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The article presents an analysis of different speech styles used by participants of the German speech community in contrast to the Brazilian one, based on examples of interviews made in both cultures. After the illustration of the different language uses, the article’s focus will be on the communicative functions the styles in each community. So, we find the phatic, poetic and expressive function more dominant in the Brazilian speech, whereas the use of the referential and the metalinguistic function seem to be more common in the speech of the German respondents. It is therefore possible to establish the dichotomy between the actor and the spectator in a metaphorical sense to summarize these contrasting functions. Finally, the fact in which these results can in part be explicated by their embedding in different cultural and historical backgrounds, emphasizing the Brazilian speech community as a more heterogenous and baroque, compared with the German one which tends to be more homogenous and (self)-observing will be shown.
This paper deals with metaphorical transference of technical concepts to our everyday way of speaking. At the focus of the investigation there will be the question why one finds specifically in German, in comparison with Portuguese, for instance, frequently, tecnological metaphors related to other metaphorical concepts. On the basis of some examples extracted from the comparative survey "Brasilianische und deutsche Wirklichkeiten – eine vergleichende Fallstudie zu kommunikativ erzeugten Sinnwelten " [Brazilian and German realities – a comparative case study of communicatively created universes of meanings], we will discuss what traces of the German language and of historical-cultural development of the German nation contribute to such dynamics of everyday metaphors.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
This paper is an "interested" reading of "The Critique of Judgement" – "interested", because, unlike what has become usual in recent decades, it strives to disassociate the Kantian concept of "free beauty" from any interpretation of it as an early defense of abstract art. It is also "interested" because, instead of exposing (once more) the framework of the "Kritik der Urteilskraft", it tries to show how the Third Kantian Critique can be taken as a basis for something that was not part of its original purpose: reviewing the idea of mimesis itself. For that, the understanding of the Kantian sublime (das Erhabene) will be decisive: understood initially as one of the modalities of aesthetic experience, the other being beauty, the sublime progressively distances itself from the latter. If beauty and the sublime are to be thematized independently of "determining judgement", in which the properties of the object impose themselves upon the subject, the modalities of aesthetic experience suppose, on the contrary, the primacy of the subject. This implies gradations: from the experience of harmony propitiated by beauty up through the "negative pleasure" of the sublime, both poles through which reality is reworked by the subject. At the pole of beauty, "representation" of reality still plays a prominent role. At the pole of the "negative pleasure" of the sublime, "representation" is subordinated to the power of "presentation". However, both kinds of experience, the one of beauty and the other of the sublime, belong to the same field of aesthetic experience, because in both of them the subject reworks – does not discard – what comes to him from the outside: it will be necessary to understand "Vorstellung" always as an experience in which the exterior will be transformed by the subject. That is, the representation of the Third Critic will always be an effectual representation. In the sublime as much as in "free beauty", the metamophosis of the exterior by the subject achieves its maximum level without meaning that the external pole – that we usually call "world" or "reality" – disappears. It will thus be necessary to rethink the concept of mimesis in order to understand the metamorphosis of the world performed by radicalization of the aesthetic experience through "free beauty".
This paper deals with Kant’s differentiation between artistic beauty and the sublime in nature. In this latter, Kant subsumes everything wild, uncultivated, inanimate and makes it – apparently – available to Aesthetics. As the quintessence of resistence, the "stone" stands for everything that remains the most estranged from the human sphere. In texts of Romantic authors such as Novalis, it can be seen how the "stone" in its turn takes possession of human beings and move them away from human nature. From Romanticism up to contemporary art, the sublime establishes thus a dominion of total alterity, which evades control and keeps consciousness alert to the fact that also in human beings there is an uncontrollable element demanding its rights.
This article analyses the influence of Kant on conceptions and definitions of modern literature and art in publications by Lyotard, Kothe, Weber and Luhmann. It is argued that central issues in these publications, such as artistic autonomy, the sublime and the concept of L’art pour l’art, are adopted directly from Kant’s philosophical work and still serve as paradigms in the discussion of origin and status of modern social structure and its art production.
