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Flusssysteme im mediterranen Raum reagieren besonders sensitiv auf Veränderungen von Umweltbedingungen, z.B. durch Neotektonik, Klimaänderungen und Landnutzung. Geowissenschaftler der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt untersuchen in diesem Zusammenhang das Einzugsgebiet des Rio Palancia (Spanien), um über die Erstellung einer Sediment-Massenbilanzierung die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Systems zu erforschen. Zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung verschiedener Sediment-Ablagerungstypen wurde das Georadarverfahren (GPR) eingesetzt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, am Beispiel fluvialer Lockersedimente das Zustandekommen von Radargrammen noch besser zu verstehen und möglichst viel Information über den Untergrund aus einem Radargramm zu extrahieren. An 30 Standorten wurden GPR-Messungen durchgeführt und mit Geoelektrik und Rammkernsondierungen kombiniert. Die Einführung einer Bearbeitungs- und Auswertesystematik gewährleistet die Vergleichbarkeit von Radardaten unterschiedlicher Standorte. Als Besonderheit werden die Radargramme jeweils auf zwei verschiedene Arten bearbeitet und dargestellt, um sowohl Strukturen herauszuarbeiten als auch die – zumindest relative – Amplitudencharakteristik zu erhalten. Erst dadurch wird eine Auswertung mithilfe der erweiterten Radarstratigraphie-Methode möglich. Diese setzt sich aus der klassischen Radarstratigraphie und der neu entwickelten Reflexionsanalyse zusammen. Dabei werden systematisch Radar-Schichtflächen, Radareinheiten und Radarfazies ermittelt und anschließend die Amplitudengröße, die Polarität und die Breite der Reflexionen betrachtet. Die Radarstratigraphie liefert objektive Erkenntnisse über Form und Verlauf von Untergrundstrukturen, während mithilfe der Reflexionsanalyse Aussagen zu relativen Änderungen von Wassergehalt, Korngrößenverteilung und elektrischer Leitfähigkeit möglich sind. Mithilfe der Radarstratigraphie wurde die Radarantwort verschiedener Sediment-Ablagerungstypen im Untersuchungsgebiet verglichen. Die Radargramme zeigen unterschiedliche Zusammensetzungen von Radarfazies. Eine Unterscheidung und räumliche Abgrenzung verschiedener Ablagerungstypen mit GPR ist somit durchführbar. Die Dielektrizität des Mediums bestimmt, zusammen mit der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit, die Geschwindigkeit und Dämpfung der elektromagnetischen Welle sowie die Reflexionskoeffizienten. Um das Zustandekommen von Radargrammen im Detail nachvollziehen zu können, ist es notwendig, die Dielektrizitätskoeffizienten (DK) der untersuchten Sedimente zum Zeitpunkt der Messung zu kennen und die Abhängigkeit des DK von petrophysikalischen Parametern zu verstehen. Deshalb wurden Proben aus den Rammkernsondierungen entnommen. Im Labor wurden der Real- und Imaginärteil des DK im Radarfrequenzbereich (mit Schwerpunkt auf 200 MHz) in Abhängigkeit von Wassergehalt, Trockendichte, Korngrößenverteilung und Kalkgehalt mithilfe der Plattenkondensatormethode bestimmt. Der DK ist in erster Linie vom Wassergehalt abhängig. Es konnte eine für die Sedimente im Untersuchungsgebiet charakteristische Wassergehalts-DK-Beziehung ermittelt werden. Die resultierende Kurve ist gegenüber entsprechenden in der Fachliteratur zu findenden Beziehungen verschoben, was vermutlich auf die hohen Kalkgehalte der Proben zurückzuführen ist. Für trockene Sedimente wurde eine Korrelation des DK mit der Trockendichte festgestellt. Bei der Bestimmung der Absorptionskoeffizienten fiel auf, dass Proben mit hohem Tonanteil selbst bei geringen Wassergehalten außerordentlich hohe Dämpfungskoeffizienten aufweisen können. Die charakteristische Wassergehalts-DK-Beziehung wurde für Modellierungen von Radardaten genutzt, die dann mit Messdaten verglichen wurden. Über die Modellierung einer einzelnen Radarspur konnte die spezielle Charakteristik der entsprechenden gemessenen Spur erklärt werden, die durch den Einfluss einer dünnen Schicht zustande kommt, deren Mächtigkeit an der Grenze der theoretischen Auflösung für die verwendete Radarfrequenz liegt. Auf Basis der Erkenntnisse aus der erweiterten Radarstratigraphie an einem Radargramm auf