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Institute
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In dieser klinischen Phase I-Studie an 39 gesunden, männlichen Probanden im Alter zwischen 18 und 45 Jahren wurde die Fragestellung untersucht, wie ein Übergang von intravenöser Blutgerinnungshemmung mit dem direkten Thrombinhemmer Argatroban und den oralen Antikoagulantien Phenprocoumon und Acenocoumarol in der klinischen Praxis zu kontrollieren ist. Bei den bisher verwendeten Laboruntersuchungen, wie der aPTT existieren Interaktionen zwischen Argatroban und oraler Antikoagulation, welche nicht notwendigerweise die wirkliche in vivo Situation reflektieren, was durch eine ex vivo-in vitro-Interferenz des Gerinnungsassays verursacht wird. APTT Reagenzien aktivieren die intrinsische Gerinnungskaskade zu einem sehr frühen Zeitpunkt (gleich zu Beginn derselben bei Faktor XI). Dadurch werden die Interaktionen zwischen der oralen Antikoagulation und den Rückkopplungsmechanismen zwischen beiden Gerinnungswegen, welche durch die orale Antikoagulation teilweise erschöpft sind, begreifbar. Ebenso wurde die Interaktion zwischen anderen direkten Thrombinhemmern und der oralen Antikoagulation am Beispiel Napsagatran mit Warfarin beschrieben 35: Die Gabe von Napsagatran alleine führte zur Erhöhung von aPTT und Prothrombinzeit (PT), die zusätzliche Einmaldosis Warfarin erhöhte die AUEC (Fläche unter der Effekt-Kurve) für die PT zusätzlich um das vierfache und für die aPTT um 45%. Obwohl die PT unter dem Einfluss direkter Thrombinhemmer verlängert ist, wird sie nicht als Parameter des Monitorings der Wirkung therapeutischer Dosierungen von Argatroban und anderen direkten Thrombinhemmern bei der Thrombosephrophylaxe und Behandlung tiefer Beinvenethrombosen empfohlen 39. Die aPTT wird hingegen, neben ihrem Einsatz zur Überwachung der klinischen Therapie direkter Thrombinhemmer 40,41, auch als pharmakodynamischer Schlüsselparameter in Phase-I-Studien derselben eingesetzt 42,43. Da jedoch höhere Konzentrationen der Thrombinhemmer die aPTT-Werte für die Kalibrierung verändern und darüber hinaus verschiedene aPTT-Reagenzien mit unterschiedlicher Empfindlichkeit gegenüber den Thrombinhemmern angeboten werden, ist die aPTT nicht der ideale Parameter zur Überwachung der Wirkung direkter Thrombinhemmer. Die ECT ist hierfür wesentlich spezifischer 40,41. Dennoch werden validierte ECT-Assays nicht kommerziell vertrieben, was deren Einsatz in der Klinik bisher unmöglich macht. Insofern ist es notwendig geworden, eine Empfehlung für den Übergang von intravenöser auf orale Antikoagulation mit dem bisherigen Instrument der INR zu finden. Auch wenn dies aus den o.g. Gründen nicht optimal ist, mag es zulässig sein, die Nomogramme für Acenocoumarol und Phenprocoumon in einfache Regeln zu übersetzen, ohne daß ein Sicherheitsproblem in der Klinik entsteht. Vorausgesetzt, ein Vorhersagefehler von <± 0,6 wird als annehmbar akzeptiert, 35 so erlaubt das Nomogramm für Phenprocoumon und Acenocoumarol eine valide Vorhersage der realen Gerinnungsverhältnisse bis zu einer Dosis von 2,0 µg/kg/min unter Verwendung eines ISI von 1-2. Derzeitige Richtlinien für die Hepariniserung nach tiefer Beinvenenthrombose 47 erlauben den Stopp der Infusionstherapie mit niedermolekularen Heparinen (bei gleichzeitiger Gabe einer oralen Antikoagluation), wenn der INR wenigstens 2,0 erreicht hat. Um den Übergang von Argatroban zu einer oralen Antikoagulation zu vereinfachen, wird eine Regel für die Berechnung der "wahren" INR während der Übergangsperiode vorgeschlagen: 1. Die Argatrobaninfusion kann eingestellt werden, wenn unter gleichzeitiger oraler Antikoagulation die INR für einen angemessenen Zeitraum der Komedikation bei 4,0 angekommen ist. Das gilt für einen ISI des PT-Reagens von 1-2. Die reale INR befindet sich dann im therapeutischen Bereich zwischen 2,2 und 3,7. 2. aPTT-Ergebnisse unter Argatroban und beginnender oraler Antikoagulation müssen um 5-15 Sekunden verkürzt abgelesen werden. Die Verlängerung der aPTT während des Übergangs von Argatroban auf die oraler Antikoagulation sollten nicht zu einer Unterbrechung bzw. Dosiserniedrigung der Argatroban-Infusion während dieses Zeitraums führen. Prinzipiell sollte die Dosis von Argatroban während der Übergangszeit auf die orale Antikoagulation bei 1-2 µg/kg/min fixiert werden. Genauso wie bei Hirudin 48 sollte die ECT, wenn klinisch angezeigt, zur Überwachung der direkten Argatroban-Effekte auf die Gerinnung benutzt und hierbei der aPTT als Alternative vorgezogen werden. Das gilt sowohl für die Anwendung von Argatroban alleine als auch die Kombination mit oralen Antikoagulanzien. Wie bereits oben erwähnt steht die ECT als validierte Messmethode für die Klinik bisher jedoch nicht zur Verfügung. Die Blutungszeit war in dieser Untersuchung in der Periode der Umstellung von Argatroban auf orale Antikoagulation nicht wesentlich verlängert, so daß für Patienten keine zusätzliche Blutungsgefahr entstanden ist. Einschränkend ist dennoch zu bemerken, daß obwohl in den erwähnten Phase-I-Untersuchungen an gesunden Probanden keine größeren Blutungsereignisse aufgetreten sind, bei Patienten durchaus ein erhöhte Blutungsgefährdung bei einer INR von > 3,0 bestehen kann. Dies ist in der Praxis aufmerksam zu kontrollieren. Argatroban ist also für HIT Typ II-Patienten, die unter klinischen Bedingungen antikoaguliert werden müssen, eine gut steuerbare Alternative, bei welcher auch die anschließende Umstellung auf orale Antikoagulation kontrolliert sicher handhabbar ist.
