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The diet of feral cats Felis catus on Santa Luzia, Cape Verde Islands, was studied. A total of 147 prey items were identified during the analysis of 26 scat groups collected during the summer of 2010. House mouse Mus musculus was the most important prey, both in percentage of biomass and number of preys consumed (89.7% and n= 117, respectively). Reptiles were the second most important prey, represented by one skink species (Chioninia stangeri) and an unidentified gecko species. The remainder of the identified prey consisted of one bird species (Passer iagoensis) and one undetermined Tettigoniidae species (Insecta). No endangered species were identified in scats of this introduced predator, but future surveys must be carried out to further avoid threats to the island's biodiversity.
An old specimen of the extinct giant skink Chioninia coctei (Duméril & Bibron, 1839), endemic to the islets of Branco and Raso, Cape Verde Islands, in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands, had been misidentified as Leiolopisma telfairii (Desjardin, 1831). The specimen, acquired by the Leiden Museum from the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris during the 19th century, is demonstrated to be one of the specimens of C. coctei sent to Portugal by João da Silva Feijó during the 1780s. It was brought from Lisbon to Paris by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire during the Napoleonic invasion in 1808. Together with the specimen remaining in the Paris museum, it is the oldest known of the species. The likely pathway of dispersal, as well as the general characteristics of the specimen, are discussed.
Em paralelo com a protecção activa de tartarugas marinhas nas praias de desova, é fundamental conhecer as tendências das suas abundâncias. A forma de vida das tartarugas marinhas dificulta enormemente o conhecimento do número de indivíduos existentes numa população num determinado momento. Dado o seu ciclo de vida ser totalmente marinho, com escassa visibilidade e grande dispersão oceânica, contar machos ou juvenis é um processo muito complexo e impreciso. É de maior utilidade contar fêmeas e ninhos nas praias durante a temporada de nidificação, apesar do método estar igualmente sujeito a imprecisões visto que apenas uma parte desconhecida de fêmeas adultas desova a cada temporada. É impossível conhecer o número de fêmeas de uma população através da mera contagem de fêmeas nidificantes e ninhos num ano. O número anual de fêmeas nidificantes e ninhos pode variar muito de ano para ano, sendo assim recomendável contá-los de forma contínua, ano após ano. As variações interanuais de fêmeas nidificantes podem ser independentes de flutuações na população e ficarem a dever-se ao acaso ou a factores ambientais desconhecidos. A contagem de fêmeas nidificantes é complexa, pois deve realizar-se de noite e a maioria dos indivíduos deve ser marcada e recapturada para que seja eficaz. Sugere-se a realização de censos contínuos (todos os anos) de ninhos como o método mais eficaz e a melhor forma de conhecer a abundância de tartarugas marinhas numa população, a sua evolução ao longo do tempo, o estado de conservação das populações e a eficácia das medidas de protecção. É também recomendada a monitorização da frequência de captura de fêmeas e de ninhos espoliados nas praias. Em cada ilha ou zona de estudo de Cabo Verde será nomeado um coordenador de investigação responsável pelas actividades e bases de dados. Para além disso, existirão vários técnicos encarregados da protecção, censos e obtenção de informação. Todo o pessoal técnico receberá formação específica antes do início do projecto. Na formação, deverá ser dado um ênfase especial ao manejo de fêmeas e ovos nas praias, à identificação de rastos de ninhos e à correcta recolha e registo de dados.
To actively protect sea turtles on their nesting beaches, it is essential to obtain knowledge about trends in abundance. The way sea turtles live makes it extremely difficult to identify how many individuals there are in a population at any point in time. Due to practical problems, given their entirely marine life with limited visibility and great oceanic dispersal, counting males or juveniles is currently quite difficult and imprecise. Counting females and nests on beaches during the nesting season is the best feasible but still imperfect method, since only an unknown portion of adult females nest every season. It is impossible to know the real number of females in the population by merely counting females and nests in a given year. The number of nesting females can vary greatly from year to year and it is therefore advisable to count them incessantly in subsequent years. Variations in nesting females between years can be independent of general population fluctuations and be due to chance or (unknown) environmental factors. Since the work has to be done at night and the majority of individuals must be marked and recaptured in order to be effective, carrying out censuses of females is complex. Yearly censuses of nests is suggested as the most effective method and the best way to obtain knowledge about the abundance of individuals in a population, their numerical development over time, the conservation status of the population and the effectiveness of conservation measures. The capture frequency of females and poached nests on beaches also requires counting the numbers involved.
