Psychologie
Refine
Year of publication
- 2017 (32) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (28)
- Doctoral Thesis (3)
- Conference Proceeding (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (32)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (32)
Keywords
- OSCE (2)
- OSPE (2)
- ADHD (1)
- Affect (1)
- Ambulatory assessment (1)
- Behavior (1)
- Citation (1)
- Clinical groups (1)
- DCCS (1)
- Data quality (1)
Institute
This paper presents a follow-up study of Markovits et al.’s (2014) comparison of large samples of Greek employees before and at the onset of the economic crisis. Now at the crisis’ peak, we again sampled data from 450 employees about their job satisfaction, organizational commitment, regulatory focus, and burnout. Overall, compared to the two samples before, employees’ job attitudes further decrease with lower normative and higher continuance commitment, lower (extrinsic and intrinsic) job satisfaction and both lower promotion and (somewhat surprisingly) even lower prevention orientation. Expanding previous studies, results show that satisfaction and commitment are also related to burnout and that those participants who are currently employed but had experienced personal unemployment during the crisis showed more negative attitudes and higher burnout.
The marketing materials of remote eye-trackers suggest that data quality is invariant to the position and orientation of the participant as long as the eyes of the participant are within the eye-tracker’s headbox, the area where tracking is possible. As such, remote eye-trackers are marketed as allowing the reliable recording of gaze from participant groups that cannot be restrained, such as infants, schoolchildren and patients with muscular or brain disorders. Practical experience and previous research, however, tells us that eye-tracking data quality, e.g. the accuracy of the recorded gaze position and the amount of data loss, deteriorates (compared to well-trained participants in chinrests) when the participant is unrestrained and assumes a non-optimal pose in front of the eye-tracker. How then can researchers working with unrestrained participants choose an eye-tracker? Here we investigated the performance of five popular remote eye-trackers from EyeTribe, SMI, SR Research, and Tobii in a series of tasks where participants took on non-optimal poses. We report that the tested systems varied in the amount of data loss and systematic offsets observed during our tasks. The EyeLink and EyeTribe in particular had large problems. Furthermore, the Tobii eye-trackers reported data for two eyes when only one eye was visible to the eye-tracker. This study provides practical insight into how popular remote eye-trackers perform when recording from unrestrained participants. It furthermore provides a testing method for evaluating whether a tracker is suitable for studying a certain target population, and that manufacturers can use during the development of new eye-trackers.
Das Zusammentreffen zu Beginn der Sommerferien von 60 wissbegierigen und experimentierfreudigen Schülerinnen und Schülern mit einem ebensolchen Team aus Hochschullehrenden und Kulturschaffenden, versprach wie immer eine intensive und aufregende Zeit zu werden. Diese positive Erwartung wurde auch voll erfüllt und gipfelte am Gästenachmittag mit Eltern, Verwandten, Freunden und interessierten Besuchern in einen feierlich-fröhlichen Abschluss mit spannenden und auch überraschenden Werkschauen der Kurse. Ein besonderes Highlight war die großformatige Gestaltung eines Modells der BURG FÜRSTENECK als interdisziplinäres Ergebnis des Hauptkurses Mathematik und des Wahlkurses Modellbau.
Based on neurofeedback (NF) training as a neurocognitive treatment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we designed a randomized, controlled functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) NF intervention embedded in an immersive virtual reality classroom in which participants learned to control overhead lighting with their dorsolateral prefrontal brain activation. We tested the efficacy of the intervention on healthy adults displaying high impulsivity as a sub-clinical population sharing common features with ADHD. Twenty participants, 10 in an experimental and 10 in a shoulder muscle-based electromyography control group, underwent eight training sessions across 2 weeks. Training was bookended by a pre- and post-test including go/no-go, n-back, and stop-signal tasks (SST). Results indicated a significant reduction in commission errors on the no-go task with a simultaneous increase in prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin concentration for the experimental group, but not for the control group. Furthermore, the ability of the subjects to gain control over the feedback parameter correlated strongly with the reduction in commission errors for the experimental, but not for the control group, indicating the potential importance of learning feedback control in moderating behavioral outcomes. In addition, participants of the fNIRS group showed a reduction in reaction time variability on the SST. Results indicate a clear effect of our NF intervention in reducing impulsive behavior possibly via a strengthening of frontal lobe functioning. Virtual reality additions to conventional NF may be one way to improve the ecological validity and symptom-relevance of the training situation, hence positively affecting transfer of acquired skills to real life.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung und Validierung eines Messinstrumentes zur Erfassung von psychopathischen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, dem Fragebogen Psychopathischer Persönlichkeitseigenschaften (FPP), mit der Entwicklung eines Messinstrumentes, das antisoziales Verhalten und Kriminalität getrennt erfasst, der Checkliste für antisoziale Verhaltensweisen und Kriminalität (CAV/K) und mit der differenzierten Untersuchung der Vorhersage von Kriminalität durch psychopathische Eigenschaften.