fluvialen Lockersedimenten war es zudem möglich, ein komplettes Radargramm zu simulieren. Es gibt das gemessene Radargramm vereinfacht, aber in guter Übereinstimmung wieder. Die Georadarmethode erwies sich als sehr gut geeignet für die Untersuchung, Identifizierung und Quantifizierung fluvialer Sedimente im Palancia-Einzugsgebiet. Die im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit entwickelte erweiterte Radarstratigraphie-Methode stellt ein systematisches und weitgehend objektives Verfahren zur Auswertung von Radargrammen dar, das sich auch auf andere Untersuchungsgebiete übertragen lassen sollte. Durch Laboruntersuchungen wurde der Einfluss petrophysikalischer Parameter auf den DK bestimmt. Über die Modellierungen konnten die Ergebnisse großskaliger Geländemessungen mit denen kleinskaliger Labormessungen verknüpft werden. Die insgesamt gewonnenen Erkenntnisse tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis von Radargrammen bei.
The TTL is the transition layer between the tropical troposphere and stratosphere, and is the main region where tropospheric air enters the stratosphere. In this thesis different transport processes are studied by using in situ measurements of tracers. Long-lived tracers were measured with the High Altitude Gas Analyzer (HAGAR) on board the M55 Geophysica aircraft. The instrument was developed by the University of Frankfurt and measures the long-lived tracers CO2, N2O, CFC-12, CFC-11, H-1211, SF6, CH4 and H2 with two gas chromatographic channels and a CO2 sensor (LICOR). The measurements are supported by CO and O3 measurements of other instruments. Two campaigns were conducted to obtain measurements in the TTL: SCOUT-O3 (November/December 2005 in Darwin, Australia) and AMMA-SCOUT-O3 (August 2006 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). After a general introduction of the thesis in chapters one and two, the third chapter describes the findings during this last campaign. Five local flights are analyzed to study the different transport processes that occur in the tropical tropopause layer above West-Africa: deep convection up to the level of main convective outflow, vertical mixing after overshooting of air in deep convection, horizontal inmixing from the extratropical lower stratosphere, and horizontal transport across the subtropical barrier. Main findings are that the TTL over West-Africa is mostly influenced by remote convection. The subtropical barrier is not a strong barrier but more a region of transition between the extratropical and the tropical stratosphere. Chapter 4 presents the results obtained during the SCOUT-O3 campaign. From the eight local flights the last four flights (051129, 051130a, 051130b, 051205) show enhanced values of ozone, CO and CO2 between 355 and 380 K potential temperature in comparison with the first four flights (051116, 051119, 051123, 051125). Horizontal inmixing from the extra-tropical stratosphere and influence of the local convective system Hector cannot explain the enhanced values of the two flights on 30 November Therefore, other possible explanations for these enhanced CO, CO2 and ozone levels are proposed. The first explanation is vertical mixing in the vicinity of the jet stream. However, the jet cannot explain the differences between the flights on 30 November and the flights on 29 November and 5 December. Another possible explanation is influence of polluted boundary layer air masses from the Indonesian region. Especially air sampled during the flights on November 30 crossed large parts of northern Indonesia between 8 and 10 days before the measurements. Convective uplift of biomass burning and other pollution plumes can transport CO and ozone precursors into the upper troposphere, where they can significantly enhance the ozone production. The last chapter deals with the vertical ascent rate in the TTL and uses measurements of both the SCOUT-O3 and AMMA-SCOUT-O3 campaign as well as data from previous aircraft campaigns (TROCCINOX and APE-THESEO). Time scales and residence times for mean vertical transport in the background TTL are estimated for different seasons and over different geographic regions using in situ observations of CO2 and long-lived tracers. The vertical