clarified before further revisionary work can occur. Arnold Förster described 18 genera of Platygastridae, most of which represent distinct and recognizable lineages. The present study reviews their taxonomic history, providing diagnostic remarks, English translations, and illustrations of important specimens from the Förster collection in the Natural History Museum Vienna. The collection also includes original exemplar specimens of European species whose types have been lost. Neotypes and lectotypes are designated from this material to improve nomenclatural stability in the group. Neotypes are designated for Amblyaspis forticornis (Nees, 1834), Isocybus grandis (Nees, 1834), Platygaster striolata Nees, 1834, and Trichacis tristis (Nees, 1834). Lectotypes are designated for Leptacis spinigera (Nees, 1834) comb. nov. and for Platygaster corvina Förster, 1861, with Platygaster henkvlugi Buhl, 1996 treated as a junior synonym. Platygaster mutica Nees, 1834 stat. rev., nomen dubium, is transferred from Synopeas.
Platystasius transversus (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is a rarely collected egg parasitoid of Leptura aurulenta Fabricius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Four female specimens were found in Germany, a new country record for the genus and species. Illustrations, DNA barcodes, and an updated distribution are provided. We review its taxonomic history, biology, and ecological associations.
As insect decline threatens the fauna of Central Europe, “dark taxa” present an obstacle to understanding biodiversity loss. The superfamily Platygastroidea is a dark taxon, with many superficial descriptions requiring examination of type material to characterize and revise species and genera. The Natural History Museum Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien) is arguably the most important historical collection of Platygastroidea in Central Europe. Type specimens from 85 species in 21 genera and three families are here catalogued and photographically illustrated, including previously undocumented types described by Förster, Kieffer, Nees von Esenbeck, and Ratzeburg. Lectotypes are designated for Anteris bicolor Kieffer, Anteris simulans Kieffer, Hadronotus laticeps Kieffer, Leptacis foersteri Kieffer, Plastogryon investis Kieffer, Plastogryon sagax Kieffer, Prophanurus mayri Kieffer, and Telenomus laeviceps Förster. Trissolcus schimitsheki (Szelényi) syn. nov. is treated as a junior synonym of Trissolcus scutellaris (Thomson) and Telenomus nomas Förster syn. nov. is treated as a junior synonym of Trissolcus semistriatus (Nees). Baeus maculatus (Förster) comb. nov. is transferred from Telenomus. Historical, taxonomic, and curatorial remarks are included, providing an essential foundation for revisionary work on the Platygastroidea of Central Europe and beyond.
Detailed mass balance food web models were constructed to compare ecosystem characteristics for three Alaska regions: the eastern Bering Sea (EBS), the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), and the Aleutian Islands (AI). This paper documents the methods and data used to construct the models and compares ecosystem structure and indicators across models. The common modeling framework, including biomass pool and fishery definitions, resulted in comparable food webs for the three ecosystems which showed that they all have the same apex predator—the Pacific halibut longline fishery. However, despite the similar methods used to construct the models, the data from each system included in the analysis clearly define differences in food web structure which may be important considerations for fishery management in Alaska ecosystems. The results showed that the EBS ecosystem has a much larger benthic influence in its food web than either the GOA or the AI. Conversely, the AI ecosystem has the strongest pelagic influence in its food web relative to the other two systems. The GOA ecosystem appears balanced between benthic and pelagic pathways, but is notable in having a smaller fisheries catch relative to the other two systems, and a high biomass of fish predators above trophic level (TL) 4, arrowtooth flounder and halibut. The patterns visible in aggregated food webs were confirmed in additional more detailed analyses of biomass and consumption in each ecosystem, using both the single species and whole ecosystem indicators developed here.
A new jumping spider genus, Manzuma gen. nov. (Salticidae Blackwall, 1841), is described, type species is Manzuma nigritibia (Caporiacco, 1941). Aelurillus reconditus Wesołowska & van Harten, 1994 is synonymized with Rafalus nigritibiis (Caporiacco, 1941). Four new combinations are proposed: M. jocquei gen. et comb. nov. (ex Aelurillus), M. kenyaensis gen. et comb. nov. (ex Langelurillus), M. lympha gen. et comb. nov. (ex Rafalus) and M. nigritibia gen. et comb. nov. (ex Rafalus). Three species, M. botswana gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀, Botswana and Republic of South Africa), M. petroae gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀, Republic of South Africa) and M. tanzanica gen. et sp. nov. (♂, Tanzania), are described. The male of M. kenyaensis gen. et comb. nov. and female of M. lympha gen. et comb. nov. are described for the first time. A new aelurilline synapomorphy is proposed. Identification key for males is provided.
