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Engel, Andreas ; Bönisch, Harald ; Ullrich, Markus ; Sitals, Robert ; Membrive, Olivier ; Danis, Francois ; Crevoisier, Cyril
Mean age of stratospheric air can be derived from observations of sufficiently long-lived trace gases with approximately linear trends in the troposphere. Mean age can serve as a tracer to investigate stratospheric transport and long-term changes in the strength of the overturning Brewer–Dobson circulation of the stratosphere. For this purpose, a low-cost method is required in order to allow for regular observations up to altitudes of about 30 km. Despite the desired low costs, high precision and accuracy are required in order to determine mean age. We present balloon-borne AirCore observations from two midlatitude sites: Timmins in Ontario/Canada and Lindenberg in Germany. During the Timmins campaign, five AirCores sampled air in parallel with a large stratospheric balloon and were analysed for CO2, CH4 and partly CO. We show that there is good agreement between the different AirCores (better than 0.1 %), especially when vertical gradients are small. The measurements from Lindenberg were performed using small low-cost balloons and yielded very comparable results. We have used the observations to extend our long-term data set of mean age observations at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. The time series now covers more than 40 years and shows a small, statistically non-significant positive trend of 0.15 ± 0.18 years decade−1. This trend is slightly smaller than the previous estimate of 0.24 ± 0.22 years decade−1 which was based on observations up to the year 2006. These observations are still in contrast to strong negative trends of mean age as derived from some model calculations.
AirCore-HR : a high-resolution column sampling to enhance the
vertical description of CH₄ and CO₂
(2017)
Membrive, Olivier ; Crevoisier, Cyril ; Sweeney, Colm ; Danis, François ; Hertzog, Albert ; Engel, Andreas ; Bönisch, Harald ; Picon, Laurence
An original and innovative sampling system called AirCore was presented by NOAA in 2010 (Karion et al., 2010). It consists of a long ( > 100 m) and narrow (< 1 cm) stainless steel tube that can retain a profile of atmospheric air. The captured air sample has then to be analyzed with a gas analyzer for trace mole fraction. In this study, we introduce a new AirCore aiming to improve resolution along the vertical with the objectives to (i) better capture the vertical distribution of CO2 and CH4, (ii) provide a tool to compare AirCores and validate the estimated vertical resolution achieved by AirCores. This (high-resolution) AirCore-HR consists of a 300 m tube, combining 200 m of 0.125 in. (3.175 mm) tube and a 100 m of 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) tube. This new configuration allows us to achieve a vertical resolution of 300 m up to 15 km and better than 500 m up to 22 km (if analysis of the retained sample is performed within 3 h). The AirCore-HR was flown for the first time during the annual StratoScience campaign from CNES in August 2014 from Timmins (Ontario, Canada). High-resolution vertical profiles of CO2 and CH4 up to 25 km were successfully retrieved. These profiles revealed well-defined transport structures in the troposphere (also seen in CAMS-ECMWF high-resolution forecasts of CO2 and CH4 profiles) and captured the decrease of CO2 and CH4 in the stratosphere. The multi-instrument gondola also carried two other low-resolution AirCore-GUF that allowed us to perform direct comparisons and study the underlying processing method used to convert the sample of air to greenhouse gases vertical profiles. In particular, degrading the AirCore-HR derived profiles to the low resolution of AirCore-GUF yields an excellent match between both sets of CH4 profiles and shows a good consistency in terms of vertical structures. This fully validates the theoretical vertical resolution achievable by AirCores. Concerning CO2 although a good agreement is found in terms of vertical structure, the comparison between the various AirCores yields a large and variable bias (up to almost 3 ppm in some parts of the pro- files). The reasons of this bias, possibly related to the drying agent used to dry the air, are still being investigated. Finally, the uncertainties associated with the measurements are assessed, yielding an average uncertainty below 3 ppb for CH4 and 0.25 ppm for CO2 with the major source of uncertainty coming from the potential loss of air sample on the ground and the choice of the starting and ending point of the collected air sample inside the tube. In an ideal case where the sample would be fully retained, it would be possible to know precisely the pressure at which air was sampled last and thus to improve the overall uncertainty to about 0.1 ppm for CO2 and 2 ppb for CH4
Recent analysis of long-term balloon-borne measurements of Antarctic stratospheric condensation nuclei (CN) and temperature combined with global model calculations showed the wide extent of a mid stratospheric layer of new particles. Here the nucleation model SAWNUC is used to derive Antarctic stratospheric gaseous sulfuric acid profiles and to investigate the nucleation process of this CN layer. The sulfuric acid profiles were derived for an altitude range of 18-32 km between July and October by simulating air parcel trajectories that descend inside the polar vortex and calculating the sulfuric acid amount that reproduces the observations. The derived sulfuric acid concentrations (volume mixing ratios) are of the order of magnitude of 104 cm-3 (10-14) in July. In the following months the concentrations increase to about 107 cm-3 (10 exp -11) in October. They depend strongly on the temperature because a given temperature leaves only a small sulfuric acid range to reproduce the observed magnitude of CN. Ion-induced nucleation occurs. However, while it dominates nucleation at higher temperatures it has no significant influence on the nucleation rates at lower temperatures. Preexisting particles significantly reduce nucleation at sulfuric acid mixing ratios below 1 ppt. First estimates of sulfuric acid production rates range from 0.5 to about 500 molecules cm-3 s-1. A production mechanism for gaseous sulfuric acid during the Antarctic winter seems to be necessary to fully explain the observations. The derived sulfuric acid profiles compare well with midlatitude and Arctic sulfuric acid concentrations.