Für Hepatitis-Viren sind für Westeuropa im allgemeinen und Deutschland im besonderen niedrige bis sehr niedrige Belastungen dokumentiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Prävalenz der serologischen Marker der verschiedenen Erreger in Proben, die dem Institut für Medizinische Virologie der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt wurden, untersucht. Aus den Jahren 1995 - 2002 wurden 220.468 Tests auf Hepatitis-Virus-Antikörper sowie HBs-Antigen und HGV-RNA in die Analysen einbezogen. Dabei ließ sich ein starker Rückgang der jährlichen Testzahlen vom Höchststand in 1996 mit 30.566 auf nur noch 20.435 in 2002 (-33%) belegen. Außerdem wurden die Präferenzen bei den einzelnen Erregern deutlich: 98% aller Untersuchungen entfielen auf die Hepatitis-Viren A-C und ganze 4.114 Tests auf die Viren D-G. Bei der Hepatitis-A-Infektion, die fast immer folgenlos ausheilt und eine lebenslange Immunität hinterlässt, spiegelten die Antikörper-Prävalenzen die kumulative Wahrscheinlichkeit für den Erregerkontakt mit einem altersabhängig hohen Gesamtdurchschnitt (48,02%) wider. Der Nachweis von viralem Antigen bzw. Genom zeigte die aktuelle Infektionslage (für HBV mit 3,9% und HGV mit 6,06%). Bei Erkrankungen, die zu einem komplizierten Verlauf neigen und/oder keine langfristige Immunität hinterlassen, standen unterschiedliche Antikörper-Prävalenzen für das jeweilige Risiko (im Mittel HBV 19,15%, HCV 11,51%, HDV 6,55%, HEV 3,98%). Diese Zahlen liegen über den in anderen Untersuchungen für die deutsche Gesamtbevölkerung angegebenen Werten. Das ist insofern nicht verwunderlich, als hier kein Normalkollektiv untersucht wurde, sondern belastete Probanden, bei denen bereits eine Infektion vermutet wurde oder die einer erhöhten Infektionsgefahr ausgesetzt waren. Die Auswertung der Daten für spezifische Risikogruppen belegte die höhere Belastung von HIV-Positiven und i.v. -Drogenabhängigen für fast alle Hepatitis-Viren, während sich für Empfänger von Organen, Blut- und Blutprodukten vielfach eine unterdurchschnittliche oder zumindest eine gegenüber früheren Untersuchungen gesunkene Belastung als Bestätigung für vorgeschriebene Screening-Methoden zeigte. Ein ähnliches Bild bot das medizinische Personal, das lediglich bei den akuten HBV-Erkrankungen über dem Durchschnitt lag. Die Aufnahme der Hepatitis-B-Impfung in den Impfkalender der STIKO (Ständige Impfkommission am Robert-Koch-Institut) zeigte schon in den ersten acht Jahren einen beachtlichen Erfolg: bereits in dieser kurzen Zeit stieg die Anti-HBs-Prävalenz bei den Unter-10-Jährigen von anfangs 21,53% auf 82,50%. Dabei hatten in 1995 lediglich 40% die Antikörper durch eine Immunisierung, folglich 60% aufgrund einer Infektion entwickelt. Bis zum Jahr 2002 verschob sich dieses Verhältnis auf 96,49% vs. 3,51% zu Gunsten der Impfung.