The genus Tekellina Levi, 1957 is currently composed of ten species, six of which are Neotropical. They are small-sized spiders (0.9 to 1.5 mm), with a wide distribution, with a great diversity in the Neotropical Region and well represented in Brazil. In this article, males and females of the species Tekellina bella Marques & Buckup, 1993 and T. crica Marques & Buckup, 1993 are redescribed and illustrated. The female of Tekellina minor Marques & Buckup, 1993 is described and illustrated for the first time. New records are included for Neotropical species. Tekellina guaiba Marques & Buckup, 1993 is synonymized with T. pretiosa Marques & Buckup, 1993. Three new species are described for Brazil: Tekellina picurrucha Rodrigues & Estol sp. nov. (São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul), Tekellina miuda Rodrigues & Estol sp. nov. (São Paulo and Paraná) and Tekellina miudinha Rodrigues & Estol sp. nov. (São Paulo). Distribution maps with new records and an identification key of the Neotropical species are also presented.
Three new species of herb gall wasps (Cynipidae: Aulacideini and Phanacidini) are described from Turkey. Aulacidea turguti sp. nov. induces galls on Hieracium patentissimum Freyn & Sint. ex Freyn, 1895 (Asteraceae) and was collected in Gümüşhane province, Phanacis ciceki sp. nov. and Phanacis urhani sp. nov. were collected in Gümüşhane and Ordu Provinces, the former inducing galls on Picris sp. and the latter on Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., 1835–36 (Asteraceae). SEM images, gall photos, distribution, biology, and diagnostic morphological characteristics of the three new species are provided.
We describe a new vanilla species growing in sympatry with Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews (Orchidaceae) in the province of Limón, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. The morphology of the reproductive and vegetative organs observed on vines cultivated under shade-house, the nuclear (Internal Transcribed Spacer) and plastid (matK) nucleotide sequences, as well as the contents of aromatic compounds measured in ripe fruits, show that this species is close to but distinct from V. planifolia. The name V. sotoarenasii M.Pignal, Azofeifa-Bolaños & Grisoni sp. nov. is proposed for this new Vanilla species endemic in Costa Rica. It is especially distinguished from V. planifolia by a reduction of about 30% of the size of the fruits and flowers, by a divergence of ITS sequences for at least two species-conserved nucleotides compared to seven other species of the V. planifolia group, and by the presence of anisic compounds and low content of phenolic compounds (including vanillin) in the fruits. These results confirmed the extension of the area of distribution of V. planifolia southward to Costa Rica, where a recent speciation process occurred. Because of its particular agronomic and aromatic properties, V. sotoarenasii sp. nov. could represent a valuable biological resource for the vanilla industry.
A new montane species of Vaejovis C.L. Koch (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) is described from the Sierra Madre Occidental of Durango, Mexico. Vaejovis baggins Azzinnari, Bryson, Graham, Solís-Rojas, and Sissom, new species,is similar to mexicanus group species in the mountain range, including V. montanus Graham and Bryson, V. sierrae Sissom, Graham, Donaldson, and Bryson, and V. mcwesti Sissom, Graham, Donaldson, and Bryson, but differs from these species based on aspects of body size, pedipalp carination, chelae granulation, morphometrics, and setal patterns on the metasoma. A molecular clock estimate indicates that the new species shared a common ancestor with V. mcwesti during the late Miocene or Pliocene.
Dyschirius lucidus (Putzeys 1846) wurde an 3 UfersteIlen der Ems und Weser erstmalig für Niedersachsen nachgewiesen. Diese Funde stellen die nördlichsten Nachweise für diese Art dar. Da in den letzten Jahren Erstnachweise auch für Westfalen und Thüringen erfolgten, ist D. lucidus wahrscheinlich ein rezenter Ein"1'anderer im mittleren und nördlichen Mitteleuropa. Die Habitatbindung dieser Art wird beschrieben. Unterscheidungsmerkmale zu den nahe verwandten Arten D. nitidus und D. politus werden hervorgehoben.