On 10 February 2012, at 0845 UTC, a mass stranding involving seven (six adults and a juvenile) pygmy killer whales Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874 occurred at Praia de Boa Esperança (16º12’26”N, 22º52’00”W), along the northern coast of Boavista island, Cape Verde Islands. The event was witnessed by a group of kite-surfers, who managed to move three animals (two adults and a juvenile) back to the sea. No re-strandings were noted. At 1330 UTC, staff of the Protected Areas Department visited the site and recorded four specimens (two alive and two dead). At 1700 UTC, only two carcasses were found on the beach, the others apparently having been washed out to sea.
Recent data on status and distribution of resident and migrant birds in the Cape Verde Islands are presented, including records of nine taxa new to the archipelago, viz. Ixobrychus sturmii, Botaurus stellaris, Butorides striatus, Circus cyaneus, Porzana pusilla, Fulica atra, Chlidonias niger, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus and Hippolais polyglotta. Also presented are data on a number of breeding taxa, including the first record of the endemic Raso lark Alauda razae outside the islet of Raso. The alarming situation of the magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens, of which probably only two individuals remain in Cape Verde, constituting the entire population in the East Atlantic, is highlighted. During the past decade, breeding populations of common moorhen Gallinula chloropus appear to have become well-established on the islands of Santiago and Boavista. Following its expansion through Northwest Africa and the Canary Islands, Eurasian collared dove Streptopelia decaocto has now also colonized the Cape Verde Islands.
A bibliography (including an author index) of the literature on the land and freshwater molluscs of the Cape Verde Islands is presented, encompassing 81 entries, of which 61 are directly related to land and freshwater molluscs, while another 20 deal with marine Pulmonata and/or brackish and saltwater inhabiting Hydrobiidae. A historical synopsis of the exploration of the land and freshwater mollusc fauna of the Cape Verde archipelago is presented. An annotated check-list of the land-bound gastropods of the Cape Verde Islands is also included, differentiating between freshwater, land and marine species and completed by a list of taxa that have been erroneously mentioned for the archipelago due to misidentification or confusion about the location of origin.
Reproduction of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Santa Cruz, Santiago island, Cape Verde Islands
(2012)
Mosquitoes are dipterous insects with an important role in the transmission of diseases like malaria and dengue. During a dengue fever outbreak in the Cape Verde Islands in 2009, several studies were undertaken to support vector control. The present study was carried out in the district of Santa Cruz, Santiago island, to evaluate previous measures taken to control mosquito populations. Results show that mosquitoes use domestic water containers to breed. Barrels, drums and pots were all used. Of these, drums were most frequently found being infested with mosquito larvae or pupae. Morphological identification showed that Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti were present in the study area. Ae. aegypti was the commonest of the two and the only one found throughout the study area. Results show that socio-economic factors influence container positivity.
Grass savannas on lateritic crusts are characteristic landscape elements of the Sudanian savannas. In the W National Park and its surroundings in SE-Burkina Faso, plant diversity of savannas on and adjacent to bowé was assessed by a survey of 19 bowal areas with relevés along transects in each of these. The vegetation structure and species composition of the herb and shrub strata, soil depth, particle size and the concentration of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, H+, C and N were recorded on each bowal and its surroundings. Our results show that soils on lateritic crusts are rather shallow and acidic compared to the surrounding savanna woodlands. Nutrient availability is hence comparatively low. The observed flora comprises 130 species mainly belonging to the families Combretaceae, Cyperaceae, Leguminosae and Poaceae with a predominance of therophytes and a comparatively high share of C4 species. In the pastures surrounding the National Park a higher species richness was found than inside the Park due to the occurrence of pioneers, ruderal and unpalatable plants. Savannas on lateritic crusts exhibit due to their extreme edaphic and hydrological conditions a specific flora distinct from their surroundings.