Unter dem Aspekt der steigenden Inzidenz der Syphilis und häufiger Komorbidität mit HIV-Infektion sowie zahlreicher Berichte über atypische klinische und serologische Befunde bei HIV-infizierten Syphilispatienten wurde in einer prospektiven Studie eine Gruppe (1) von 29 HIV-positiven Patienten (26 Männer und 3 Frauen, Alter median 33 J.) mit einer Gruppe (2) von 28 HIV-negativen Patienten (24 Männer, 4 Frauen, Alter median 32 J.), die alle eine aktive, therapiebedürftige Syphilis hatten, unter standardisierter Therapie bezüglich serologischer und klinischer Verläufe sowie des Therapieerfolges verglichen. Über 50 % aller männlichen Patienten (76 % in Gruppe 1, 25 % in Gruppe 2) gehörten zu der Risikogruppe der Männer die Sex mit Männern haben. Bei HIV-Infizierten kam eine Syphilis latens häufiger als in der Kontrollgruppe vor (41 % vs. 21 % / p = 0,09; n.s.). Syphilis maligna kam ausschließlich bei zwei HIV-Infizierten vor, und trat bei CD4+ Zellzahlen von 494/µl bzw. 390/µl auf. HIV-Patienten mit primärer und sekundärer Syphilis sowie mit Neurosyphilis zeigten ansonsten die gleichen klinischen Symptome wie die Patienten der Kontrollgruppe. Bei HIV-Patienten wurden anamnestisch signifikant häufiger andere STDs als bei nicht HIV-Infizierten gefunden (34,5 % vs. 10,7 % / p < 0,05). Bei HIV-Infizierten wurden falsch negative Seroreaktionen im VDRL-, 19s IgM-FTA-Abs-, IgG-FTA-Abs- und TPHA-Tests registriert. Zum einen traten diese Befunde bei CD4+Zellzahlen <500 auf, und waren daher vermutlich mit der HIV-bedingten Immundefizienz assoziiert. Zum anderen hatten diese Patienten gehäuft eine Syphilis latens, bei der die serologischen Befunde von den frühen klinischen Stadien der Syphilis abweichen können. Extrem hohe TPHA-Titer (größer gleich 1:10240) wurden in hohem Anteil (>30 %) in beiden Gruppen beobachtet. Sie fielen vor allem bei Patienten mit neurologischer Beteiligung in beiden Gruppen auf. Eine Seroreversion des TPHA-Titers, die gleichzeitig ein Verschwinden der Seronarbe bedeutet, konnten wir ausschließlich bei HIV-positiven Patienten finden (n=3 Patienten). Ein nicht reaktiver TPHA-Test schließt bei HIV-Patienten eine frühere Syphilisinfektion nicht aus, weswegen bei diesen Patienten ein TPHA-Test alleine als Screening nicht ausreicht. Bei HIV-negativen Patienten wurden häufiger niedrigere, bei HIV-Infizierten häufiger höhere TPHA-Titer gefunden. Eine frühe serologische Antwort auf die Therapie (mindestens zweifacher Titerabfall im VDRL-Test drei Monate nach Therapiebeginn) war bei HIV-negativen Patienten (75 % vs. 55 %) häufiger zu finden als bei den immundefizienten HIV-Patienten. Ein gehäuftes Vorkommen von Neurosyphilis konnten wir bei den HIV-infizierten Patienten nicht finden. Eine Beteiligung des ZNS bei frühen Formen der Syphilis wird auch bei nicht HIV-Infizierten beobachtet. Die klinische Relevanz ist ungeklärt. Nicht immer führt die Liquorpunktion zu einer klaren Aussage. Sie sollte dennoch bei allen Syphilispatienten mit neurologischen Symptomen, bei ausbleibendem Titerabfall nach einer Therapie und bei ungewöhnlichen klinischen und serologischen Manifestationen erfolgen. Am Ende der einjährigen Nachbeobachtungszeit wurde kein klinisch definierter, aber ein serologisch definierter Therapieversager in der HIV-infizierten Gruppe diagnostiziert. Alle HIV-negativen Patienten waren sowohl klinisch als auch nach serologischen Kriterien erfolgreich therapiert. Die aktuellen Therapieempfehlungen der DSTDG sind auch bei HIV-infizierten Patienten wirksam. Eine erkennbare Verschlechterung der HIV-Infektion (deutliche Abnahme der CD4+T-Zellzahl) konnten wir bei den HIV-Patienten im ersten Jahr nach Therapiebeginn nicht beobachten.