transport time scales are constrained using the seasonal variation of CO2 in the tropical troposphere as a “tracer clock” for vertical ascent. Two methods are applied to calculate the residence time in the layer between 360 and 390 K potential temperature. The first method uses the slope of the CO2 index, the second method fits the CO2 index directly to the measurements assuming a constant ascent rate. The first method yields residence times for Australia,West Africa, and Brazil of the same order, 35-45 days to 380 K and 50 days to 390 K (where no value can be derived for Australia as the slope is changing approximately one month before the campaign). For APE-THESEO, the method does not yield reasonable results. The best estimates using the second method show moderate residence times between 360 and 390 K of 60±25 days SCOUT-O3 (NH autumn) and 43±8 days for AMMA/SCOUT-O3 (NH summer). These results agree well with the results calculated using the first method. For APE-THESEO and TROCCINOX the best fits yield shorter residence times of 23±7 and 40±10 days, respectively, both during winter. These results correspond well to the expectations based on the seasonal variation of the Brewer-Dobson circulation.
An eclogite barometer has profound importance in the study of upper mantle processes and potential application to diamond prospecting. Studies on the partitioning of Li between clinopyroxene (cpx) and garnet (grt) in natural samples have shown that this particular element is very sensitive to changes in pressure and could be calibrated as the barometer demanded for bimineralic eclogites. Experiments were performed from 4 to 13 GPa and 1100 to 1400°C in the CMAS (CaO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2) system with Li added as Li3PO4 to quantify this pressure dependence into a barometer expressed in the following equation: P= (0.00255*T-lnKd)/0.2351 where P is in GPa, T is in °C and Kd is defined as the partition coefficient of Li (in ppm) between clinopyroxene and garnet. The experimental pressures are reproduced to ± 0.38 GPa (1σ) by this equation. This barometer is strictly applicable only to CMAS. Experiments at 1300°C, 8-12 GPa showed that Henry’s Law is fulfilled for Li partitioning between cpx and grt in the concentration range of approximately 0.01 – 1 wt% Li. Direct application of the equation to experiments in natural systems performed at 1300°C from 4 GPa to 13 GPa consistently overestimates pressures by approximately 2 GPa. Our previous experiments in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 + Li3PO4 showed that the partitioning of Li between garnet and clinopyroxene is pressure dependent in eclogitic bulk compositions. This supports experimentally the hypothesis of Seitz et al. (2003), based on the analysis of Li in eclogitic xenoliths and inclusions in diamond, that the partitioning of this particular element between clinopyroxene and garnet is very sensitive to changes in pressure and could be calibrated as a barometer for bimineralic eclogites. In order to calibrate this pressure dependence into a barometer, experiments were performed in natural systems using starting materials sourced from a well preserved eclogitic xenolith from the Roberts Victor kimberlite pipe (South Africa) to extrapolate our findings in CMAS to natural systems. Sixteen multianvil experiments were performed from 4-13 GPa and 1100-1500°C. Our findings reinforced the general trend we observed in the CMAS system, that KdLi cpx-grt for Li decreases with increasing P, and that at P ≥ 12 GPa, garnet is able to incorporate more Li than clinopyroxene. Multiple linear regression was applied to our experimental results to create the barometer: P = (0.000963*T – ln KdLi cpx-grt + 1.581) / 0.252 Where P is pressure in GPa, T is temperature in °C and KdLi cpx-grt is defined as the partitioning coefficient of Li obtained by dividing the concentration of Li in cpx by the concentration of Li in garnet. This barometer reproduces the experimental conditions to ± 0.2 GPa. It is applicable to eclogitic xenoliths, to garnet pyroxenites and to peridotitic and eclogitic inclusions in diamond. Application of the barometer to diamond bearing xenoliths results in pressures in the diamond