Most of the grass savannas on lateritic crusts found in the North-Western of Benin are free of trees and a shrub layer is only sparsely developed. The only constant member of the shrub layer is Terminalia laxiflora. Intermediate constancy show Entada africana and Annona senegalensis. With regard to the herbaceous layer two types can be identified: On very shallow soils (<2 cm) Loudetia togoensis is highly constant and often dominating. The same is true for Andropogon pseudapricus on soils of a little bit more than 2 cm. In those types, Lepidagathis anobrya and Spermacoce filifolia show very high constancy (constancy class V) and Cyanotis lanata and Melliniella micrantha occur with high constancy (IV).
Termite mounds represent abundant microhabitats of high biodiversity in tropical savanna ecosystems and are an important source of landscape heterogeneity in Sub–Saharan West Africa. Floristic composition as well as density, structure and zonation of plant cover on the mounds were investigated in northern Benin and compared to the adjacent savanna vegetation. A total of 57 abandoned and densely vegetated termite mounds of comparable size and similarly affected by erosion located in different types of savannas inside and outside of the W National Park and in cotton fields were studied. This study revealed that termitaria are special habitats differing in density, composition and structure from surrounding savannas. The plant cover of termite mounds showed a distinctive zonation. Succulents, geophytes, and lianas were much more abundant on mounds, the family Capparaceae was found exclusively on mounds. The floristic composition and vegetation on termitaria proved to be rather homogeneous; although those mounds located in cotton fields differed by higher abundance of Poaceae and lower species richness.
Bei der echten "Rose von Jericho" handelt es sich um einen kleinen Kreuzblütler, dessen verholzte Äste sich im toten, ausgetrockneten Zustand zusammenziehen und sich bei Befeuchtung wieder öffnen. Daneben gibt es eine Reihe von falschen Rosen von Jericho, die ebenfalls hygroskopische Bewegungen aufweisen. Auf eine dieser falschen Rosen soll hier näher eingegangen werden, da sie zur Weihnachtszeit bei uns verkauft wird. Es handelt sich um den Schuppenblättrigen Moosfarn (Selaginella lepidophylla), der im Handel meist einfach als "Rose von Jericho" (das "Unechte" wird weggelassen) oder auch als "Auferstehungspflanze" bezeichnet wird.
In Mitteleuropa gibt es wohl kaum eine Moosart, die so weit verbreitet und gleichzeitig so leicht selbst im vegetativen Zustand zu erkennen ist, dass sie weithin bekannt ist: das Brunnenlebermoos (Marchantia polymorpha). Es handelt sich in der Gruppe der sog. Niederen Pflanzen um ein Lebermoos mit einem einfach strukturierten Kormus, der anders als bei den beblätterten Lebermoosen und den Laubmoosen weder in Stämmchen noch in Blättchen gegliedert ist. Für die universitäre Lehre stellt das Brunnenlebermoos einen wichtigen Standardorganismus dar, der für morphologische und anatomische Studien an Moosen insbesondere zum Einstieg in die Lebenszyklen der Landpflanzen genutzt wird.
Der Winter-Jasmin ist einer der ersten auffallenden Winterblüher in China, aber auch in den Gärten und Parks Mitteleuropas. Meist zeigen sich hier die ersten leuchtend gelben Blüten schon vor Weihnachten und die Blühphase kann bis März/April anhalten. Winter-Jasmin ist die frosthärteste Art der überwiegend tropisch bis subtropisch verbreiteten Gattung. Systematik, Morphologie und Verwendung werden erläutert.
Der Bubikopf ist schon seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts als Zimmerpflanze in Kultur und auch heute noch ganzjährig im Pflanzenhandel erhältlich. Dem Gärtner ist schon länger bekannt, dass die Art auch bei uns milde Winter im Freiland überdauern kann. Für den Botaniker ist aber interessant, dass der Bubikopf offensichtlich immer häufiger auch verwildert und dabei Fröste von unter -10 °C schadlos überdauert. Im Ruhrgebiet haben sich verwilderte Bubikopf-Vorkommen in Zierrasen als vollkommen winterhart erwiesen.