Bei der hier vorgelegten Untersuchung wird die Serumkonzentrationen des Akute-Phase-Proteins Lipopolysaccharid-binding Protein (LBP) in einem Normalkollektiv und in Patientenkollektiven mit rheumatoider Arthritis (RA) und systemischem Lupus erythematodes (SLE) evaluiert. Neben dem Vergleich mit etablierten Akute-Phase-Markern, CRP und BSG, wurde der Bezug zu krankheitsrelevanten Laborparametern und Prognosefaktoren, den radiologischen Veränderungen bei der RA und der Nierenbeteiligung beim SLE, untersucht. Im Normalkollektiv beträgt der Referenzwert für LBP mit dem hier verwendeten Immunoassay von DPC Biermann 5,9 ± 4,1 ? g/ml, die absoluten Werte lagen zwischen 1,5 und 12,4 ? g/ml im Serum. Es konnten keine geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede gefunden werden. Lediglich in der Population von 50-59-jährigen Männern war eine signifikante Erhöhung der LBP-Werte nachzuweisen. Im Patientenkollektiv mit rheumatoider Arthritis lagen die Serumkonzentrationen für LBP zwischen 2,9 - 26,4 ?g/ml, beim SLEKollektiv zwischen 2,9 – 15,5 ?g/ml. Die mittleren Serumkonzentrationen von LBP lagen damit in beiden Patientenkollektiven signifikant höher als im Normalkollektiv. Im Vergleich von LBP mit den Akute-Phase-Markern CRP und BSG der 1. und 2. Stunde konnten in den beiden untersuchten Patientenkollektiven jeweils hochsignifikante Ergebnisse nachgewiesen werden, p<0,0001. Bei den Aktivitätsparametern des SLE war eine signifikante Korrelation von LBP mit den Leukozytenwerten nachweisbar (r=0,324, p=0,014). Für C3, dsDNS-Antikörper und Thrombozyten ergaben sich keine signifikanten Korrelationen mit LBP. Die LBP-Konzentration im Serum von RA-Patienten korreliert signifikant mit den radiologischen Veränderungen, gemessen am Larsen- und Ratingen- Score. Diese Korrelation beträgt r=0,260, p=0,009 für den Larsen-Score und r=0,244, p=0,014 für den Ratingen-Score. Beim systemischem Lupus erythematodes konnte keine Korrelation von Lipopolysaccharid-binding Protein und der Nierenbeteiligung gezeigt werden. Sowohl in der Höhe der LBP-Werte, als auch in den dargestellten Korrelationen zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen den Patientenkollektiven. Die mittleren LBP-Serumkonzentrationen sind beim Patientenkollektiv mit RA signifikant höher als beim SLE-Kollektiv. In beiden Patientenkollektiven finden sich aber gleich hohe Korrelationen zwischen LBP und den Akute- Phase-Markern, CRP und BSG. Diese Arbeit trägt zum besseren Verständnis der durch Lipopolysaccharidbinding Protein dargestellten Akute-Phase-Reaktion bei den beiden relativ häufigen rheumatischen Systemerkrankungen, der rheumatoiden Arthritis und dem systemischen Lupus erythematodes, bei. Dabei wurde auf die für die beiden Erkrankungen wichtigen prognostischen Parameter und den Schweregrad, gemessen an der Erosivität der RA und der Nierenbeteiligung beim SLE, eingegangen. Weitere Untersuchungen mit seriellen Messungen von Lipopolysaccharidbinding Protein erscheinen in beiden Patientenkollektiven erforderlich. Damit könnte die Gleichwertigkeit oder sogar Überlegenheit hinsichtlich der prädiktiven Aussagefähigkeit von LBP gegenüber CRP in Bezug auf die Krankheitsaktivität und –prognose der rheumatoiden Arthritis nachgewiesen werden. Beim systemischen Lupus erythematodes liefern Subgruppen mit Serositis, Synovialitis und Infektionen aufgrund der stärker aktivierten Akute- Phase-Reaktion vermutlich interessante Ansätze.
Eine Lavage mit exogenem Surfactant, Perfluorcarbonen alleine oder in Kombination mit der partiellen Flüssigkeitsbeatmung, jeweils mit HFOV, verbessert den pulmonalen Gasaustausch im Modell des MAS bei Ferkeln. In unserem Betrachtungszeitraum von vier Stunden erwies sich die Surfactant Lavage bezüglich des Gasaustausches als die beste Therapie. Eine Perfluorcarbonlavage alleine oder in Kombination mit der PLV erreicht nicht die PaO2-Werte einer Surfactantlavage. Der negative Einfluss einer Mekoniumaspiration auf die Hämodynamik der Versuchstiere der Kontrollgruppe konnte klar dargestellt werden. Innerhalb der Therapiegruppen gibt es während einer Betrachtung von vier Stunden keine wesentlichen Unterschiede in der hämodynamischen Entwicklung der Tiere. Arbeiten, die sich mit den Langzeitveränderungen der systemischen Hämodynamik bei der Therapie des MAS mit Surfactant, PFC, und PLV beschäftigen, müssen folgen. Es konnte in allen Therapiegruppen eine über den Betrachtungsverlauf stabile Hämodynamik (z.B. MABP, Puls, Cardiac Index) und ein stetiger Anstieg des PaO2 ermittelt werden. Zudem war das HZVi zum Zeitpunkt t=240 in allen Therapiegruppen signifikant höher als in der Kontrollgruppe. Die PFC-Lavage Gruppe zeigte nach vier Stunden das signifikant größte ITBVi und schützt vermutlich in Form einer Pufferfunktion in den Alveolen vor „air-trapping“, Pneumothorax und weiteren Lungenschäden beim MAS. Vor allem in Kenntnis der Pathophysiologie des MAS ist dies ein nicht zu unterschätzender Faktor. Wirkliche Langzeiterfahrungen am menschlichen Neonaten stehen leider noch nicht zur Verfügung. Es zeigten sich bei den untersuchten Therapiestrategien keine negativen Auswirkungen auf die protokollierten hämodynamischen Parameter. Früher publizierte Arbeiten, welche den Indikator GEDVi als Vorlastparameter zur Volumensteuerung empfehlen, konnten wir nicht bestätigen. Der positive Einfluss der untersuchten Therapieformen auf das pulmonale Gefäßbett konnte durch den Verlauf des PBV/EVLW Verhältnisses, welches ein Maß für die pulmonalvaskuläre Permeabilität darstellt, nachgewiesen werden.