Nucleation modeling of the Antarctic stratospheric CN layer and derivation of sulfuric acid profiles
(2017)
Recent analysis of long-term balloon-borne measurements of Antarctic stratospheric condensation nuclei (CN) between July and October showed the formation of a volatile CN layer at 21–27 km altitude in a background of existing particles. We use the nucleation model SAWNUC to simulate these CN in subsiding air parcels and study their nucleation and coagulation characteristics. Our simulations confirm recent analysis that the development of the CN layer can be explained with neutral sulfuric acid–water nucleation and we show that outside the CN layer the measured CN concentrations are well reproduced just considering coagulation and the subsidence of the air parcels. While ion-induced nucleation is expected as the dominating formation process at higher temperatures, it does not play a significant role during the CN layer formation as the charged clusters recombine too fast. Further, we derive sulfuric acid concentrations for the CN layer formation. Our concentrations are about 1 order of magnitude higher than previously presented concentrations as our simulations consider that nucleated clusters have to grow to CN size and can coagulate with preexisting particles. Finally, we calculate threshold sulfuric acid profiles that show which concentration of sulfuric acid is necessary for nucleation and growth to observable size. These threshold profiles should represent upper limits of the actual sulfuric acid outside the CN layer. According to our profiles, sulfuric acid concentrations seem to be below midlatitude average during Antarctic winter but above midlatitude average for the CN layer formation.
Der "Regionalatlas Rhein-Main" wird zum 75-jährigen Jubiläum der "Rhein-Mainischen Forschung" veröffentlicht. Er verfolgt das Ziel,
- einne Überblick über die regionale Struktur des Rhein-Main-Gebietes zu verschaffen,
- Politik, Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Grundlagendaten in regionalisierter Form für ihre Entscheidungen an die Hand zu geben, und
- den im Rhein-Main-Gebiet lebenden Menschen die regionalen Strukturen ihres Lebensraumes näher zu bringen.