In vielen Fällen blühen Koniferen unauffällig. Ihre Blüten sind sparsam ausgestattet, vergleicht man sie mit denen der echten "Blütenpflanzen" (Angiospermen), also z. B. einer Rose oder einem Mohn. Es gibt bei den Koniferen keine Blütenblätter und es gibt auch keine Fruchtblätter: Die Samenanlagen stehen "nackt" in den Achseln oder auf der Fläche einer Zapfenschuppe, weswegen man die Koniferen zu der Gruppe der Nacktsamer (Gymnospermen) zählt. So braucht man bei vielen Koniferen einige Übung, die Blüten überhaupt zu finden.
Zaubernuss-Arten (Hamamelis spp.) sind in Mitteleuropa häufig gepflanzte Ziergehölze und stellen wichtige Solitärsträucher in Garten- und Parkanlagen dar. Im Sommer sind sie eher unauffällig, im Herbst aber zeigen sie eine spektakuläre Herbstfärbung und im Winter (Ausnahme H. virginiana) bezaubern sie durch ihren sehr frühen Blütezeitpunkt. Möglicherweise haben sie daher auch ihren deutschen Namen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Systematik, Morphologie und gärtnerische Verwendung erläutert; eine Tabelle zeigt Merkmale zur Unterscheidung der Hamamelis-Sippen.
Kamelien haben ausgesprochen attraktive Blüten und blühen im Winter, weswegen man sie auch "Rosen des Winters" nennt. Bei den Kamelien, die bei uns im Gartenhandel angeboten werden, handelt es sich in den meisten Fällen um Sorten der Japanischen Kamelie (Camellia japonica). In Ostasien fand die Art in der Gartenkultur als Blütensolitär schon sehr lange Verwendung, bevor sie Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts auch nach Europa gelangte. In den letzten Jahren werden Kamelien zunehmend auch in deutschen Gartencentern und sogar im Sortiment von Lebensmitteldiscountern angeboten.
Calluna und Erica : Besenheide und Heide (Ericaceae) als Winterblüher der Friedhöfe und Gärten
(2012)
Im Herbst wird im Gartenhandel massenhaft "Heide", "Erika" oder auch "Heidekraut" zur Bepflanzung von Gräbern, Kübeln oder Gärten angeboten. Die Handelsbezeichnungen nehmen in den meisten Fällen keinen Bezug auf die tatsächliche Art. Botanisch handelt es sich nämlich um Arten aus zwei verschiedenen Gattungen: Erica und Calluna. Morphologisch lassen sie sich aber relativ leicht voneinander unterscheiden. Bei den für Herbst- und Winterbepflanzung verwendeten Arten handelt es sich im Wesentlichen um Sorten der Besenheide (Calluna vulgaris), der Schneeheide (= Winterheide, Erica carnea = E. herbacea) und der Englische Heide (Erica x darleyensis), die aufgrund ihrer späten bzw. sehr frühen Blütezeit besonders gut geeignet für die Winterzeit sind.
Since 150 years, the surroundings of Meran in the Etsch valley (Prov. Alto Adige (Südtirol), Italy) are known as an extraordinary place for rare bryophyte species. It is an attraction for bryologists, who collect species, which are found in Europe only in a few places in the southern Alps. The region is especially well known by the fieldwork of Julius Milde, who stayed there 2 years and described some species as new. In spite of the bryological importance of this region, descriptions of this area as well comments on the phytogeographical background seem to lack.
Die Rhön ist ein Vulkangebirge in Mitteldeutschland im Länderdreieck von Thüringen, Hessen und Bayern. Sie ist sehr reich an Moosarten, was an seiner Höhe und den damit verbundenen höheren Niederschlägen und der Vielfalt der Standorte und geologischen Untergrundes liegt. Auf diese Weise vereinigen sich hier hochmontane, alpine und subatlantische, basenliebende und säureliebende Arten. Ausdruck dieses Artenreichtums ist die Moosflora der Milseburg (832m) mit schattigen und sonnigen Phonolithfelsen und Blockhalden, auf der allein Geheeb 222 Laubmoosarten fand.