Das complexe Prostata-spezifische Antigen (cPSA) in der Routinediagnostik des Prostatakarzinoms
(2004)
Die therapeutische Replantation von Zähnen zählt zu den endochirurgischen Eingriffen, wenn alternative Therapiemethoden nicht zum Erhalt des Zahnes oder der Zahnwurzel geführt haben oder aufgrund der bestehenden Risiken (z.B. Gefährdung des Nervus mandibularis bei einer Wurzelspitzenresektion) vom Patienten abgelehnt werden. Im Gegensatz zu Zahnreplantationen, die in Zusammenhang mit einem Trauma stehen, können therapeutische Zahnreplantationen geplant durchgeführt werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, einen Vergleich zwischen zwei unterschiedlichen Replantationsmethoden anhand von histologischen Serienschnitten und klinisch erhobenen Röntgenbilder in einer tierexperimentellen Studie an zwei Mantelpavianen durchzuführen. Die beiden Replantationsarten unterscheiden sich in der extraoralen Phase des Zahnes. In der konventionellen Methodik wird der Zahn in der Extraktionszange bzw. mit den Fingern gehalten und die Wurzelhaut mit Ringerlösung benetzt. In einer von LAUER [81] entwickelten Methodik wird der zu replantierende Zahn atraumatisch in einer speziellen Haltevorrichtung fixiert und dabei die Wurzeln in eine gekühlte, semisolide Nährlösung [72,81] eingebettet. Es besteht dadurch ein besserer Schutz des Desmodonts vor mechanischen, chemischen und thermischen Noxen während der extraoralen Therapiephase des Zahnes. Als Versuchsdesign wurde das Split-mouth-design gewählt. Jeder Zahn ist dabei eine Einheit für sich. Dadurch sind die Ergebnisse nicht nur vergleichbar, sondern auch präzise, da sie unter anderem vom Gesundheitszustand des Versuchstieres unabhängig sind. 82 Tage nach dem operativen Eingriff wurden die Versuchstiere geopfert. Vor den Replantationen und vor der Opferung wurden jeweils Röntgenbilder angefertigt. Die Auswertung der Röntgenbilder war aufgrund von Fehlinterpretationen, die anhand von Vergleichen zu histologischen Präparaten diagnostiziert wurden, nicht zielführend. Die histologische Aufarbeitung des Zahnhalteapparates erfolgte in axialen Serienschnitten zum Wurzelquerschnitt. In Anlehnung an ANDREASEN [9] wurde der Zustand des Desmodonts in fünf Klassen differenziert. Der Klassifizierungsdurchschnitt wies bei der die modifizierten Replantationsmethode nach LAUER mit einem Wert von 2,42 gegenüber der konventionellen Replantationsmethode mit einem Wert von 3,31 einen signifikant verbesserten Wert auf. Die nach der Lauer-Methode replantierten Zähne heilten besser ein, erreichten jedoch nicht die Vergleichswerte von nicht reimplantierten Zähnen (1,52). Auch die statistischen Testverfahren im Rahmen einer einfaktoriellen Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) zeigen signifikante Unterschiede bei der histologischen Bewertung des Desmodonts. Sowohl die Grundgesamtheit der Klassifizierungsmittelwerte pro Wurzel als auch die Grundgesamtheit der schlechtesten Desmodontbewertung pro Wurzel fallen bei keinem der angewandten Tests durch. Die Verteilung der Klassifizierungsmittelwerte pro Wurzel weist eindeutig auf einen Trend hin. Die innovative Replantationsmethode nach Lauer weist einen besser bewerteten Zustand des Desmodonts auf als bei der konventionellen Replantationsmethode. Die Ernährung, die Kühlung und der Kontaminationsschutz des Desmodonts während der extraoralen Therapiephase scheinen eine erhöhte Überlebensrate der Fibroblastenzelle zu verursachen. Dies führt zu der statistisch signifikant verbesserten Einheilung eines nach Lauer replantierten Zahnes.