The relevance of the work and the influence of Franz Rosenzweig, a German Jewish philosopher of the beginning of the last century; are still to get the appreciation they deserve. Rosenzweig was the author of one of the greatest – and less read – books of the 20th century, "The Star of Redemption", where he develops his philosophical system mainly on basis of theological categories. To the "monologue of the I" of mainstream philosophy, Rosenzweig opposes a "new thinking", of existential character, which values orality and the "other", and where language substitutes reason as a tool for thought. In it one can find some correspondences with the thought of Walter Benjamin. This "new thinking", also, strongly influenced Emmanuel Levinas and nowadays bears its fruits within "linguistic turn" philosophy and theology, and post-modern Jewish thought. This philosophy found in Rosenzweig's work in translation one of its main practical applications. To translate was for Rosenzweig a necessity, emanating from an ethics constituted as "first philosophy". This article examines some aspects of Rosenzweig's writings from where his "philosophy of translation" is made explicit.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
This article conceives the avant-garde as a form of art that emerges out of the experience with technical progress, city life and new patterns of perception and that succeeded in transforming multiple perspective and simultaneity of urban life into a central principle for their production. Analyzed are the European avant-gardes as well as their influences on Brazilian literature and painting in the 20s. Furthermore we take a look at concrete poetry of the 50's as a literary pendant to architectonic concepts of cities like São Paulo and Brasília.
The opposition city-country which appears already in Vergils Georgics and becomes very relevant in the British and French poetry of the 18th and 19th centuries, will be treated at first with regard to the German tradition of 'city-poetry'. Since about 1900 the phenomenon of the big city (metropolis) combines with demoniac and sublime motives, while French, English or American authors (Baudelaire, Wordsworth, Whitman) saw the city from a less ideological perspective. Only in the postwar-decade – after some anticipations by authors of Expressionism like Ernst Stadler or Gottfried Benn – the pluralistic, hybrid character of the city will be discovered also in German poetology. Some examples of Modern North American and Brazilian poetry will be analyzed in the last chapter of the article.
The present article analyzes the development of the system of spatial prepositions in the acquisition of German as a foreign language by Brazilian learners. The study is based on a corpus of written language data produced by students in the undergraduate course in Letras, collected from 1996 to 1998. The theoretical bases of the study are theories of second language acquisition, cognitive processing of space, and the linguistic encoding of spatial relations through prepositions. The main section of the analysis begins with the quantitative evaluation of the occurrences of spatial prepositions found in the data. Subsequently, each preposition found in the corpus is individually discussed in relation to its correct and incorrect uses. The main results are a steady increase in the number of spatial prepositions used by the subjects from the first year to the fourth year of the course, an increase in the variation of the use of these prepositions, and a constant reduction of the percentage of incorrect uses. In the first phase, acquisition can be seen in the increasing specificity of the semantic oppositions involved in neutralizations, whereas in the second phase, a quantitative reduction of errors can be found.
This paper presents a definition of phraseology, and based on this definition it establishes the different types of phraseological units. Then it tries to characterize the idiomatic expression as a metaphoric expression within the scope of phraseologisms, and presents a morpho-syntactic classification of these idioms. The next step consists of a comparison between verbal idiomatic expressions in German and Brazilian Portuguese in order to establish a typology of equivalences between the two languages. It also compares same type of. restrictions which occur in idiomatic expressions of both languages, and emphasizes the importance of register in some of the expressions.
This article makes a comparative study of the views on "love" of Brasilian and German students. It turned out that the love affairs between German students were, strongly determined by the romantic ideal of love, whereas Brasilian students have a more passionate ideal of love.
This study is an introduction to the systems theory developed by the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann (1927-1998) and its significance for literaty studies. It departs from a historical point of view which understands the period around 1800 as the climax of the transformation from a stratified European society into a modern society with a social order structured by differentiated systems such as education, economy, law or literature, each with its specific function and characterized by its typical form of communication. In Germany, the literary system reflects this process in the poetology of Romantic writers. Literary communication is defined as a second order observation that oscillates between the real and potential and makes the ordered forms clearer. The autonomous and differentiated literary system becomes a field that is being observed by its environment. The history of literature in the 19th century instrumentalizes it for political goals, while the new copyright laws and the idea of the book as a profitable merchandise imbued the system of literature with accelerated dynamics.