A catalogue of 107 species of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and 8 species of hornworts (Anthocerotophyta), recorded from Assam, India is presented. This includes three new records for India viz., Cololejeunea denticulata (Horik.) S. Hatt., C. inflata Steph., Plagiochila furcifolia Mitt., and three species viz., Cololejeunea desciscens Steph. Colura ari (Steph.) Steph., Lopholejeunea eulopha (Taylor) Schiffn. new to mainland. Twelve species are new record for Eastern Himalayan bryo-geographical territory, 20 species as new to Assam and seven species are endemic to Indian regions.
Nachdem Sphagnum tenerum Sull. & Lesq. im 19. Jahrhundert aus Nordamerika beschrieben worden war, wurde die Art von Dismier (1928) sowie Paul (1924, 1931) als Synonym zu C. acutifolium (nemoreum, capillifolium) gestellt. Seitdem wurde das Taxon in Europa kaum mehr unterschieden. so von Daniels & Eddy (1985). Erst Lange (1982), Dierssen (1996), Ludwig et al. (1996), Koperski et al. (2000) sowie Meinunger & Schröder (2007) unterscheiden Sphagnum tenerum in Europa wieder als Art, Nyholm (1955ff) als Varietät. Zudem gibt es noch ein Sphagnum tenerum Warnst., was die Konfusion noch größer macht und eine Klärung verlangt. Warnstorf (1903) führt tenerum und schimperi an. Er schlüsselt S. tenerum aus, behandelt die Art aber nicht im Text (weil sie nicht in der Mark Brandenburg vorkam?) und führt schimperi unter S. acutifolium var. viride an, die als „grau-, gras- oder gelbgrün ohne Beimischung von Rot“ beschrieben wird.
The determination of complete DNA sequence of mitochondrial genome of liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, opens the way to study the structure and organization of mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes. Since then several studies to sequence mitochondrial genomes of various plant groups have been made. Consequently 71 mitochondrial genomes (as on September 28, 2012) of Viridiplantae are available in organelle genome resources database at National Center for Biotechnology Information. Among these mitochondrial genomes the lineage sampling of bryophytes are poorly represented with only three liverworts, two mosses and two hornworts. The present review deals with features of sequenced mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes.
District Rajouri harbours a rich floral and faunal diversity besides varying climatic zones namely sub-tropical, temperate and alpine. The region exhibit significant altitudinal variations ranging from 490 m. to 4700 m. The present study was conducted to report bryophytic elements of the study area as there is no previous work done on this aspect from the study area, except some stray references. A total of 44 bryophyte species belonging to 4 orders, 16 families and 21 genera were reported from the study area. A checklist of the reported plant species with family, distributional range and habitat is presented in the paper. Besides contributing to the regional and national biodiversity check list database, the present study has opened up a new window for the future studies on the various aspects of the reported taxa including extensive exploration for the updation of the present list and to study the conservational aspects of the disappearing bryoflora of the region.
Leptodontium styriacum shall be distinguished from the closely related L. flexifolium by the frequent occurrence of gemmae, leaves ending in a hyaline cell and larger laminal cells. A critical evaluation of these characters revealed that these differences are obsolete. Therefore both species are synonymised with the result, that L. flexifolium has a disjunct range between the oceanic parts of Europe and the Alps, a distribution pattern also found in several other species.
Since the availability of first complete DNA sequence of chloroplast genome of Marchantia polymorpha several studies to determine the structure and organization of chloroplast genomes of various plant groups have been made. However the lineage sampling of bryophytes are poorly represented in complete chloroplast genome sequences (only three liverworts, two mosses and one hornwort). This review presents features of sequenced chloroplast genomes of bryophytes.
Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) hold the basal most position among extant land plants. The present study deals with comparative analysis of available mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes using bioinformatics tools. These mitochondrial genomes belong to 2 liverworts, 1 moss and 2 hornworts. The analysis is based on multiple genome analysis through whole proteome comparison to detect conservation between mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes.
Eighty-five species of liverworts can be attributed to the atlantic element in Europe. These are grouped into tropical species, macaronesian species and species which reach to a different extend from the Macaronesian Islands to the Iberian Peninsula, Brittany, England and Ireland, Scotland, SW-Norway and the Faeroers as well as species which extend to the mountains of Central Europe, and species disjunct with the Himalayas or the east coast of North America. Since many of these species are called as relict species, the origin of these species is discussed and the arguments for and against relicts/long distance dispersal are enumerated. There are many arguments for a relict status but also for long distance dispersal. It can therefore be concluded that both cases are realized in different species.
