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Poster presentation: Introduction Dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain show a variety of firing patterns, ranging from very regular firing pacemaker cells to bursty and irregular neurons. The effects of different experimental conditions (like pharmacological treatment or genetical manipulations) on these neuronal discharge patterns may be subtle. Applying a stochastic model is a quantitative approach to reveal these changes. ...
Poster presentation: Introduction The brain is a highly interconnected network of constantly interacting units. Understanding the collective behavior of these units requires a multi-dimensional approach. The results of such analyses are hard to visualize and interpret. Hence tools capable of dealing with such tasks become imperative. ....
The pathogenesis of nodular lymphocyte–predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) and its relationship to other lymphomas are largely unknown. This is partly because of the technical challenge of analyzing its rare neoplastic lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells, which are dispersed in an abundant nonneoplastic cellular microenvironment. We performed a genome-wide expression study of microdissected L&H lymphoma cells in comparison to normal and other malignant B cells that indicated a relationship of L&H cells to and/or that they originate from germinal center B cells at the transition to memory B cells. L&H cells show a surprisingly high similarity to the tumor cells of T cell–rich B cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma, a partial loss of their B cell phenotype, and deregulation of many apoptosis regulators and putative oncogenes. Importantly, L&H cells are characterized by constitutive nuclear factor {kappa}B activity and aberrant extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. Thus, these findings shed new light on the nature of L&H cells, reveal several novel pathogenetic mechanisms in NLPHL, and may help in differential diagnosis and lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
Background Although current molecular clock methods offer greater flexibility in modelling historical evolutionary events, calibration of the clock with dates from the fossil record is still problematic for many groups. Here we implement several new approaches in molecular dating to estimate evolutionary ages of Lacertidae, an Old World family of lizards with a poor fossil record and uncertain phylogeny. Four different models of rate variation are tested in a new program for Bayesian phylogenetic analysis called TreeTime, based on a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. We incorporate paleontological uncertainty into divergence estimates by expressing multiple calibration dates as a range of probabilistic distributions. We also test the reliability of our proposed calibrations by exploring effects of individual priors on posterior estimates. Results According to the most reliable model, as indicated by Bayes factor comparison, modern lacertids arose shortly after the K/T transition and entered Africa about 45 million years ago, with the majority of their African radiation occurring in the Eocene and Oligocene. Our findings indicate much earlier origins for these clades than previously reported, and we discuss our results in light of paleogeographic trends during the Cenozoic. Conclusions This study represents the first attempt to estimate evolutionary ages of a specific group of reptiles exhibiting uncertain phylogenetic relationships, molecular rate variation and a poor fossil record. Our results emphasize the sensitivity of molecular divergence dates to fossil calibrations, and support the use of combined molecular data sets and multiple, well-spaced dates from the fossil record as minimum node constraints. The bioinformatics program used here, TreeTime, is publicly available, and we recommend its use for molecular dating of taxa faced with similar challenges.
Im heutigen Zahlungsverkehr übernehmen in zunehmendem Maße Zahlungen mit Kreditkarten eine entscheidende Rolle. Entsprechend der Verbreitung dieser Art des Zahlungsverkehrs nimmt ebenfalls der Mißbrauch mit diesem bargeldlosen Zahlungsmittel zu. Um die Verluste, die bei dem Kreditkarteninstitut auf diese Weise entstehen, so weit wie möglich einzudämmen, wird versucht, Mißbrauchstransaktionen bei der Autorisierung der Zahlungsaufforderung zu erkennen. Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist es zu bestimmen, in wie weit es möglich ist, illegale Transaktionen aus der Menge von Autorisierungsanfragen mit Hilfe adaptiver Algorithmen aufzudecken. Dabei sollen sowohl Methoden aus dem Bereich des Data-Mining, als auch aus den Bereichen der neuronalen Netze benutzt werden. Erschwerend bei der Mißbrauchsanalyse kommt hinzu, daß die Beurteilung der einzelnen Transaktionen in Sekundenbruchteilen abgeschlossen sein muß, um die hohe Anzahl an Autorisierungsanfragen verarbeiten zu können und den Kundenservice auf Seiten des Benutzers und des Händlers auf diese Weise zu optimieren. Weiter handelt es sich bei einem Großteil der bei der Analyse zu Verfügung stehenden Datensätze um symbolische Daten, also alpha-numerisch kodierte Werte, die stellvertretend für verschiedene Eigenschaften verwendet werden. Nur wenige der Transaktionsdaten sind analoger Natur, weisen also eine Linearität auf, die es erlaubt, "Nachbarschaften" zwischen den Daten bestimmen zu können. Damit scheidet eine reine Analyse auf Basis von neuronalen Netzwerken aus. Diese Problematik führte unter anderem zu dem verfolgten Ansatz. Als Grundlage der Analyse dienen bekannte Mißbrauchstransaktionen aus einem Zeitintervall von ungefähr einem Jahr, die jedoch aufgrund der hohen Anzahl nicht komplett als solche mit den eingehenden Transaktionen verglichen werden können, da ein sequentieller Vergleich zu viel Zeit in Anspruch nähme. Im übrigen würde durch einen einfachen Vergleich nur der schon bekannte Mißbrauch erkannt werden; eine Abstraktion der Erkenntnisse aus den Mißbrauchserfahrungen ist nicht möglich. Aus diesem Grund werden diese Mißbrauchstransaktionen mit Hilfe von Methoden aus dem Bereich