stability field. Clinopyroxene is easily corrupted in xenoliths and also preferentially takes in Li during short lived metasomatic processes. Care must be taken therefore to analyse primary, unaltered clinopyroxene. Our preliminary application to natural samples shows that the barometer can be applied beyond the experimental range to pressures down to 3 GPa. Seventeen eclogitic xenoliths were chosen from a sample set of greater than 200 for their fresh microscopic and macroscopic appearance and were analyzed for Li content in coexisting garnet (grt) and clinopyroxene (cpx). These samples can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of Mg in cpx (cpfu: cations per formula unit, based on 6 oxygens): Group 1 with Mg > 0.75, and Group 2 with Mg < 0.75. Group 1 xenoliths show lower Li contents in both grt and cpx compared to Group 2. The Li barom ter calibrated in Hanrahan et al. (2009b)/Chapter 3 was applied to these samples as well as available literature data to obtain pressures of provenance - Group 2 xenoliths often provide pressures that appear unrealistic for eclogitic xenoliths. In light of observed crystal chemical relations in the natural samples, a new fitting procedure was applied to the experimental data presented in Chapter 3. This new fit appears to be more realistic than the previous fit, although a strong relationship with Mg# remains present, suggesting that Li-barometry is, at present, only applicable to Mg-rich eclogites. Inclusions in diamond, with the exception of eclogitic inclusions of coexisting majorite and cpx, often yield pressures that are inconsistent with the pressures required for diamond formation. Although an interesting observation when comparing all of the data is that inclusions in diamond have significantly higher average Li concentrations compared to xenoliths, which suggests that Li is highly present in the fluids from which diamonds form in the mantle, an observation which was previously made for the deep mantle as a result of high Li in ferropericlase inclusions in diamond (Seitz et al. 2003).
Understanding how temperature affects cod (Gadus morhua) ecology is important for forecasting how populations will develop as climate changes in future. The effects of spawning-season temperature and habitat size on cod recruitment dynamics have been investigated across the North Atlantic. Ricker and Beverton and Holt stock–recruitment (SR) models were extended by applying hierarchical methods, mixed-effects models, and Bayesian inference to incorporate the influence of these ecosystem factors on model parameters representing cod maximum reproductive rate and carrying capacity. We identified the pattern of temperature effects on cod productivity at the species level and estimated SR model parameters with increased precision. Temperature impacts vary geographically, being positive in areas where temperatures are <5°C, and negative for higher temperatures. Using the relationship derived, it is possible to predict expected changes in population-specific reproductive rates and carrying capacities resulting from temperature increases. Further, carrying capacity covaries with available habitat size, explaining at least half its variability across stocks. These patterns improve our understanding of environmental impacts on key population parameters, which is required for an ecosystem approach to cod management, particularly under ocean-warming scenarios. Key words: carrying capacity , cod , hierarchical models , North Atlantic , temperature , uncertainty
Ivanova, Elena V. ; Volk, C.-Michael ; Riediger, Oliver ; Klein, Holger ; Sitnikov, Nikolay ; Ulanovskii, Alexey ; Yushkov, Vladimir ; Ravegnani, Fabrizio ; Möbius, Tanja ; Schmidt, Ulrich