Die Aktivierung der Mitogen-aktivierten Proteinkinase (MAPK) spielt eine Schlüsselrolle in der Vermittlung proliferativer Effekte sowohl von Rezeptoren vom Tyrosinkinase-Typ (RTK) wie dem epidermalen Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (EGFR), als auch von G-Protein gekoppelten Rezeptoren (GPCR). Die MAPK-Aktivierungsmechanismen durch GPCR sind im Gegensatz zum EGFR unzureichend verstanden und stark von Rezeptor- und Zelltyp abhängig. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die nähere Charakterisierung der Signaltransduktion des GPCR-zugehörigen Cholezystokinin (CCK)-Rezeptors bezüglich der Aktivierung der MAPK durch Western-Blot-Analysen in der Pankreasazinus-Karzinomzelllinie AR42J der Ratte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Beteiligung des EGFR im Mechanismus der CCK-induzierten MAPK-Aktivierung mittels einer EGFR-Transaktivierung. Diese ist mit einer Tyrosinphosphorylierung des EGFR und von Shc sowie einer Komplexbildung der Adapterproteine Shc und Grb2 mit dem EGFR verbunden. Diese Vorgänge sind von der intrinsischen Tyrosinkinaseaktivität des EGFR abhängig. Neben dem EGFR konnte durch weitere Untersuchungen eine Aktivierung und Beteiligung von Tyrosinkinasen der Src-Familie (SFTK) an der CCK-induzierten MAPK-Aktivierung gezeigt werden. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die CCK-induzierte Shc-Tyrosinphosphorylierung und die EGFR-Shc-Grb2-Komplexbildung im Rahmen der EGFR-Transaktivierung SFTK-abhängig sind. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die EGFR-Tyrosinphosphorylierung SFTK-unabhängig. Diese Daten zeigen, dass die CCK-induzierte Signalvermittlung des EGFR die gemeinsame Aktivierung von SFTK und EGFR benötigt. Neben der EGFR-Transaktivierung konnte im Rahmen der CCK-induzierten MAPK-Aktivierung ein weiterer Signaltransduktionsweg charakterisiert werden, welcher die Aktivierung der Proteinkinase C (PKC) beinhaltet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass CCK in AR42J-Zellen eine Aktivierung der PKC-Isoformen alpha, delta und eta induziert. Eine Hemmung aller drei PKC-Isoformen führte zur Hemmung des MAPK-Signals, während die isolierte Hem-mung von PKC alpha und delta keine Effekte verursachte. Diese Resultate deuten darauf hin, dass PKCeta an der CCK-induzierten MAPK-Aktivierung beteiligt ist. Eine Beteiligung der PKC an der EGFR-Transaktivierung konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Demnach scheint der PKC-abhängige MAPK-Aktivierungsmechanismus parallel zum EGFR zu verlaufen und erst distal des EGFR mit dem EGFR/SFTK-abhängigen Signaltransduktionsweg zu konvergieren.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es festzustellen, inwiefern im Rahmen der Diagnostik des Gastroösophagealen Refluxes mit pulmonaler Relevanz anhand des einen, oder anderen Diagnostik-Verfahrens Vorhersagen über die Ergebnisse der jeweils anderen diagnostischen Möglichkeiten gemacht werden können. Bei den hierbei üblichen Untersuchungsmethoden handelt sich es um die pH-Metrie, die BAL, sowie die oMDP. So sollten insbesondere folgende Fragen geklärt werden: Ist die 2-Punkt pH-Metrie der oMDP in der Diagnostik des pulmonal relevanten GÖR bei Kindern überlegen? Kann die pH-Metrie eine chronische Aspiration erkennen? Kann die 2-Punkt pH-Metrie eine Aussage über die pulmonale Relevanz des GÖR machen? Zur Untersuchung wurden Daten verwandt, die von Patienten im Alter von 3 Monaten bis 16 Jahren stammten, welche in den Jahren 1992 bis 1999 in der Universitätskinderklinik Frankfurt am Main wegen einer chronischen Bronchitis untersucht wurden. Bei allen Patienten wurde im Vorfeld eine Cystische Fibrose (Schweißtest, Pilocarpin-Iontophorese), eine Fremdkörperaspiration, eine Ciliendysfunktion (Cilienbeweglichkeit und -frequenz im Phasenkontrastmikroskop), ein humoraler und zellulärer Immundefekt, sowie ein exogenes Asthma bronchiale (Atopie) als Ursache für die