Bryoflora of Munsyari and Dharchula Tehsil of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, Western Himalayas, India
(2012)
Uttarakhand state of India comprises unique topographical conditions and hence is rich in bryophytes. In present work two Tehsils-Munsyari and Dharchula of Pithoragarh have been explored extensively to assess the bryophytic wealth of this district. A preliminary checklist has been prepared which revealed the occurrence of 51 taxa of bryophytes from this district.
Scopelophila cataractae, a species on heavy metal rich substrates, was first recorded for Europe in 1967 from Britain and subsequently recorded from many localities contaminated with heavy metal especially around zinc works. It was found in Germany on schist-walls nearby mines from the nineteenth century. This could indicate that the species was present in Europe already prior to 1967 but overlooked. Records even from solid rock nearby mines suggest a status as native species, however, the species had not been observed in the inrtensively floristically studied region before 1870.
Based on collections of the author in February and March 2012, Notothylas breutelii, Syzigiella perfoliata, Campylopus lamellinervis. as well as the genus Riccia are reported as new to the Dominican Republic. Sixteen new provincial records are given. Updated and revised lists of the mosses of the Dominican republic as well as the province of La Plata are given.
L’Herbier de Strasbourg rassemble plusieurs dizaines de milliers de spécimens de Bryophytes dont la collection Nees von Esenbeck. A partir du "Lexikon deutschsprachiger Bryologen“ de J.P. Frahm et J. Eggers (2001) la liste de 199 bryologues ayant déposé des spécimens à Strasbourg (STR) est présentée, associée à une courte biographie et à l’origine géographique des récoltes botaniques.
The habitat as well as the unicellular thallus margins of Aneura maxima lead to the assumption that this species could be a hygromorphosis of A. pinguis. Therefore specimens of A. pinguis were cultivated in water. Even after four months the multicellular thallus margins were retained, which proved to be a stable character to separate A. pinguis from A. maxima. Therefore plants even with a small unistratose border, which are attributed to aquatic forms of A. pinguis, may belong to A. maxima. It is supposed that A. maxima was overlooked in Europe but regarded as aquatic forms of A. pinguis named as fo. rivularis. Such plants show unicellular thallus margins and are regarded as hygrophytic form of A. maxima. The presence viz. absence of an unicellular thallus margin seems to be a sufficient character to separate both species. The discussion about the width of the unistratose thallus margin is useless because the type of A. maxima has only 2-4 rows of unicellular cells and not 6-12 or more as attributed by European hepaticologists. This raises doubts whether the European material is identical with A. maxima rather with A. pellioides from Japan.
Moose spielen in Nahrungsketten meist nur eine kleine Rolle und nur wenige Tiergruppen treten bei Moosen als Herbivore auf. Im Winter 2009 konnten Pilzmücken (Mycetophilidae) bei der Aufnahme von Sporenpulver an Buxbaumia aphylla beobachtet werden. Mehrere adulte Individuen saßen an von Schnecken geöffneten Kapseln und nahmen grünes Sporenpulver auf. Während es bekannt ist, dass Schnecken als Konsument an Sporophyten auftreten, ist dies für adulte Pilzmücken neu. Möglicherweise profitieren Moosarten wie Buxbaumia durch diese Herbivorie, da hier auch eine zoochore Ausbreitung von Sporen durch Pilzmücken zu Stande kommen kann.
A preliminary study has been made for Borail Wild Life Sanctuary, Assam, India. A total of 25 species of liverwort (Marchantiophyta) and one species of hornwort (Anthocerotophyta) have been enumerated. Of these, Frullania berthoumieuii is new to India, Caudalejeunea reniloba new to North East India, 13 species new to Assam and 11 species are reported for the first time from Borail WLS. Folioceros paliformis is rediscovered after its type.