The author presents the concept of testimony in two different literary and theoretical backgrounds, namely the German and the Spanish-American. Testimonio and Zeugnis an not be mutually translated because the first is thought as a literary gender inside the literary tradition of mimesis/imitatio. Whereas the notion of Zeugnis was created in Germany on the grounds of Shoah literature, and was strongly impregnated by the psychoanalytical idea of trauma, and by the awareness of the simultaneous necessity and impossibility of the testimonial writing.
In this article, we analyse the use of modality markers in a German text taken from the Freiburger Korpus. We notice how the necessity of preserving face influences the speakers' choices of downgraders and upgraders, devices that determine the intensity of the speech acts and, therefore, the mood of the interaction.
Foreign immigration has become a very controversial subject in German speaking countries. This essay stresses the need to consider the problem in German language teaching in Brasil and to make the pupils aware of the situation. Proceeding on the theoretical context of the discourse analysis (Pêcheux, 1969; Orlandi, 1990 und 1999), the author discusses four newspaper articles, published between 1999 and 2001, on different aspects of Turkish immigration to Austria and discusses about the Interlocutionary Position (lugar de interlocução, Pecheux, 1969) of Turks in Austria.
This paper presents an overview of Corpus Linguistics and some possibilities of studies with corpora. It gives suggestions on how to build a corpus and shows the application of Corpus Linguistics in different areas of linguistic research.
O futuro existe?
(2002)
From Vater's Thesis, I bring the discussion about the future verbal tense to the centre of discussion. The aim is to prove hat the future verbal tenses can also express time in German, and, therefore, they have to be included in the verbal System and, secondly, that the expression of modality can also be expressed by the future forms, and that it usually overlaps the notion of time.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
This essay aimes to introduce the German-Jewish Poet Rose Ausländer (1901-1988) to the literary public of Brasil, where she has not been translated and is therefore nearly unknown. Proceeding from the translation of 12 paradigmatic poems, the crucial periods of her life, poetry and poetology are outlined: As her famous college Paul Celan, she was born in Czernovitch this multicultural town of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy. An important number of her poems are the result of the intimate relation with her country. The early death of her father and the resulting poverty led her to try to find a new home in New York, but she came back in the period of beginning National Socialism and suffered the persecution of Holocaust. After long years of travelling, she settled down in a Düsseldorf home for elderly Jewish people. The central themes in her poetry are: the loss of country, the Holocaust, and survival in a kind of spiritual country, that is: language and writing.
This paper emphasizes the importance of intonational studies, focusing on the final intonational contour in interrogative sentences in German and Brazilian Portuguese. Following considerations about intonation in general we present some observations about effects of intonation in such sentences at both syntactic and pragmatic levels.
Rezension zu Harald Burger, Phraseologie: Eine Einführung am Beispiel des Deutschen. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag 1998 (224 S., DM 69,00 ISBN 3-503-04916-9)
Rezension zu Ulrike Schilling: Kommunikative Basisstrategien des Aufforderns. Eine kontrastive Analyse gesprochener Sprache im Deutschen und im Japanischen. Tübingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag 1999 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 204, 335 S. ISBN 3-484-31204-1)
This paper presents results of research into syntactic negation in both German and Brazilian Portuguese dialogues. After some considerations on the nature of negation, its occurrence in a corpus is investigated based on semantic negation categories established from works by Polenz and Engel. Based on Ilari's works, possible syntactic negation forms are presented as formulae that express the relationships between their components. Use frequency of syntactic negation in the semantic categories in each language is presented, as well as possible sources of interference in the use of such elements by foreign speakers, along with considerations about negation, culture and language.
People who learn Portuguese usually have difficulties in using two of the most frequent verbs of the Portuguese verbal system: ser and estar. Native speakers of German for example fail to easily identify the differences between these verbs, which are compared with the German verb sein. Our purpose is to describe these verbs, their meaning and function, and also to attempt to find criteria to help learners to identify the differences to use these verbs. Some of the differences can be explained by the speakers experiences and the context.