In order to quantitatively analyse the chemical and dynamical evolution of the polar vortex it has proven extremely useful to work with coordinate systems that follow the vortex flow. We propose here a two-dimensional quasi-Lagrangian coordinate system {X i, delta X i}, based on the mixing ratio of a long-lived stratospheric trace gas i, and its systematic use with i = N2O, in order to describe the structure of a well-developed Antarctic polar vortex. In the coordinate system {X i, delta X i} the mixing ratio X i is the vertical coordinate and delta X i = X i(theta) - X i vort(theta) is the meridional coordinate (X i vort(theta) being a vertical reference profile in the vortex core). The quasi-Lagrangian coordinates {X i, delta X i} persist for much longer time than standard isentropic coordinates, potential temperature theta and equivalent latitude Phi e, do not require explicit reference to geographic space, and can be derived directly from high-resolution in situ measurements. They are therefore well-suited for studying the evolution of the Antarctic polar vortex throughout the polar winter with respect to the relevant chemical and microphysical processes. By using the introduced coordinate system {X N2O, delta X N2O} we analyze the well-developed Antarctic vortex investigated during the APE-GAIA (Airborne Polar Experiment – Geophysica Aircraft in Antarctica – 1999) campaign (Carli et al., 2000). A criterion, which uses the local in-situ measurements of X i=X i(theta) and attributes the inner vortex edge to a rapid change (delta-step) in the meridional profile of the mixing ratio X i, is developed to determine the (Antarctic) inner vortex edge. In turn, we suggest that the outer vortex edge of a well-developed Antarctic vortex can be attributed to the position of a local minimum of the X H2O gradient in the polar vortex area. For a well-developed Antarctic vortex, the delta X N2O-parametrization of tracer-tracer relationships allows to distinguish the tracer inter-relationships in the vortex core, vortex boundary region and surf zone and to examine their meridional variation throughout these regions. This is illustrated by analyzing the tracer-tracer relationships X i : X N2O obtained from the in-situ data of the APE-GAIA campaign for i = CFC-11, CFC-12, H-1211 and SF6. A number of solitary anomalous points in the CFC-11 : N2O correlation, observed in the Antarctic vortex core, are interpreted in terms of small-scale cross-isentropic dispersion.
Schootbrugge, Bas van de ; Harazim, Dario ; Sorichter, Katrin ; Oschmann, Wolfgang ; Fiebig, Jens ; Püttmann, Wilhelm ; Peinl, Mark ; Zanella, Friedhelm ; Teichert, Barbara M. A. ; Hoffmann, J. ; Stadnitskaia, Alina ; Rosenthal, Yair
Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative delta 13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from - 18.8‰ to - 25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine delta 18 O values (- 1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to - 3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known asTisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
Östlich des Rwenzori Gebirges im Westen Ugandas wurden magnetotellurische Messungen durchgeführt. An 23 Stationen wurden Übertragungsfunktionen und Phasen Tensor Elemente zwischen den gemessenen magnetischen- und tellurischen Feldern im Periodenbereich von 10s bis 10000s geschätzt. Die Übertragungsfunktionen deuten eine komplexe drei dimensionale Leitfähigkeitsstruktur innerhalb der Kruste an, insbesondere in der Verbindungszone zwischen dem Rwenzori Gebirge und der östlichen Riftschulter. In dieser Arbeit wird eine alternative Darstellung der Phasen Tensor Ellipsen als Balken eingeführt. Für Perioden größer 100s zeigen die maximalen Phasen der Phasen Tensor Balken aller Stationen einheitlich in SSW-NNE und die Phasen Tensor Invarianten f min und f max weisen eine Differenz von mindestens 20° auf. Dieses auffällige Verhalten und die kleinen vertikalen magnetischen Feldr im gleich Periodenbereich kann mit einer anisotropen Leitfähigkeit in einer Tiefenbereich zwischen 30-50km mit der gut leitenden Richtung senkrecht zur Riftachse erklärt werden. Die Anisotropie könnte ihren Ursprung in orientierten Olivien Kristallen im oberen Mantel haben, wobei die Orientierungsrichtung mit der Delamination der Unterkruste unter den Rwenzoris zusammen hängen kann. Eine gut leitende Zone süd-östlich der Rwenzoris wurde in 15km Tiefe gefunden, die mit einer seismischen low velocity zone übereinstimmt und partielle Schmelzen innerhalb der Kruste andeutet. An allen Stationen steigt die minimale Phase bei der Periode 200s über 45° und zeigt einen Anstieg der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit unterhalb der Lithosphäre an.