des Data-Mining verallgemeinert und damit auf ein Minimum, soweit es die Verläßlichkeit dieser Datensätze zuläßt, reduziert. Desweiteren schließt sich eine Analyse der zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch nicht betrachteten analogen Daten an, um die maximale, enthaltene Information aus den Transaktionsdaten zu beziehen. Dafür werden moderne Methoden aus dem Bereich der neuronalen Netzwerke, sogenannte radiale Basisfunktionsnetze, verwendet. Da eine Mißbrauchsanalyse ohne eine entsprechende Profilanalyse unvollständig wäre, wurde abschließend mit den vorhanden Mitteln auf den zugrunde liegenden Daten in Anlehnung an die bisherige Methodik eine solche Profilauswertung und zeitabhängige Analyse realisiert. Mit dem so implementierten Modell wurde versucht, auf allgemeine Art und Weise, Verhaltens- beziehungsweise Transaktionsmuster einzuordnen und mit bei der Mißbrauchsentscheidung einfließen zu lassen. Aus den vorgestellten Analyseverfahren wurden verschiedene Klassifizierungsmodelle entwickelt, die zu guten Ergebnissen auf den Simulationsdaten führen. Es kann gezeigt werden, daß die Mißbrauchserkennung durch eine kombinierte Anwendung aus symbolischer und analoger Auswertung bestmöglich durchzuführen ist.
FIFO is the most prominent queueing strategy due to its simplicity and the fact that it only works with local information. Its analysis within the adversarial queueing theory however has shown, that there are networks that are not stable under the FIFO protocol, even at arbitrarily low rate. On the other hand there are networks that are universally stable, i.e., they are stable under every greedy protocol at any rate r < 1. The question as to which networks are stable under the FIFO protocol arises naturally. We offer the first polynomial time algorithm for deciding FIFO stability and simple-path FIFO stability of a directed network, answering an open question posed in [1, 4]. It turns out, that there are networks, that are FIFO stable but not universally stable, hence FIFO is not a worst case protocol in this sense. Our characterization of FIFO stability is constructive and disproves an open characterization in [4].
The efficient management of large multimedia databases requires the development of new techniques to process, characterize, and search for multimedia objects. Especially in the case of image data, the rapidly growing amount of documents prohibits a manual description of the images’ content. Instead, the automated characterization is highly desirable to support annotation and retrieval of digital images. However, this is a very complex and still unsolved task. To contribute to a solution of this problem, we have developed a mechanism for recognizing objects in images based on the query by example paradigm. Therefore, the most salient image features of an example image representing the searched object are extracted to obtain a scale-invariant object model. The use of this model provides an efficient and robust strategy for recognizing objects in images independently of their size. Further applications of the mechanism are classical recognition tasks such as scene decomposition or object tracking in video sequences.
For the efficient management of large image databases, the automated characterization of images and the usage of that characterization for searching and ordering tasks is highly desirable. The purpose of the project SEMACODE is to combine the still unsolved problem of content-oriented characterization of images with scale-invariant object recognition and modelbased compression methods. To achieve this goal, existing techniques as well as new concepts related to pattern matching, image encoding, and image compression are examined. The resulting methods are integrated in a common framework with the aid of a content-oriented conception. For the application, an image database at the library of the university of Frankfurt/Main (StUB; about 60000 images), the required operations are developed. The search and query interfaces are defined in close cooperation with the StUB project “Digitized Colonial Picture Library”. This report describes the fundamentals and first results of the image encoding and object recognition algorithms developed within the scope of the project.
The prevention of credit card fraud is an important application for prediction techniques. One major obstacle for using neural network training techniques is the high necessary diagnostic quality: Since only one financial transaction of a thousand is invalid no prediction success less than 99.9% is acceptable. Due to these credit card transaction proportions complete new concepts had to be developed and tested on real credit card data. This paper shows how advanced data mining techniques and neural network algorithm can be combined successfully to obtain a high fraud coverage combined with a low false alarm rate.
Classically, encoding of images by only a few, important components is done by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Recently, a data analysis tool called Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for the separation of independent influences in signals has found strong interest in the neural network community. This approach has also been applied to images. Whereas the approach assumes continuous source channels mixed up to the same number of channels by a mixing matrix, we assume that images are composed by only a few image primitives. This means that for images we have less sources than pixels. Additionally, in order to reduce unimportant information, we aim only for the most important source patterns with the highest occurrence probabilities or biggest information called „Principal Independent Components (PIC)“. For the example of a synthetic picture composed by characters this idea gives us the most important ones. Nevertheless, for natural images where no a-priori probabilities can be computed this does not lead to an acceptable reproduction error. Combining the traditional principal component criteria of PCA with the independence property of ICA we obtain a better encoding. It turns out that this definition of PIC implements the classical demand of Shannon’s rate distortion theory.