This paper, written by an anthropologist, describes his fieldwork experience in the Afro-Brazilian temple Casa das Minas, São Luis do Maranhão, in 1981-1982, done with the German writer Hubert Fichte. Although correcting some statements in Fichte's book on the same subject and criticizing his indiscretion towards several of his informants, the article emphasizes the learning process with the German "ethnopoet": his skillful interview technique, the priority given to subjects of general interest, the importance of card files, the sought for beauty in the statements… As to the methodological differences between ethnography and ethnopoetry, the latter is free from the conventions of anthropological work, being able to concentrate on the beauty of the text and to conceive ethnography as a literary form. On the other hand, the advantages of ethnography, especially in Malinowski's tradition, are in the commitment with true facts and the precision of details. – See also, in this number of Pandaemonium Germanicum, Willi Bolle's complementary article on "Ethnopoetry and Ethnography".
For the learners of Portuguese and German as foreign languages the subjunctive mood represents a learning problem. Based on syntactic and pragmatic categories, the subjunctive is classified in a way that describes its use and permits the comparison between the Portuguese subjuntivo and the German Konjunktiv.
Rezension zu Elke Hentschel, Negation und Interrogation. Studien zur Universalität ihrer Funktion. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag 1998 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 195, ix + 250 S., 112,00 DM, ISBN 3-484-31195-9)
Rezension zu Lorenz Hofer, Sprachwandel im städtischen Dialektrepertoire. Eine variationslinguistische Untersuchung am Beispiel des Baseldeutschen. Tübingen: A. Francke Verlag 1997 (Basler Studien zur deutschen Sprache und Literatur 72, xiv + 306 S., 68,00 DM, ISBN 3-7720-2671-0)
Aspectos românticos, naturalistas e simbolistas em "A mulher sem sombra" de Hugo von Hofmannsthal
(2000)
'Die Frau ohne Schatten' ('The Woman without Shadow') by the Austrian author Hugo von Hofmannsthal, is a kind of fairy tale in which a large and complex web of symbols is woven around an abstract landscape and characters of an enigmatic nature. Despite its intangible atmosphere reminiscent of the Romantic era, a rather Naturalistic world is revealed as the narrator leads us through a huge city and follows the poor people in their lives of misery and suffering. This paper analyses this hybrid character of Hofmannsthal's text and identifies the various aesthetic traits present in it.
Drei Erfahrungsberichte über Bertolt Brechts Theater auf brasilianischen Bühnen. Caco Coelho spricht über den Zyklus der Brecht-Lesungen, -Aufführungen und -Vorträge seiner Theatergruppe 'Os Fodidos Privilegiados ' 1998 in Rio de Janeiro. Fernando Peixoto vertritt die Ansicht, daß der zentrale Punkt von Brechts Theater darin besteht, Emotionen im zwischenmenschlichen Verhalten und in ihren politisch-historischen Kontexten verstehbar zu machen. Er erzählt unter anderm von einer "Wiederentdeckung" der Brechtschen Theaterästhetik durch eine Laiengruppe in Amazonien und vertritt insgesamt ein undogmatisches, auf die heutigen Verhältnisse ausgerichtetes Lernen mit Brecht. Willi Bolle berichtet von seiner Inszenierung von Brechts 'Die Hochzeit ' (1919) mit einer Laien-Theatergruppe in São Paulo 1997-1998, in der die lineare Struktur des Textes durchbrochen wurde durch die Einführung einer neuen Perspektive sowie einer neuen Figur, der Braut, die sich das Hochzeitsfest in der Erinnerung vergegenwärtigt.
The purpose of this paper is to present to the Brasilian reader some aspects of the most important German prose text from the 17th century, the novel 'Simplicissimus Teutsch' (1668), and its author, Hans Jacob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (1621/2-1676). In addition, it treats Grimmelshausen's possible contacts with the political theories of his time.
Brecht's early play 'Baal' contains an allusion to Brazil. The interpretation of the image of Brazil designed in this play might raise a profitable discussion in order to introduce Brecht's theatre into the classroom and to motivate the students to study it. Therefore, the present paper suggests that the study of Brecht's theater should be started with the analysis of his first play and sketches a possible way to do this.