Psychopathie ist eines der wichtigsten Konstrukte in der Vorhersage von kriminellem und antisozialem Verhalten (Hemphill, Hare & Wong, 1998). Die Konzeption der psychopathischen Persönlichkeit stellt affektive und interpersonelle Eigenschaften in den Vordergrund und definiert Kriminalität als Konsequenz statt Kernsymptom der Psychopathie (Skeem & Cooke, 2010a). Bisherige Ergebnisse zur prädiktiven Validität von psychopathischen Eigenschaften hinsichtlich krimineller Rückfälligkeit weisen allerdings darauf hin, dass affektive und interpersonelle Facetten der Psychopathie keinen Erklärungswert über eine kriminelle Vorgeschichte hinaus haben (Eher, Schilling, Mönichweger, Haubner-MacLean & Rettenberger, 2012; Walters, Knight, Grann & Dahle, 2008; Walters, Wilson & Glover, 2011). Des Weiteren wird im Rahmen der adaptiven Psychopathie postuliert, dass psychopathische Eigenschaften auch hoch ausgeprägt sein können, ohne dass sich die Personen kriminell verhalten (Hall & Benning, 2006). Ergebnisse aus einer Metananalyse eines etablierten Fragebogens zur Psychopathie, dem Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996) ergaben, dass der erste von zwei Faktoren nicht mit Indizes antisozialer Verhaltensweisen korrelieren. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen Psychopathie und Kriminalität genauer untersucht werden muss, da ein Fehlen dieser Assoziation das Konstrukt Psychopathie obsolet erscheinen lässt.
Voraussetzung für die valide Untersuchung dieses Zusammenhangs ist die Verfügbarkeit von psychometrisch hochwertigen und validen Instrumenten zur Erfassung der Variablen. Die Erfassung von psychopathischen Eigenschaften im Selbstbericht ist ökonomisch und Beurteilungen fallen valide aus (Ray et al., 2013). Der Fragebogen PPI (Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996) ist bereits gut etabliert, weist jedoch einige methodische Schwächen auf, wie z. B. eine Vielzahl von Items sowie eine schwer replizierbare Faktorenstruktur.
Deshalb wurde im ersten Schritt der Fragebogen Psychopathischer Persönlichkeitseigenschaften (FPP, Etzler & Rohrmann, 2017a, 2017b) entwickelt, der die Kritikpunkte des PPI überwindet und psychopathische Persönlichkeitseigenschaften mit hoher psychometrischer Gute misst. Der FPP erfasst sechs Facetten der Psychopathie, die theoretisch hergeleitet wurden: Fehlende Empathie, Furchtlosigkeit, Narzisstischer Egozentrismus, Impulsivität, Soziale Manipulation und Macht. Diese Facetten unterscheiden sich bis auf Furchtlosigkeit von den Skalen des PPI. Die Items sind kurz und inhaftierungsadäquat formuliert und weisen eine mittlere Situationsspezifität auf. Die Itemselektion basierte auf einer Stichprobe von n = 173 Straftätern und n = 132 Zivilpersonen, was repräsentativ für den Anwendungsbereich des FPP ist. Ergebnisse weisen auf gute psychometrische Eigenschaften, wie Itemkennwerte und Reliabilität (ω = .85) hin, auf überwiegend gleiche Messeigenschaften in Zivil- und Haftstichprobe sowie auf eine Konvergenz mit dem PPI (r = .677∗∗) in erwarteter Höhe. Erwartungskonforme Zusammenhänge mit weiteren Konstrukten, Korrelationen mit antisozialem Verhalten, Disziplinarmaßnahmen in Haft und Inhaftierung selbst unterstützen die Kriteriumsvalidität des FPP.