Symptomatik ausgeschlossen. So konnte ein Kollektiv von 817 Patienten zusammengestellt werden. Aus dieser Gruppe wurden in einem ersten Schritt die Patienten ausgewählt, welche sowohl einer 2-Punkt pH-Metrie, als auch einer BAL unterzogen wurden, was zu einer Untergruppe von 400 Kindern führte. Ebenso wurde für die Untersuchung auf eine Beziehung zwischen 2-Punkt pH-Metrie und oMDP (n=511) und zwischen BAL und oMDP (n=358) verfahren. In einem weiteren Schritt wurden die Untersuchungsergebnisse in Korrelation zum Alter der untersuchten Patienten gesetzt, um so eine mögliche Altersabhängigkeit der Untersuchungsergebnisse nachweisen, oder ausschließen zu können. Die Arbeit erbrachte folgende Ergebnisse: 1. Es besteht keine signifikante Korrelation der Ergebnisse der LLAM aus der BAL mit den Parametern der 2-Punkt pH-Metrie. Dies gilt auch für die Voraussetzung, daß nur eindeutig pathologische Ergebnisse in einer der beiden Untersuchungen, oder in beiden Untersuchungen gleichzeitig bewertet wurden. 2. Die Parameter der 2-Punkt pH-Metrie korrelieren untereinander hochsignifikant (p=0.01). 3. Es besteht keine signifikante Korrelation der Ergebnisse der oMDP mit den Parametern der 2-Punkt pH-Metrie. Ausnahme: Die Altersgruppe der 3 Monate bis 2-Jährigen (positive Korrelation, p=0.05). 4. Das Alter korreliert signifikant negativ mit der Anzahl der Refluxe, sowie der Fraktionszeit (p=0.01) am oMP in der 2-Punkt pH-Metrie. Weiter korreliert es signifikant negativ mit der Anzahl der Refluxe > 5 min. am oMP (p=0.05). 5. Das Alter korreliert hochsignifikant positiv mit dem Anteil der fettspeichernden AM in der BAL (p=0.01). Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen also, dass sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen den Ergebnissen der pH-Metrie und jenen der BAL herstellen lässt. Dies gilt ebenso für die erhobenen Daten in ihrer Gesamtheit, sowie unter den oben genannten Ausschluskriterien. Ebenso konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen den Ergebnissen der pH-Metrie und der oMDP hergestellt werden. Auch der Vergleich zwischen BAL und oMDP ergab keinen signifikanten Zusammenhang. Die signifikante Altersabhängigkeit der Anzahl der Refluxe am oMP, sowie der Fraktionszeit (beide korrelieren negativ mit dem Alter), sowie die hochsignifikante positive Korrelation der LLAM (Bewertungskriterium der BAL) mit dem Alter werfen Fragen auf. Vorausgesetzt die Bestimmung der LLAM ist eine ausreichend sensitive Methode zur Diagnostik einer chronischen Aspiration, so wäre eine gleichsinnige Entwicklung der 2-Punkt pH-Metrie-Parameter mit dem Anteil der LLAM mit dem Alter zu erwarten. Dies wird in unserer Untersuchung jedoch nicht nachgewiesen. Es gilt also, in weiteren Untersuchungen zu klären, inwiefern es sich hierbei um physiologische Veränderungen mit zunehmendem Alter handelt, bzw. wie sich die Ergebnisse in einer asymptomatischen Population verhalten. Daraus folgt also, daß die pH-Metrie weder Aussagen über das zu erwartende Ergebnis einer BAL, noch der oMDP machen kann, oder umgekehrt. Jede der Untersuchungen muss unter ihrer ganz spezifischen Fragestellung angewandt werden. So bleibt, wie in den wesentlichen Arbeiten der Literatur gefordert (Dobhan, Castell 1993; Sondheimer 2000,) die pH-Metrie der Goldstandard zur Diagnostik des GÖR. Die oMDP ist ein Mittel zur Diagnostik von Motilitätsstörungen, oder Hernien im Bereich des Ösophagus und die BAL sollte reevaluiert werden, hinsichtlich ihrer Aussagekraft in der Diagnostik der chronischen Aspiration. Die eingangs gestellten Fragen müssen also wie folgt beantwortet werden: Die 2-Punkt pH-Metrie ist der oMDP in der Diagnostik des pulmonal relevanten GÖR nur insofern überlegen, als daß sie gastro-ösophageale Refluxe über einen längeren Zeitraum dokumentieren kann. Sie ist nicht in der Lage eine Aspiration zu erkennen und kann somit keine Aussage über die pulmonale Relevanz des GÖR machen.