The topic of this paper concerns the interrelations between poets and their works across linguistic and political borders. Taking as examples Brecht's poem 'An die Nachgeborenen' (1938) and the song 'Aos nossos filhos' ('An unsere Kinder' – late 70s) by Ivan Lins and Vitor Martins, it is shown that the interpretation cannot be limited to an immanent perspective. In order to be able to give an adequate analysis, it is necessary to lake the historical and socio-political context into consideration.
This paper portrays the composer Hanns Eisler, whose music accompanies numerous plays by Bertolt Brecht, in the light of statements made by Eisler himself, as well as by Arnold Schoenberg and Bertolt Brecht. Eisler, who introduced a new political awareness into music – Brecht used the term Misuk instead of Musik –, would have completed 100 years in 1998.
Heiner Müller e Brecht
(2000)
Based on Heiner Müller's play 'Fatzer +- Keuner', the present article shows Müller's opinion on Bertolt Brecht's work. The adaptations of Brecht's didactic plays (Lehrstücke) by Müller are commented on and compared to the originals.
From the very beginning literary discourse plays a decisive role in the context of colonial discourse of power. Even Anna Seghers, a progressive socialist authoress with a fixation on the Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the Jewish-Christian tradition is unable to detach herself from the European claim on universality. In a tensely opposed relationship of projection and otherness, of "memoria" and intertextuality, Heiner Müller, however, understands literature in the sense of Emanuel Lévina's respect for the other being as a work on difference.
Brecht ainda hoje?
(2000)
This paper tries to find arguments for Bertolt Brecht's relevance to the present. It points out parallels between Brecht's epic theater and music, especially opera. A central point is the aesthetics of form, which was so important for Brecht and which is decisive for his modernity.
O teatro épico de Brecht
(2000)
This article is a reduced version of the chapter "Sinta o drama" from the book with the Same title. It traces Brecht's reasons for qualifying his theater as epic, based on important literary critics such as Peter Szondi, Adorno. Lukács and Anatol Rosenfeld, including Brecht himself.
This article discusses some aspects of Brecht's work and its relationship with the Brazilian literary, historical and socio-political life. The focus is on the inconsistency of the struggle for the so-called Bildung, where the advances of new ideas and social forms are in conflict with a reactionary context.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
Die Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum erscheint zweimal jährlich und versteht sich als Forum für die wissenschaftliche Diskussion in den verschiedenen Bereichen der internationalen Germanistik, nämlich der Literatur- und Übersetzungswissenschaft, Linguistik, DaF und Kulturstudien. Die Zeitschrift wird von der deutschen Abteilung der FFLCH-USP (Universität São Paulo) seit 1997 herausgegeben und will zur Verbreitung unveröffentlichter Forschungen von GermanistInnen aus Brasilien und anderen Ländern, sowie zur Förderung des Dialogs zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Wissensbereichen beitragen.
In this Paper, the idea of "ethnopoetics" is seen not exclusively as the characteristic trait of Hubert Fichte's (1935-1986) work, but as one among several forms of New Ethnology, which appeared in the context of the crisis of traditional ethnology in the 20th century. The first part intends to conceptually clarify several issues introduced by Fichte, such as the transformation of the world into words, the connection between fieldwork and interpretation, the "participant observation", and the encounter between hegemonic and peripheral cultures, comparing them with the ethnographical essays of Lévi-Strauss, Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard and Ruth Benedict. The second part is devoted to Fichte's posthumous book "Explosion", published in 1993 – where he relates his experience of three journeys in Brazil, between 1969 and 1982, a text which may be considered as his working journal and guide to all his publications on Brazil. I discuss how far the author realized his proposals to write a "novel of ethnology" and to create a "new ethnology".
This article shows how the genre Bildungsroman (self-development novel) has been assimilated to the Brazilian literary tradition. Through the examples of Cristina Ferreira Pinto's "O 'Bildungsroman' feminino" ("The female novel of development") and Eduardo de Assis Duarte's "Jorge Amado e o 'Bildungsroman' proletário" ("Jorge Amado and the proletarian novel of development"), this article focuses the dynamic process by means of which a typical European genre has been assimilated by a young South-American literary tradition.