Die Bedeutung der Pyrenäen und anderer südfranzösischer Gebirge als eiszeitliche Refugialräume (massifs de refuge) wird anhand von Verbreitungsanalysen dargestellt. Endogäische und hypogäische, anophthalme Käferarten zeigen eine Verbreitungslücke in den während der letzten Eiszeit stark vergletscherten Zentralpyrenäen. Diese Region wird von einer alpinen Fauna besiedelt, die sich durch eine reduzierte Artenzahl endemischer, flugunfähiger Carabiden auszeichnet, während in den nicht vergletscherten Regionen die Zahl solcher Arten hoch ist. Carabus punctatoauratus ist auf bestimmte Regionen in den östlichen und nördlichen Randpyrenäen beschränkt. Bis auf ein kleines Gebiet in den Zentralpyrenäen verhält sich die Art endemisch und lebt noch heute nahezu ausschließlich in den ehemaligen eiszeitlichen Refugialräumen. Die Bedeutung der nördlichen Pyrenäen als ein altes Refugialgebiet für C. punctatoauratus wird durch den Nachweis einer hohen genetischen Variabilität an einigen Enzym-kodierenden Genen bestätigt. Die morphologische Differenzierung der Subspezies erfolgte wahrscheinlich während der Eiszeiten, als die Populationen durch Gletscher und ihre Vorfelder lange voneinander getrennt waren. In montanen Lagen scheinen die Käfer auf Wälder begrenzt zu sein, während sie in der subalpinen Zone auch in baumfreien Bereichen leben. Die Art ist hygrophil und kommt ausschließlich auf wasserzügigen Böden mit hoher Feuchtigkeit vor. C. punctatoauratus ist demnach eine petrophile Art nach den Definitionen von Holdhaus (1954) und Brandmayr (1983). Carabus auronitens ist die Schwesterart von Carabus punctatoauratus. Für eine lang andauernde, bereits vor der letzten Eiszeit begonnene Separation der beiden Arten spricht das Ausmaß an genetischer Differenzierung auf dem Allozym- und mtDNA-Niveau. Carabus auronitens bewohnt in Südfrankreich drei glaziale Refugialgebiete: die Montagne Noire (inkl. die Monts de Lacaune), die Umgebung von Rodez (Dep. Aveyron) und die Cevennen. Nördlich und westlich der Cevennen ist die Art weit und relativ kontinuierlich verbreitet. Auch in den Ostalpen und Karpaten werden von C. auronitens eiszeitliche Refugialgebiete bewohnt. Nördlich der potentiellen Refugialgebiete besiedelt C. auronitens ein großes Verbreitungsgebiet von Westfrankreich bis Polen. Da die Art nicht in der alpinen Zone und auf Permafrostboden lebt, scheint eine Überdauerung von C. auronitens während der Eiszeiten nördlich der Holdhaus-Linie nicht möglich gewesen zu sein. Verbreitung und genetische Differenzierungen zeigen ein unterschiedliches Ausbreitungspotential der Populationen von C. auronitens in den drei südfranzösischen Arealen: Wenigstens in einem Refugium (Montagne Noire) verhielten sich die Populationen endemisch, während zumindest die Populationen aus den Cevennen West-, Nordfrankreich und möglicherweise auch Westdeutschland besiedelt haben. Diese Populationen verhielten sich als Rückwanderer über weite Distanz (Hold haus 1954). Conspezifische Populationen anderer Arten zeigen ebenfalls Unterschiede hinsichtlich ihres postglazialen Ausbreitungsverhaltens. Da ökologische oder geographische Ausbreitungsschranken in einigen Fällen nicht erkennbar sind, kann die postglaziale Rückwanderung durch besonderes Lokomotions- und Orientierungsverhalten bedingt sein.
