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We show that non-interactive statistically-secret bit commitment cannot be constructed from arbitrary black-box one-to-one trapdoor functions and thus from general public-key cryptosystems. Reducing the problems of non-interactive crypto-computing, rerandomizable encryption, and non-interactive statistically-sender-private oblivious transfer and low-communication private information retrieval to such commitment schemes, it follows that these primitives are neither constructible from one-to-one trapdoor functions and public-key encryption in general. Furthermore, our separation sheds some light on statistical zeroknowledge proofs. There is an oracle relative to which one-to-one trapdoor functions and one-way permutations exist, while the class of promise problems with statistical zero-knowledge proofs collapses in P. This indicates that nontrivial problems with statistical zero-knowledge proofs require more than (trapdoor) one-wayness.
We show lower bounds for the signature size of incremental schemes which are secure against substitution attacks and support single block replacement. We prove that for documents of n blocks such schemes produce signatures of \Omega(n^(1/(2+c))) bits for any constant c>0. For schemes accessing only a single block resp. a constant number of blocks for each replacement this bound can be raised to \Omega(n) resp. \Omega(sqrt(n)). Additionally, we show that our technique yields a new lower bound for memory checkers.
Given a real vector alpha =(alpha1 ; : : : ; alpha d ) and a real number E > 0 a good Diophantine approximation to alpha is a number Q such that IIQ alpha mod Zk1 ", where k \Delta k1 denotes the 1-norm kxk1 := max 1id jx i j for x = (x1 ; : : : ; xd ). Lagarias [12] proved the NP-completeness of the corresponding decision problem, i.e., given a vector ff 2 Q d , a rational number " ? 0 and a number N 2 N+ , decide whether there exists a number Q with 1 Q N and kQff mod Zk1 ". We prove that, unless ...
Given x small epsilon, Greek Rn an integer relation for x is a non-trivial vector m small epsilon, Greek Zn with inner product <m,x> = 0. In this paper we prove the following: Unless every NP language is recognizable in deterministic quasi-polynomial time, i.e., in time O(npoly(log n)), the ℓinfinity-shortest integer relation for a given vector x small epsilon, Greek Qn cannot be approximated in polynomial time within a factor of 2log0.5 − small gamma, Greekn, where small gamma, Greek is an arbitrarily small positive constant. This result is quasi-complementary to positive results derived from lattice basis reduction. A variant of the well-known L3-algorithm approximates for a vector x small epsilon, Greek Qn the ℓ2-shortest integer relation within a factor of 2n/2 in polynomial time. Our proof relies on recent advances in the theory of probabilistically checkable proofs, in particular on a reduction from 2-prover 1-round interactive proof-systems. The same inapproximability result is valid for finding the ℓinfinity-shortest integer solution for a homogeneous linear system of equations over Q.
We analyse a continued fraction algorithm (abbreviated CFA) for arbitrary dimension n showing that it produces simultaneous diophantine approximations which are up to the factor 2^((n+2)/4) best possible. Given a real vector x=(x_1,...,x_{n-1},1) in R^n this CFA generates a sequence of vectors (p_1^(k),...,p_{n-1}^(k),q^(k)) in Z^n, k=1,2,... with increasing integers |q^{(k)}| satisfying for i=1,...,n-1 | x_i - p_i^(k)/q^(k) | <= 2^((n+2)/4) sqrt(1+x_i^2) |q^(k)|^(1+1/(n-1)) By a theorem of Dirichlet this bound is best possible in that the exponent 1+1/(n-1) can in general not be increased.
We generalize the concept of block reduction for lattice bases from l2-norm to arbitrary norms. This extends the results of Schnorr. We give algorithms for block reduction and apply the resulting enumeration concept to solve subset sum problems. The deterministic algorithm solves all subset sum problems. For up to 66 weights it needs in average less then two hours on a HP 715/50 under HP-UX 9.05.
We present an efficient variant of LLL-reduction of lattice bases in the sense of Lenstra, Lenstra, Lov´asz [LLL82]. We organize LLL-reduction in segments of size k. Local LLL-reduction of segments is done using local coordinates of dimension 2k. Strong segment LLL-reduction yields bases of the same quality as LLL-reduction but the reduction is n-times faster for lattices of dimension n. We extend segment LLL-reduction to iterated subsegments. The resulting reduction algorithm runs in O(n3 log n) arithmetic steps for integer lattices of dimension n with basis vectors of length 2O(n), compared to O(n5) steps for LLL-reduction.