Im untersuchten Waldgebiet in der Östlichen Untermainebene konnten aktuelle Vorkommen von 227 Arten und Varietäten von Laub- und Lebermoosen aufgefunden werden. Zygodon conoideus wurde zum ersten Mal für Hessen nachgewiesen, Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus nach langer Zeit wiederbestätigt. Beachtenswert sind zudem die Nachweise von Amblystegium radicale, Amblystegium subtile, Anomodon longifolius, Aphanorrhegma patens, Cryphaea heteromalla, Dicranum flagellare (c.spg.), Dicranum viride, Dicranum spurium, Distichium capillaceum, Eurhynchium pumilum, Fissidens exiguus, Fissidens gymnandrus, Gymnostomum viridulum, Metzgeria temperata, Mnium lycopodioides, Neckera pennata, Pallavicinia lyellii, Plagiothecium latebricola, Zygodon rupestris und Zygodon viridissimus. Weitere 34 Arten, anhand von Literaturangaben und (wenigen vorhandenen) Herbarbelegen ermittelt, werden aufgeführt. Die Vorkommen der meisten dieser Arten sind im Gebiet wahrscheinlich schon lange erloschen (Bryum torquescens, Bryum uliginosum, Diphyscium foliosum, Fissidens osmundoides, Frullania tamarisci, Ricciocarpos natans, Splachnum ampullaceum, Ulota coarctata u. a.). Der unzureichende Schutz der Erlen- und Eichen-Hainbuchenwälder wird bemängelt.
Es wird ein historischer Abriss der Geschichte der anatomischen Forschung an Moosen gegeben, der Aufbau von Laubmoosstämmchen skizziert und speziell die unterschiedliche Terminologie der Gewebetypen diskutiert. Der weit verbreitete Ausdruck Epidermis kann nicht auf Moose angewandt werden, weil die äußerste Schicht des Stämmchens nicht die Definiton des Begriffes erfüllt, verdickt und längsgestreckt ist. Sie gehört zur äußeren Sklerodermis. Längsgestreckt ist auch das sog. Parenchym oder Mark, das als Zentralgewebe (central tissue) bezeichnet wird. Insgesamt wird eine Gliederung in Hyalodermis, äußere und innere Sklerodermis, Zentralgewebe und Zentralstrang vorgenommen, wobei die englumige Sklerodermis durch weitlumige eine Rinde (Cortex) ersetzt sein kann.
In der letzten Ausgabe der Bryologischen Rundbriefe wurde darauf hingewiesen, dass die Vorkommen von Bartramia stricta im Mosel- und Lahngebiet zu Anacolia laevisphaera gehören (Frahm 2005). Molekularsystematische Untersuchungen hatten klären sollen, ob „Bartramia stricta“ von der Mosel ein Relikt aus dem nacheiszeitlichen Klimaoptimum war oder eine rezente Einwanderung (die Art ist erstmalig 1932 in Deutschland gefunden worden). Dabei wurde Material von der Mosel mit solchem aus dem Mittelmeergebiet verglichen und keinerlei Übereinstimmung gefunden. In einer weiteren Untersuchung, die andere Bartramiaceen einschlossen, kamen die Sequenzen im Stammbaum bei solchen von Anacolia laevisphaera heraus. Anacolia laevisphaera ist aus der amerikanischen Gebirgskette von Bolivien bis bekannt, ferner aus Zentralafrika, von den Kapverdischen Inseln, Seychellen und Oman.
Der Teutoburger Wald ist ein 120 km langer NW-SE streichender niedriger Gebirgszug auf der Grenze zwischen Nordrhein-Westfalen und Niedersachsen. Das südöstlich anschließende Eggegebirge ist hier mit eingeschlossen, da es geologisch die Verlängerung bildet und zu demselben Naturraum gehört. Dieser Naturraum besteht aus einer kompletten Abfolge des Mesozoikums (Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk, Keuper, Jura, Kreide), die im Laufe der alpidischen Gebirgsfaltung aufgeschoben worden ist, allerdings dann auch gefaltetet, gestaucht, überschoben und verworfen worden ist.
In succession of terrestrial ecosystem, bryophytes, algae and lichens constitute the primary components. Not only phylogenetically but also physically they are related to each other, as they are also found in close association and intermixed with each other on same substratum. A chlorophycean alga Ulothrix zonata (Weber & Mohr) Kützing has been found growing as an epiphyte on moss Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid.. The association is peculiar as the algal filaments form a close net over the surface of moss leaves and axis.