1981 wurde die Carabidenfauna von 12 pflanzensoziologisch charakterisierten FangsteIlen (Moorheiden mit Sphagnum papillosum und anderen Arten, trockene Austrocknungsstadien des Hochmoores ohne Sphagnum, Schwingdecken bäuerlicher Torfstiche, ein Betuletum pubescentis sowie ein Vaccinium-Betula-Wald) mit BARBER-Fallen im Hahnenmoor, 50 km nordwestlich von Osnabück, untersucht. 3 Konkordanz-Analysen nach RENKONEN werden durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe der Diskordanz werden die Relativlagen der Carabidengesellschaften im dreidimensionalen Raum nach der Methode von KOTH ermittelt. Bis auf eine Ausnahme genügt dazu eine Lageunschärfe der Relativlagen von 5%. Mit den Raumachsen dieser Modelle fallen wahrscheinlich Umweltgradienten zusammen. Erkannt werden konnten 3 Gradienten, die artverteilende Bedeutung haben können: Trophiegrad, Bodenfeuchte und Sonnenexposition der Bodenoberfläche. In einem Modell konnten 7 Ergebnisse aus 6 Untersuchungsgebieten und 5 Untersuchungszeiträumen widerspruchsfrei im dreidimensionalen Raum angeordnet werden. Für oligo- bis minerotrophe Moore typische Arten wie Agonum ericeti und Agonum munsteri kommen noch vor. Diese Arten sind durch Nährstoffanreicherung, Beschattung durch Birken und andere Faktoren stark bedroht. Indikatoren für minero- bis mesotrophe Moorbereiche werden bereits gefunden: Agonum fuligonosum und Pterostichus minor. Die Austrocknungsstadien des Hochmoores werden von Bembidion humerale, Anisodactylus nemorivagus und anderen für solche Flächen typische Arten bewohnt. Ein Moorbrand hatte auf die Carabidengesellschaft keinen nachhaltigen Einfluß: die Arten überlebten den Brand (z. B. Dyschirius globosus) oder wanderten danach wieder ein. Es wird auf die Bedeutung dieses Hochmoorrestes als Refugium für seltene Tiere und Pflanzen hingewiesen.
Von 1984 bis 1990 wurde die Carabidenfauna von 14 Fangstellen an der mittleren und unteren Ems (Niedersachsen) mit Handfängen untersucht. Insgesamt konnten unter Weidengebüschen, an offenen Ufern, an Sumpfstellen und im Ästuarbereich 127 Arten nachgewiesen werden. Einige der festgestellten Arten sind offenbar stenotop, z. B. Elaphrus aureus, der Weidengebüsche der oberen und mittleren Ems bewohnt, und Bembidion maritimum, der im Tidenbereich der Flußmündung lebt.
1980 wurde die Carabidenfauna der Schwingdecken bäuerlicher Torfstiche, Regenerationsflächen und verheideten Torfe mit Formalinfallen im Naturschutzgebiet .Oppenweher Moor" untersucht. Die Ergebnisse und Aktivitätskurven von 5 Arten werden mitgeteilt. Die Ökologie einiger Arten wird diskutiert. In Norddeutschland selten gewordene Carabiden oligotropher und mesotropher Biotope kommen im Oppenweher Moor noch vor. Einige sind sogar häufig, wie Carabus nitens und Carabus clathratus.
1989 wurde mit Barber-Fallen und Handaufsammlungen die Carabidenfauna einer bäuerlichen Kulturlandschaft mit Bächen, Hecken, kleinen Wäldern, Äckern, Wiesen und Weiden untersucht. Insgesamt konnten 102 Arten nachgewiesen werden. Oie Habitatbindung und Verbreitung einiger Arten werden diskutiert. Vorschläge zum Erhalt der artenreichen Carabidenfauna werden gegeben.
Hudelandschaften stellen im nordwestdeutschen Tiefland Lebensräume besonders hoher biologischer Diversität dar. Während einer über lange Zeiträume andauernden extensiven Bewirtschaftung durch den Menschen entstand ein vielfältiges Mosaik unterschiedlicher Vegetationseinheiten. Die von geobotanischer Seite gut untersuchten Pflanzengesellschaften und Vegetationskomplexe bieten sich als Objekte biozönologischer Forschung an. Von besonderer wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung ist das Studium von Reliktarten-Gemeinschaften alter Wälder. Unter den Carabiden, Chilopoden und Limaciden können Reliktarten benannt werden. Freilandexperimente zum Ausbreitungsverhalten und populationsgenetische Untersuchungen an Cerabiden wurden durchgeführt, um Unterschiede zwischen einer Reliktart und einer weit verbreiteten Art untersuchen zu können. Strukturreiche, ehemalige Hudewälder besitzen im Vergleich zu den strukturarmen Wirtschaftshochwäldern unterschiedliche Artengemeinschaften an Chilopoden, Diplopoden und Carabiden. Die Hudelandschaften weisen eine Reihe von Teil-Lebensräumen auf, die heute landesweit hochgradig gefährdet sind. Hierzu gehören z.B. die Tot- und Altholzbestände, die durch besonders typische Zersetzer-Gemeinschaften unter den Arthropoden charakterisiert sind; auch diese sind Gegenstand unserer biozönologischen Untersuchungen. Ein Schwerpunkt unserer Forschung liegt in der Charakterisierung einzelner Zoo- Taxozönosen (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera) auf der Basis des pflanzensoziologischen Rasters. Im Bereich der Ornithofauna haben wir uns bisher intensiver mit den Meisen-Gemeinschaften ausgewählter Hudegebiete befaßt und die verschiedenen Bindungsgrade an spezifische Ressourcen der Standorte analysiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß die Erforschung von Biozönosen unter Landschaftsbezug und unter Berücksichtigung von Pflanzengesellschaften und Vegetationskomplexen wichtige Ergebnisse liefert. Im Falle der Hudelandschaften kommt auch kulturgeschichtlichen Zusammenhängen eine große Bedeutung für das Verständnis des Aufbaues solcher Ökosysteme zu.