We introduce algorithms for lattice basis reduction that are improvements of the famous L3-algorithm. If a random L3-reduced lattice basis b1,b2,...,bn is given such that the vector of reduced Gram-Schmidt coefficients ({µi,j} 1<= j< i<= n) is uniformly distributed in [0,1)n(n-1)/2, then the pruned enumeration finds with positive probability a shortest lattice vector. We demonstrate the power of these algorithms by solving random subset sum problems of arbitrary density with 74 and 82 many weights, by breaking the Chor-Rivest cryptoscheme in dimensions 103 and 151 and by breaking Damgard's hash function.
We call a vector x/spl isin/R/sup n/ highly regular if it satisfies =0 for some short, non-zero integer vector m where <...> is the inner product. We present an algorithm which given x/spl isin/R/sup n/ and /spl alpha//spl isin/N finds a highly regular nearby point x' and a short integer relation m for x'. The nearby point x' is 'good' in the sense that no short relation m~ of length less than /spl alpha//2 exists for points x~ within half the x'-distance from x. The integer relation m for x' is for random x up to an average factor 2/sup /spl alpha//2/ a shortest integer relation for x'. Our algorithm uses, for arbitrary real input x, at most O(n/sup 4/(n+log A)) many arithmetical operations on real numbers. If a is rational the algorithm operates on integers having at most O(n/sup 5/+n/sup 3/(log /spl alpha/)/sup 2/+log(/spl par/qx/spl par//sup 2/)) many bits where q is the common denominator for x.
We study the following problem: given x element Rn either find a short integer relation m element Zn, so that =0 holds for the inner product <.,.>, or prove that no short integer relation exists for x. Hastad, Just Lagarias and Schnorr (1989) give a polynomial time algorithm for the problem. We present a stable variation of the HJLS--algorithm that preserves lower bounds on lambda(x) for infinitesimal changes of x. Given x \in {\RR}^n and \alpha \in \NN this algorithm finds a nearby point x' and a short integer relation m for x'. The nearby point x' is 'good' in the sense that no very short relation exists for points \bar{x} within half the x'--distance from x. On the other hand if x'=x then m is, up to a factor 2^{n/2}, a shortest integer relation for \mbox{x.} Our algorithm uses, for arbitrary real input x, at most \mbox{O(n^4(n+\log \alpha))} many arithmetical operations on real numbers. If x is rational the algorithm operates on integers having at most \mbox{O(n^5+n^3 (\log \alpha)^2 + \log (\|q x\|^2))} many bits where q is the common denominator for x.
Black box cryptanalysis applies to hash algorithms consisting of many small boxes, connected by a known graph structure, so that the boxes can be evaluated forward and backwards by given oracles. We study attacks that work for any choice of the black boxes, i.e. we scrutinize the given graph structure. For example we analyze the graph of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). We present optimal black box inversions of FFT-compression functions and black box constructions of collisions. This determines the minimal depth of FFT-compression networks for collision-resistant hashing. We propose the concept of multipermutation, which is a pair of orthogonal latin squares, as a new cryptographic primitive that generalizes the boxes of the FFT. Our examples of multipermutations are based on the operations circular rotation, bitwise xor, addition and multiplication.
Parallel FFT-hashing
(1994)
We propose two families of scalable hash functions for collision resistant hashing that are highly parallel and based on the generalized fast Fourier transform (FFT). FFT hashing is based on multipermutations. This is a basic cryptographic primitive for perfect generation of diffusion and confusion which generalizes the boxes of the classic FFT. The slower FFT hash functions iterate a compression function. For the faster FFT hash functions all rounds are alike with the same number of message words entering each round.
We report on improved practical algorithms for lattice basis reduction. We propose a practical floating point version of theL3-algorithm of Lenstra, Lenstra, Lovász (1982). We present a variant of theL3-algorithm with "deep insertions" and a practical algorithm for block Korkin—Zolotarev reduction, a concept introduced by Schnorr (1987). Empirical tests show that the strongest of these algorithms solves almost all subset sum problems with up to 66 random weights of arbitrary bit length within at most a few hours on a UNISYS 6000/70 or within a couple of minutes on a SPARC1 + computer.