Die Vorhersage von Kriminalität setzt des Weiteren eine präzise Definition ebendieser Variable voraus. Allerdings wurde Kriminalität bis dato in den publizierten Studien uneinheitlich definiert und operationalisiert. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde Kriminalität als soziologisches Konstrukt definiert, das maßgeblich von der Gesetzgebung des Landes und weiteren Faktoren abhängt, die außerhalb einer Person liegen (Eysenck, 1977). Demgegenüber wurde antisoziales Verhalten psychologisch definiert, als Verhalten, das anderen Personen schadet aber dem Akteur selbst von Vorteil ist. Da für die Erfassung von antisozialem Verhalten und Kriminalität bis dato noch kein Messinstrument vorliegt, wurde die Checkliste für Antisoziale Verhaltensweisen und Kriminalität (CAV/K, Etzler & Rohrmann, 2017a) entwickelt, die beide Variablen getrennt voneinander aber dennoch simultan erfasst.
Nach Bereitstellung der Definitionen und Messinstrumente wurde untersucht, wie Kriminalität durch psychopathische Eigenschaften vorhergesagt werden kann (Etzler, Rettenberger & Rohrmann, eingereicht). Im Rahmen der adaptiven Psychopathie wurde angenommen, dass Moderatorvariablen den Zusammenhang zwischen Psychopathie und Kriminalität beeinflussen, wobei verbale Intelligenz hierbei eine zentrale Rolle spielt (Wall, Sellbom & Goodwin, 2013). Antisoziales Verhalten und Kriminalität (als offizielle Verurteilung) wurden getrennt voneinander definiert. Es zeigte sich im Rahmen eines moderierten Mediationsmodells, dass psychopathische Eigenschaften antisoziales Verhalten mit hoher Präzision vorhersagen konnten, insbesondere war die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dafür verurteilt zu werden und damit offiziell kriminell zu sein höher für Personen mit niedriger verbaler Intelligenz als für Personen mit höherer Intelligenz, da für verbale Intelligenz ein protektiver Effekt hinsichtlich Kriminalität gefunden wurde.
Die vorliegende Studie verfolgt einen integrativen Ansatz, indem Eigenschaften untersucht werden, die bei Straftätern und Zivilpersonen gleichermaßen vorliegen. Der FPP kann in der Forschung als ökonomisches Instrument eingesetzt werden sowie als Screeninginstrument in der Praxis, z. B. für die Planung des Vollzugsverlaufs in Haft. Anhand der Ergebnisse des FPP können antisoziale Verhaltensweisen in vielen Kontexten (z. B. Mobbing in Unternehmen, deviantes Verhalten in Haft) vorhergesagt werden und unter Hinzunahme weiterer Moderatoren, wie etwa verbale Intelligenz, kann eine präzisere Vorhersage von Kriminalität anhand psychopathischer Eigenschaften erfolgen.
Objectives: There is promising evidence that mindfulness-based interventions are effective in reducing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, until now, studies have often lacked a full clinical PTSD assessment, and interventions are often administered in addition to other interventions. This study examined the feasibility of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) as a standalone intervention in patients with PTSD who have experienced mixed traumatic events.
Method: Fourteen patients participated in 8 weeks of MBSR. The patients were assessed prior to treatment, post-treatment and at a 1-month follow-up through self-ratings (e.g., the Davidson Trauma Scale) and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale to determine the effects of the intervention. Furthermore, after the intervention, the patients participated in qualitative interviews regarding their experiences with MBSR and their ideas for future improvements.
Results: Nine patients finished the program, and these patients considered the exercises to be applicable and helpful. In the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, we found large effects regarding the reduction of PTSD symptoms among completers (Cohen's d = 1.2). In the Davidson Trauma Scale, the effect sizes were somewhat lower (Cohen's d = 0.6) but nevertheless confirmed the efficacy of MBSR in reducing PTSD symptoms. In the qualitative interviews, the patients reported an augmentation of wellbeing and improvement regarding the handling of difficult situations and more distance from the traumatic event.
Conclusion: Despite the large effects, the high dropout rates and the results of the post-treatment interviews suggest that the intervention should be better adapted to the needs of PTSD patients, e.g., by giving more information regarding the exercises and by including shorter exercises to manage acute distress.