Unter 9 Exoskelett-Merkmalen zeigen das Ende des Aedeagus und die Skulptur der Elytren eine starke Differenzierung zwischen Populationen beider Formen, die aus weit von einer Kontaktzone entfernten Regionen stammen (untersuchte Populationen: purpuraseens aus den Pyrenäen und der Normandie, violaceus aus Nord- und Nordost-Deutschland, Polen und Rumänien). In Südwest-Niedersaehsen wurden Populationen beider Formen als auch Populationen festgestellt, die sich durch intermediäre Werte des Aedeagus und der Elytrenskulptur auszeichnen. Das Auftreten solcher Populationen zeigt eine Hybridzone in dem Untersuchungsgebiet an. Für eine weitergehende Beschreibung der Hybridzone (z. B. ihre geographische Ausdehnung) in Südwest-Niedersachsen und anderer Kontaktzonen müssen die beiden trennenden Merkmale in weiteren Populationen analysiert werden. Nichtsdestoweniger zeigen die isolierten und teilweise von purpuraseens umgebenen vio/aceus-Populationen (Eifel, Schwarzwald), daß beide Taxa eine Mosaik-Hybridzone in Mitteleuropa ausbilden. Die postglaziale Populationsgeschichte beider Formen und ihrer Hybridzone wird diskutiert.
Brachyplatys subaeneus (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) es una especie de chinche originaria de Asia que fue reportada en 2016 por primera vez en Panamá y las Américas. Dicha especie es un organismo invasor considerado como una plaga potencial para los cultivos de guandú (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth) y otras leguminosas. Debido a que no se había trabajado más en este chinche desde su reporte, este estudio busca generar información respecto a su distribución geográfica en el país, focalizada a lo largo de la costa Pacífica de Panamá, desde Tortí, Panamá Este, hasta la región de Chitré, provincia de Herrera. A pesar de presentar esta distribución consideramos que esta especie invasora puede tener ámbitos de distribución más amplios en Panamá, tomando en cuenta el hecho de que es una especie con una alta tasa de reproducción y colonización.
An extensive survey of the relevant literature of dry grassland communities described for the territory of Serbia allowed us to check the validity and legitimacy of the nomenclature of this vegetation. Nomenclature rules of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature were strictly followed. The syntaxonomic affiliation of communities to higher syntaxa was assessed according to existing syntaxonomic schemes for Serbia and the position determined by the original source. Higher syntaxa followed the synsystem of the socalled “EuroVegChecklist”. We have highlighted problems and some disagreement with the existing classification of dry grassland communities in Europe. A total of 134 dry grassland communities have so far been registered for Serbia. This list of syntaxa may serve for further research of grassland vegetation and its appropriate positioning within a syntaxonomical scheme of Europe.