Die Protonemablätter von Tetraphis pellucida werden beschrieben und illustriert. Sie ähneln Farn-Prothallium und werden in Literatur und Moosflora weitgehend ignoriert. Bruträume wurden erstmals an den Rändern von Protonemablätter beobachtet. Die besser bekannte Präsenz von Protonemablätter der Gattung Tetrodontium zeigt, dass diese Charakteristik wesentlich für Tetraphididae ist.
Germinating tests with bryophytes were undertaken with three moss species and two hepatic species. For the first time these tests were performed with aquaceous extracts of bryophytes in contrast to previous studies in which seeds were directly placed on moist bryophytes. First tests showed an inhibition of the germination rate in 3 species but an increase of the germination in one species. A second study revealed that aquaceous as well as alcoholic extracts in high concentrations inhibited the growth of cress, highly diluted extracts promoted the growth. Other authors found either only germination promoting effects or both, promoting and inhibiting effects. Experiments with compounds extracted from bryophytes cited in the literature had only growth inhibiting effects. Brachythecium rutabulum revealed growth inhibiting effects in a previous but growth promoting effects in this study. The conflicting results are hard to explain and should stimulate further more detailed studies. They maybe due to various combinations of different concentrations of bryophyte extracts, different bryophyte species, different pH and different seeds but also contamination by dust, soil, bacteria and fungi .
Der Ursprung alpiner Moosarten in Europa ist nicht genau bekannt. Zur Klärung werden Hypothesen älterer Bryologen wie Herzog oder Gams diskutiert. Die Gruppe der alpinen Arten ist inhomogen und besteht aus wenigen alpinen Endemiten, deren Ursprung im Dunkeln liegt. Da sie sich kaum nach dem Rückgang des Eises innerhalb 10.000 Jahren gebildet haben dürften, könnte es sich um Arten handeln, die noch in anderen Teilen der Welt vorkommen. Die meisten Arten gehören sind arktisch-alpin verbreitet. Für sie werden drei Hypothesen diskutiert. Ein größerer Teil von Arten gehört zu weltweit verbreiteten Oreophyten, die z.B. auch im Himalaya und zum Teil in den tropischen Hochgebirgen vorkommen. Sie können nur durch Fernverbreitung in die Alpen gelangt sein.
Plants variable in size and appearence, from a few mm to more than 10 cm tall, in loose to dense tufts. Stems erect, simple, rarely branched, radiculose, sometimes densely tomentose; rhizoids reddish-brown to whitish. Leaves erect-patent, sometimes curled when dry or falcate (sometimes erect and falcate expressions in the same species), short to longly lanceolate, often subulate; margins entire or serrate at leaf tips; costa single, percurrent to short excurrent, sometimes hyaline excurrent, filling 1/6 to 4/5 of leaf width, in transverse-section with median deuter cells and dorsal stereids, rarely hyalocysts, ventrally either stereids or more rarely hyalocysts; laminal cells usually smooth, occasionally bulging mammillose, cell walls smooth; alar cells differentiated or not, when distinct, hyaline or reddish brown, inflated, thin-walled or incrassate, basal laminal cells mostly rectangular, thin-walled or incrassate, occasionally pitted, upper laminal cells quadrate to rectangular or oval, leaf border present in some taxa. Vegetative propagation by microphyllous branches, deciduous leaves or stem tips, or anisophyllous brood leaves in the axils of the upper leaves. Dioicous or autoicous. Perichaetia terminal, or occasionally pseudolateral by stem innovations, perichaetial leaves often different in shape, from sheathing base subulate. Seta mostly elongate (1-4 cm), rarely short (<1 cm) or almost absent, erect, in few genera flexuose, cygneously curved and twisted. Capsule immersed to more commonly exserted, inclined to suberect or erect, symmetric to asymmetric, short long-cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical or ovoid,, smooth or furrowed when dry and empty; stomata present or absent; annulus present or absent. Operculum conical to long-rostrate. Peristome single, teeth 16, mostly divided 1/2 or more toward base, vertically striate below, distally papillose to papillose throughout. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, base entire or ciliate. Spores almost smooth to coarsely papillose.