Im Rahmen einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen der Thüringer Landesanstalt für Umwelt und Geologie und der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt fand in Kooperation mit dem Deutschen Wetterdienst (DWD) eine umfassende Studie zum konvektiven Unwetterpotential über Thüringen statt. Unwetterereignisse, die durch konvektive Prozesse in der Atmosphäre verursacht werden, besitzen ein nicht unerhebliches Schadenspotential, obwohl sie oftmals eine räumlich eng begrenzte Ausdehnung aufweisen. Aufgrund ihrer Charakteristik ist sowohl die Vorhersage solcher Ereignisse, als auch eine vollständige, systematische Erfassung für eine detaillierte Auswertung längerer Zeitreihen noch immer eine Herausforderung. Zusätzliches Interesse besteht in der Abschätzung der durch den Klimawandel abhängigen Entwicklung des zukünftigen Gefährdungspotentials konvektiver Unwetter. Für eine gezielte Untersuchung des Themenkomplexes ist eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Daten und Methoden verwendet worden. Mit Hilfe von Fernerkundungsdatensätzen wird ein räumlich differenziertes Gefährdungspotential über Thüringen nachgewiesen. Bedingt durch das Relief ist das Auftreten von Konvektion am häufigsten und intensivsten über dem südlichen Thüringer Wald und dessen Ostrand zu beobachten, während Nordthüringen eine deutlich geringere Aktivität solcher Unwetterereignisse aufweist. Eine Abschätzung mittels globaler Klimamodelle und daraus abgeleiteten Wetterlagen zeigt unter Berücksichtigung des RCP8.5 Klimaszenarios für die nahe Zukunft (2016-2045) eine Zunahme des Gefährdungspotentials durch konvektive Unwetter. Aufgrund des Anstiegs feuchter Wetterlagen (49 % auf 82 %) erhöht sich die Zunahme der Gefährdung für den Zeitraum 2071-2100 noch deutlicher. Im Vergleich zu diesem statistischen Ansatz nimmt die projizierte Gefährdung durch extreme Ereignisse erheblich zu (Faktor 6), wenn die Ergebnisse expliziter Simulationen konvektiver Ereignisse mit einem regionalen Klimamodell (mit horizontaler Gitterdistanz von 1 km) und eine Zunahme der Tage mit konvektiven Extremereignissen berücksichtigt werden. Ein Anstieg der Gefährdung durch konvektive Unwetter in der Zukunft ist wahrscheinlich. Eine Quantifizierung bleibt jedoch unsicher.
Laut jüdischem Kalender entstand die Welt vor genau 5778 Jahren, nach der Bibel vor 6021 Jahren. Doch als Forscher begannen, auf und in der Erde selbst nach Spuren ihres Alters zu suchen, mussten sie die Zahl immer weiter nach oben korrigieren. Nach heutigen Datierungsmethoden ist unser Planet zwischen 4,5 und 4,6 Milliarden Jahre alt.
The Earth’s surface condition we find today is a result of long exposure to metabolism of life forms. Particularly, molecular oxygen in the atmosphere is a feature which developed over time. The first substantial and lasting rise of atmospheric oxygen level happened ≈ 2.5 Ga ago, but localities are reported where transiently elevated oxygen levels appeared before this time-point. To trace the timing and circumstances of the earliest availability of free oxygen in the atmosphere is important to understand the habitats of early microbial life forms on Earth.
This thesis focuses to obtain information of oxygen levels and the related atmospheric cycling of metals in sediments of the 3.5 to 3.2 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt. First, as iron was a ubiquitous constituent of Archean seawater, I investigated its isotopic composition in minerals of chemical sediments. Hereby, I tried to resolve the changes within the water basin on small scale sedimentary sequence cycles. Second, I focused on the minor constituents of Archean seawater. The Re-Os geochronologic system and the abundance patterns of the platinum-group elements were chosen to integrate information of oxygen promoted weathering of a large source area. To integrate information of a large time interval, the isotopes of uranium were investigated over a large stratigraphic section.
The two key findings of this thesis are:
• Quantitative oxidation of ferrous iron in surface layers of Paleoarchean seawater occurred during the onset and termination of hydrothermal FeIIaq delivery into shallow waters.
• Paleoarchean sedimentary successions of the Barberton Greenstone Belt lack any evidence of transient basin-scale oxygenation.
The Manzimnyama Iron Formation (IF, Fig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa) has been deciphered to exist of cyclic stacks of lithostratigraphic units with varying amounts of iron oxide and carbonate minerals. In-situ femtosecond-Laser-Ablation ICP-MS iron isotope measurements showed that the majority of siderite (γ56Fe ≈ −0.5 ‰) precipitated directly from seawater of γ56Fe ≈ 0 ‰. Ferric iron from the surface layers is preserved in ≤ 1μ m hematite and in magnetite that has been grown within the consolidated sediment. During FeIIaq events, fine-grained hematite (γ56Fe ≈ 2.2 ‰) and magnetite (γ56Fe 0.5 to 0.8 ‰) indicate oxygen levels in surface waters of lower than 0.0002 μM. Upon onset and termination of iron oxide abundance, magnetite with γ56Fe ≈ 0 ‰ indicates that low concentrations of FeIIaq in surface waters were oxidized quantitatively. These observations demonstrate the existence of iron oxidation in Paleoarchean surface waters independent of FeIIaq concentration. This is the first investigation of Paleoarchean IF showing that lithostratigraphic cyclicity can be traced in iron isotopic composition of oxide minerals.