Dry grasslands are highly diverse vegetation types of great importance for livestock production in rural Balkan areas. We analysed a large data set of phytosociological relevés of dry grasslands (Festuco-Brometea and Festucetea vaginatae classes) in Serbia to produce the first overview of its classification, distribution, environmental conditions and biodiversity patterns. Phytocoenological relevés from relevant literature sources and our own investigations were stored in the Vegetation Database of Serbia (EU-RS-002) and the Balkan Dry Grassland Database (EU-00-013). After heterogeneity-constrained random resampling, the final dataset contained 1,897 relevés and 1,323 species. Species composition was classified hierarchically by the beta flexible method. We used species ecological indicator values for the estimation of the ecological conditions. Floristic and vegetation diversity and the conservation relevance of various dry grassland types, based on an assessment of endemic and protected species, were analysed. We identified 11 clusters, which were well characterised by their species composition and ecology. The first three clusters included loess and sand steppe grasslands mostly found in the Pannonian part of Serbia (Festucion rupicolae and Festucion vaginatae). The next three clusters consisted of Balkan ultramafic rocky grasslands of the order Halacsyetalia sendtneri, Balkan submediterranean mountain steppe grasslands on calcareous substrates, belonging to the order Astragalo-Potentilletalia and grasslands of the Balkan alliance Saturejion montanae on limestone. The third group of relevés comprised Balkan alliances of dry grasslands on deep soils, the Chrysopogono-Danthonion and sub-continental steppes of the alliance Festucion valesiacae in hilly areas of Serbia, mostly in the thermophilous oak zone. According to ordination analysis (DCA), the main floristic gradient was largely determined by temperature and moisture. The Festuco-Brometea class exhibited high floristic diversity (1,323 plant species) and very high conservation relevance in view of the large number of Balkan endemic species (204). A total of 233 species and subspecies protected by national legislation within the studied vegetation were recorded.
Detection of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species implies using an integrative taxonomic approach with a combination of molecular, contemporary morphological, ecological and other relevant analyses. Within a contemporary morphological analysis, two approaches are commonly used in hoverfly taxonomy: a geometric morphometric analysis of the wing and surstyle shape. Here, the importance of the R4+5 vein shape is tested in cryptic species delimitation within four Merodon species groups using linear and semilandmark geometric morphometric analyses. As expected, geometric morphometrics showed a stronger resolution compared to linear morphometrics. Linear morphometrics failed to detect differences related to sexual dimorphism or differences among the species M. pruni and M. obscurus. However, all cryptic species and sexes were separated with high significance based on the R4+5 vein shape. Moreover, obtained results concurred with the landmark-defined wing shape and molecular results published in previous studies. Additionally, combining two characters, the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and the landmark-defined wing shape, provided more detailed and precise insights into the shape differences. Our results showed that the R4+5 vein shape stands out as an important character in species delimitation of hoverflies where the sinuation of this vein is present. Therefore, it can be beneficial as a single character or in combination with a landmark-based wing shape analysis.
Several recent studies have detected and described complexes of cryptic and sibling species in the genus Merodon (Diptera, Syrphidae). One representative of these complexes is the Merodon avidus complex that contains four sibling species, which have proven difficult to distinguish using traditional morphological characters. In the present study, we use two geometric morphometric approaches, as well as molecular characters of the 5’-end of the mtDNA COI gene, to delimit sibling taxa. Analyses based on these data were used to strengthen species boundaries within the complex, and to validate the status of a previously-recognized cryptic taxon from Lesvos Island (Greece), here described as Merodon megavidus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov. Geometric morphometric results of both wing and surstylus shape confirm the present classification for three sibling species-M. avidus (Rossi, 1790), M. moenium Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822 and M. ibericus Vujić, 2015-and, importantly, clearly discriminate the newly-described taxon Merodon megavidus sp. nov. In addition to our geometric morphometric results, supporting characters were obtained from molecular analyses of mtDNA COI sequences, which clearly differentiated M. megavidus sp. nov. from the other members of the M. avidus complex. Molecular analyses revealed that the earliest divergence of M. ibericus occurred around 800 ky BP, while the most recent separation happened between M. avidus and M. moenium around 87 ky BP.
Die Halophytenvegetation des Pikrolimni-Sees (Höhenlage 47 m ü. Meer) wird phytosoziologisch beschrieben. Die sieben Pflanzengesellschaften (Crypsidetum aculeatae, Suaedetum maritimae, Camphorosmetum annuae, Plantaginetum coronopi, Limonio-Spergularietum, Elymetum elongati, Puccinellietum convolutae), die rings um den See erkannt wurden, sind sehr artenarm und werden in die eigenartige Salzvegetation des balkanischen Binnenlandes eingegliedert. Bodenanalysen (Bestimmung von pH, CaCO3, NaCl) geben eine allgemeine Bewertung der Bodeneigenschaften von fünf Gesellschaftssubstraten.
Gervais’ beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus (Gervais, 1855) is restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. Although most records are from the North Atlantic, it is probably continuously distributed in deep warm waters around the equator (Mead 1989, Norman & Mead 2001). Its occurrence in West Africa is poorly known, as records are rare. It is classified as Data Deficient (Taylor et al. 2008).