Wetzel, Gerald ; Oelhaf, Hermann ; Kirner, Oliver ; Ruhnke, Roland ; Friedl-Vallon, Felix ; Kleinert, Anne ; Maucher, Guido ; Fischer, Herbert ; Birk, Manfred ; Wagner, Georg ; Engel, Andreas
Active chlorine species play a dominant role in the catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone in the polar vortices during the late winter and early spring seasons. Recently, the correct understanding of the ClO dimer cycle was challenged by the release of new laboratory absorption cross sections (Pope et al., 2007) yielding significant model underestimates of observed ClO and ozone loss (von Hobe et al., 2007). Under this aspect, nocturnal Arctic stratospheric limb emission measurements carried out by the balloon version of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS-B) from Kiruna (Sweden) on 11 January 2001 and 20/21 March 2003 have been reanalyzed with regard to the chlorine reservoir species ClONO2 and the active species, ClO and ClOOCl (Cl2O2). New laboratory measurements of IR absorption cross sections of ClOOCl for various temperatures and pressures allowed for the first time the retrieval of ClOOCl mixing ratios from remote sensing measurements. High values of active chlorine (ClOx) of roughly 2.3 ppbv at 20 km were observed by MIPAS-B in the cold mid-winter Arctic vortex on 11 January 2001. While nighttime ClOOCl shows enhanced values of nearly 1.1 ppbv at 20 km, ClONO2 mixing ratios are less than 0.1 ppbv at this altitude. In contrast, high ClONO2 mixing ratios of nearly 2.4 ppbv at 20 km have been observed in the late winter Arctic vortex on 20 March 2003. No significant ClOx amounts are detectable on this date since most of the active chlorine has already recovered to its main reservoir species ClONO2. The observed values of ClOx and ClONO2 are in line with the established polar chlorine chemistry. The thermal equilibrium constants between the dimer formation and its dissociation, as derived from the balloon measurements, are on the lower side of reported data and in good agreement with values recommended by von Hobe et al. (2007). Calculations with the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry model (EMAC) using established kinetics show similar chlorine activation and deactivation, compared to the measurements in January 2001 and March 2003, respectively.
Atmospheric observation-based global SF6 emissions - comparison of top-down and bottom-up estimates
(2009)
Levin, Ingeborg ; Naegler, Tobias ; Heinz, Renate ; Osusko, Daniel ; Cuevas, Emilio ; Engel, Andreas ; Ilmberger, Johann ; Langenfelds, Ray L. ; Neininger, Bruno ; Rohden, Christoph von ; Steele, L. Paul ; Weller, Rolf ; Worthy, Douglas E. ; Zimov, Sergej A.
Emissions of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), one of the strongest greenhouse gases on a per molecule basis, are targeted to be collectively reduced under the Kyoto Protocol. Because of its long atmospheric lifetime (≈3000 years), the accumulation of SF6 in the atmosphere is a direct measure of its global emissions. Examination of our extended data set of globally distributed high-precision SF6 observations shows an increase in SF6 abundance from near zero in the 1970s to a global mean of 6.7 ppt by the end of 2008. In-depth evaluation of our long-term data records shows that the global source of SF6 decreased after 1995, most likely due to SF6 emission reductions in industrialised countries, but increased again after 1998. By subtracting those emissions reported by Annex I countries to the United Nations Framework Convention of Climatic Change (UNFCCC) from our observation-inferred SF6 source leaves a surprisingly large gap of more than 70–80% of non-reported SF6 emissions in the last decade.