ID-ICP-MS measurement of Re, Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd, trace element (SF-ICP-MS) and ID-MCICP- MS uranium isotope determination have been applied to carbonaceous shale of the Mapepe Fm. (Fig Tree Group) after inverse Aqua Regia leaching and bulk digestion. The sediments reveal a silicified fraction which exhibits a seawater REE signature and a mixture of detrital and meteoritic PGE. Neither enrichment of the redox-sensitive elements Re or Mo nor fractionated uranium isotopes have been found on a stratigraphic interval of several hundred meters. The non-silica fraction shows no depletion of Re which indicates that the detrital material had no contact to oxidizing fluids. ID-TIMS measurements of Re and Os after the CrO3-SO4 Carius Tube method of two sample intervals showed that the Re-Os isotopic systems of the non-silica fractions are identical to two komatiite occurrences. Weltevreden Fm. and Komati Fm. rocks were uplifted, eroded and transported to the deep part of the sedimentary basin without any change to the Re-Os system. Negative fractionated uranium isotopes (γ238U = −0.41 ± 0.01 ‰) associated with detrital Ba-Cr-U occurrences suggest the existence of distal redox-processes that involve uranium species. This study demonstrates that over the time of exposure and deposition of the Mapepe Fm. sedimentation, free oxygen was not available for weathering in the catchment area.
Ice nucleating particles over the eastern mediterranean measured by unmanned aircraft systems
(2017)
Schrod, Jann Erik ; Weber, Daniel ; Drücke, Jaqueline ; Keleshis, Christos ; Pikridas, Michael ; Ebert, Martin ; Cvetković, Bojan ; Nickovic, Slobodan ; Marinou, Eleni ; Baars, Holger ; Ansmann, Albert ; Vrekoussis, Mihalis ; Mihalopoulos, Nikos ; Sciare, Jean ; Curtius, Joachim ; Bingemer, Heinz
During an intensive field campaign on aerosol, clouds, and ice nucleation in the Eastern Mediterranean in April 2016, we measured the abundance of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the lower troposphere from unmanned aircraft systems (UASs). Aerosol samples were collected by miniaturized electrostatic precipitators onboard the UASs at altitudes up to 2.5 km. The number of INPs in these samples, which are active in the deposition and condensation modes at temperatures from −20 to −30 °C, were analyzed immediately after collection on site using the ice nucleus counter FRIDGE (FRankfurt Ice nucleation Deposition freezinG Experiment). During the 1-month campaign, we encountered a series of Saharan dust plumes that traveled at several kilometers' altitude. Here we present INP data from 42 individual flights, together with aerosol number concentrations, observations of lidar backscattering, dust concentrations derived by the dust transport model DREAM (Dust Regional Atmospheric Model), and results from scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the dust plumes is reflected by the coincidence of INPs with the particulate matter (PM), the lidar signal, and the predicted dust mass of the model. This suggests that mineral dust or a constituent related to dust was a major contributor to the ice nucleating properties of the aerosol. Peak concentrations of above 100 INPs std L−1 were measured at −30 °C. The INP concentration in elevated plumes was on average a factor of 10 higher than at ground level. Since desert dust is transported for long distances over wide areas of the globe predominantly at several kilometers' altitude, we conclude that INP measurements at ground level may be of limited significance for the situation at the level of cloud formation.
Geoelektrische Methoden sind weit verbreitet und werden häufig zur Erkundung des oberflächennahen Untergrundes eingesetzt. Angewendet werden standardmäßig meist nur linienhafte Anordnungen der Sender- und Empfängerelektroden, die nur wenige Zehner Meter lang sind. Hierdurch haben diese Methoden nur geringe Eindringtiefen. Um größere Eindringtiefen und 3-dimensionale Informationen über den Untergrund zu erhalten, sind in der vorgestellten Studie die Empfänger- und Senderdipole in mehr oder weniger regelmäßigen Abständen über das Untersuchungsgebiet verteilt worden. Mit jeder Empfängerstation sind kontinuierlich die elektrischen Spannungen in bis zu drei Richtungen aufgezeichnet worden. Für die Einspeisungen wurde ein Rechtecksignal verwendet, das sich gut von den Störfrequenzen und den natürlichen Spannungen abhebt. Die Richtungen der Einspeisedipole sind entsprechend den örtlichen Gegebenheiten, jedoch möglichst parallel zu den Messrichtungen, gewählt worden. Zur Auswertung der erhobenen Messdaten wurde ein Programmpaket entwickelt, das eine weitestgehend automatisierte Auswertung der Daten erlaubt. Die Bestimmung der scheinbaren spezifischen Widerstände und ihrer Messfehler wurde an den fouriertransformierten Datenzeitreihen durchgeführt. Hierdurch konnten Störeinflüsse minimiert werden und es wurde möglich selbst stark verrauschte Datensätze auszuwerten. Um die erhobenen Daten interpretieren zu können sind die berechneten scheinbaren spezifischen Widerstände als Grundlage für Inversionen und Modellstudien verwendet worden. Die oben beschriebene Methode wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit in zwei unterschiedlichen Messgebieten angewandt.