The training of morphological decomposition in word processing and its effects on literacy skills
(2017)
This study set out to examine the effects of a morpheme-based training on reading and spelling in fifth and sixth graders (N = 47), who present poor literacy skills and speak German as a second language. A computerized training, consisting of a visual lexical decision task (comprising 2,880 items, presented in 12 sessions), was designed to encourage fast morphological analysis in word processing. The children were divided between two groups: the one underwent a morpheme-based training, in which word-stems of inflections and derivations were presented for a limited duration, while their pre- and suffixes remained on screen until response. Another group received a control training consisting of the same task, except that the duration of presentation of a non-morphological unit was restricted. In a Word Disruption Task, participants read words under three conditions: morphological separation (with symbols separating between the words’ morphemes), non-morphological separation (with symbols separating between non-morphological units of words), and no-separation (with symbols presented at the beginning and end of each word). The group receiving the morpheme-based program improved more than the control group in terms of word reading fluency in the morphological condition. The former group also presented similar word reading fluency after training in the morphological condition and in the no-separation condition, thereby suggesting that the morpheme-based training contributed to the integration of morphological decomposition into the process of word recognition. At the same time, both groups similarly improved in other measures of word reading fluency. With regard to spelling, the morpheme-based training group showed a larger improvement than the control group in spelling of trained items, and a unique improvement in spelling of untrained items (untrained word-stems integrated into trained pre- and suffixes). The results further suggest some contribution of the morpheme-based training to performance in a standardized spelling task. The morpheme-based training did not, however, show any unique effect on comprehension. These results suggest that the morpheme-based training is effective in enhancing some basic literacy skill in the population examined, i.e., morphological analysis in word processing and the access to orthographic representations in spelling, with no specific effects on reading fluency and comprehension.
Studies investigating the prevalence, cause, and consequence of multiple sclerosis (MS) fatigue typically use single measures that implicitly assume symptom-stability over time, neglecting information about if, when, and why severity fluctuates. We aimed to examine the extent of moment-to-moment and day-to-day variability in fatigue in relapsing-remitting MS and healthy individuals, and identify daily life determinants of fluctuations. Over 4 weekdays, 76 participants (38 relapsing-remitting MS; 38 controls) recruited from multiple sites provided real-time self-reports six times daily (n = 1661 observations analyzed) measuring fatigue severity, stressors, mood, and physical exertion, and daily self-reports of sleep quality. Fatigue fluctuations were evident in both groups. Fatigue was highest in relapsing-remitting MS, typically peaking in late-afternoon. In controls, fatigue started lower and increased steadily until bedtime. Real-time stressors and negative mood were associated with increased fatigue, and positive mood with decreased fatigue in both groups. Increased fatigue was related to physical exertion in relapsing-remitting MS, and poorer sleep quality in controls. In relapsing-remitting MS, fatigue fluctuates substantially over time. Many daily life determinants of fluctuations are similar in relapsing-remitting MS and healthy individuals (stressors, mood) but physical exertion seems more relevant in relapsing-remitting MS and sleep quality most relevant in healthy individuals.
Scene grammar shapes the way we interact with objects, strengthens memories, and speeds search
(2017)
Predictions of environmental rules (here referred to as "scene grammar") can come in different forms: seeing a toilet in a living room would violate semantic predictions, while finding a toilet brush next to the toothpaste would violate syntactic predictions. The existence of such predictions has usually been investigated by showing observers images containing such grammatical violations. Conversely, the generative process of creating an environment according to one’s scene grammar and its effects on behavior and memory has received little attention. In a virtual reality paradigm, we either instructed participants to arrange objects according to their scene grammar or against it. Subsequently, participants’ memory for the arrangements was probed using a surprise recall (Exp1), or repeated search (Exp2) task. As a result, participants’ construction behavior showed strategic use of larger, static objects to anchor the location of smaller objects which are generally the goals of everyday actions. Further analysis of this scene construction data revealed possible commonalities between the rules governing word usage in language and object usage in naturalistic environments. Taken together, we revealed some of the building blocks of scene grammar necessary for efficient behavior, which differentially influence how we interact with objects and what we remember about scenes.
We aimed to prospectively assess changes in chronic stress among young adults transitioning from high school to university or working life. A population-based cohort in Munich and Dresden (Germany) was followed from age 16–18 (2002–2003) to age 20–23 (2007–2009) (n = 1688). Using the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress, two dimensions of stress at university or work were assessed: work overload and work discontent. In the multiple ordinal generalized estimating equations, socio-demographics, stress outside the workplace, and job history were additionally considered. At follow-up, 52% of the population were university students. Work overload increased statistically significantly from first to second follow-up, while work discontent remained constant at the population level. Students, compared to employees, reported a larger increase in work overload (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.07, 1.67), while work discontent did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, work overload increases when young adults transition from school to university/job life, with university students experiencing the largest increase.