Messgebiet im Hohen Vogelsberg
Im Juli 2007 wurde damit begonnen, die Forschungsbohrung Sichenhausen-Eschwald im Hohen Vogelsberg abzuteufen. Ziel war es, Informationen über den strukturellen Aufbau des größten geschlossenen Vulkankomplexes Mitteleuropas zu gewinnen. Die Gesteinsansprache der Tiefbohrung lieferte bereits relativ früh Hinweise darauf, dass ein großer magmatischer Körper aufgeschlossen wurde.Aufgrund der begrenzten räumlichen Aussagekraft der Bohrung und fehlender Geländebefunde war es nicht möglich, den Mechanismus der Platznahme und die Größe des Körpers näher zu beschreiben. Die Kampagne hatte das Ziel diese Lücke zu schließen und ein 3-dimensionales Modell des Untergrundes zu erstellen.In dem annähernd quadratischen Untersuchungsgebiet, das eine Fläche von ca. 25 $km²$ aufweist, wurden 20 Datenlogger zur Aufzeichnung der elektrischen Spannungen aufgebaut. Die Empfängerdipole waren zwischen 20 m und 30 m lang. Insgesamt wurden 36 Stromeinspeisungen mit Stromstärken zwischen 28 A und 40 A an 16 unterschiedlichen Positionen für jeweils 2 bis 3 verschiedene Dipolrichtungen vorgenommen. Die Einspeisedipole waren zwischen 100 m und 300 m lang. Insgesamt konnten 1.439 scheinbare spezifische Widerstände berechnet werden.Die Ergebnisse der Modellierungen und der Inversion der Daten zeigen, dass mit der Forschungsbohrung ein domartiger Körper angebohrt wurde. Anhand der Ergebnisse kann die räumliche Ausdehnung des Körpers eingegrenzt und ein vorher noch nicht kartierter Gang nachgewiesen werden.
Messgebiet im Bereich der Kinzigtalsperre
Das etwa Ost-West verlaufende Kinzigtal bildet die naturräumliche und geologische Grenze zwischen dem vulkanischen Vogelsberg im Norden und dem, in diesem Bereich aus Sedimentgesteinen aufgebauten, Spessart im Süden.Die zwischen Steinau a. d. Str. und Bad Soden-Salmünster befindliche Kinzigtalsperre dient dem Hochwasserschutz und der Regulierung des Pegels der Kinzig bei Dürreperioden. Der aufgestaute See ist relativ flach und weist im Normalstau maximale Tiefen von ca. 6~m auf. Der Stausee ist jedoch über weite Teile etwa 4~m tief. In dieser Kampagne betrug der Abstand zwischen den einzelnen Empfängerstationen etwa 100 m bis 300 m. Es wurde aufgrund der beengten Platzverhältnisse eine Dipollänge von ca. 48 m für die Einspeise- und die Empfängerdipole im Messgebiet gewählt. Insgesamt wurden 14 Empfängerstationen im Messgebiet aufgebaut, von denen sich Neun auf dem Seegrund befanden. Das Messraster orientierte sich am vermuteten Verlauf der Kinzigtalstörung. An 8 Positionen sind in 21 Richtungen elektrische Ströme mit Stärken zwischen 2,2 A und 40 A in den Untergrund eingespeist worden. Es konnten 536 scheinbare spezifische Widerstände berechnet werden. Ziel war es, den Verlauf der Störung näher zu bestimmen und die Tiefe der im Untergrund vorhandenen salinären Grundwässer zu bestimmen. Die Bestimmung des Verlaufs der Kinzigtalstörung sowie die Tiefenbestimmung der salinären Grundwässer war mit den erhobenen Daten jedoch nicht möglich.