Die Gruppe der T-Lymphozyten beinhaltet je nach Ausprägung des T-Zell-Rezeptors zwei Zell-Populationen, die der Alpha-beta- beziehungsweise der Gamma-delta-T-Zellen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Gamma-delta-T-Zellen, da sie eine außerordentlich interessante und wenig erforschte Zellgruppe darstellen. Die Beobachtung einer bevorzugten Anreicherung von Gamma-delta-T-Zellen auf mukosalen Oberflächen, die mit einer Vielzahl von Antigenen konfrontiert sind, hat zur Hypothese geführt, dass Gamma-delta-T-Zellen eine "erste Garde der Immunabwehr" bilden. Des weiteren geben zahlreiche Studienergebnisse Hinweise darauf, dass Gamma-delta-T-Zellen an der Pathogenese vieler Krankheiten, wie z. B. den chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen, beteiligt sind. Als Mitglied des Immunsystems scheinen Gamma-delta-T-Zellen nicht nur Funktionen sowohl der angeborenen als auch der erworbenen Immunabwehr wahrzunehmen, sondern auch eine Vermittlerrolle zwischen beidem zu spielen. Mit der Intention, ein grosses Tiermodel zu etablieren, um anhand dessen die Beeinflussbarkeit der Gamma-delta-T-Zellen durch die Alterung und durch mikrobielle Faktoren besser analysieren zu können, wurde in vorhergehenden Studien die postnatale Entwicklung des Gamma-delta-T-Zell-Rezeptor(TCR)-Repertoires des Schweins charakterisiert und der von Menschen als sehr ähnlich befunden. Somit war die Verwendung des Schweins als Tiermodell zur weiteren Erforschung der Gamma-delta-T-Zellen gerechtfertigt. In dieser Arbeit richteten wir unser Augenmerk zum einen auf die pränatale Entwicklung des TCR-delta-Repertoires des Schweins, zum anderen darauf, welchen Einfluß Mikroorganismen auf das postnatale TCR-delta-Repertoire des Schweins nehmen. Auf diese Weise sollte die Frage beantwortet werden, ob Fremd- oder Eigenantigene die Selektion und konsekutive Expansion bestimmter Gamma-delta-T-Zellklone in der Postnatalperiode bedingen. Hinsichtlich dieser Fragestellungen führten wir Experimente mit unterschiedlichen Gewebeproben des Schweins durch. Für die Untersuchung der pränatalen Entwicklung des TCR-delta-Repertoires verwendeten wir Gewebeproben von Schweinefeten unterschiedlichen Alters (38.Tag bis 114. Tag der Tragzeit), die aus den verschiedenen Organen stammten: Dünn- und Dickdarm, Leber, Milz und Thymus. Zusätzlich wurden Zellen des Knochenmarks und des peripheren Blutes untersucht. Für die Untersuchungen zum Einfluß durch Mikroorganismen auf das postnatale TCR-delta-Repertoire dienten uns Proben von 10 Wochen alten Schweinen, die unter keimfreien (GF) bzw. spezifisch-Pathogen-freien (SPF) Bedingungen aufgezogen wurden. Die Proben wurden aus Dünn- und Dickdarm, mesenterialen Lymphknoten, Milz und Thymus entnommen. Die Amplifikation der TCRDV1-DV5 Transkripte erfolgte mittels RT-PCR, woran sich eine längenabhängige Auftrennung durch denaturierende Polyacrylamidgel-Elektrophorese (CDR3 Längenanalyse) anschloß. Einzelne dominante Banden wurden aus den Gelen ausgeschnitten, reamplifiziert, teilweise kloniert und anschließend sequenziert. Unsere Experimente zur pränatalen Entwicklung ergaben, daß das TCR-delta-Repertoire während der frühen Fetalzeit eingeschränkt war und bei Geburt Polyklonalität aufwies. Die durchschnittliche CDR3 Länge der Transkripte nahm während der Ontogenese zu, was auf eine zunehmende Aktivität des Enzyms TdT schließen läßt. Die zentrale Entdeckung dieser Versuche stellt das invariable DV3 Transkript dar, das in allen Feten während der frühen Gestation (38. Tag der Tragzeit) bis hin zur Geburt (114. Tag der Tragzeit) vorhanden war. Während der Mitte der Gestation, etwa um den 55. Tag der Tragzeit, dominierte dieses invariable DV3 Transkript alle analysierten Organe. Gegen Ende der Gestation, also etwa vom 90. Tag bis zum 114. Tag der Tragzeit, verlor dieses Trankript an Dominanz. Gleichzeitig wurde es aber noch häufig in peripheren Organen wie dem Darm und der Milz gefunden. Im Thymus hingegen konnte es zu dieser Zeit nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden. Diese Beobachtung läßt vermuten, daß die invariable DV3 Kette gegen Ende der Gestation im Thymus nicht mehr länger entsteht, wohingegen Gamma-delta-T-Zellen, die diese invariable Kette tragen, in der Peripherie "überleben". Die Tatsache, daß kein anderes invariables TCR-delta-Transkript, welches in verschiedenen Feten präsent gewesen wäre, identifiziert werden konnte, führt zur Annahme, daß den Gamma-delta-T-Zellen, die diesen Rezeptor expremieren, eine einzigartige Rolle zukommen könnte. Zusammenfassend läßt sich sagen, daß die pränatale Entwicklung des TCR-delta-Repertoires des Schweins dem des Menschen ähnlich ist. Es ist jedoch anzumerken, daß beim Menschen kein TCR-delta-Transkript existiert, das das fetale Repertoire in gleicher Weise dominiert. Es bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen in der Zukunft, um die Frage zu klären, ob es sich bei dem invariablen DV3 Transkript des Schweins um das Ergebnis eines vorprogrammierten Rearrangements und/oder einer Selektion durch Eigenantige handelt, ferner, welche wichtige Funktion es während der fetalen Entwicklung erfüllt. Unsere Untersuchungen zum Einfluß durch Mikroorganismen auf das postnatale TCR-delta-Repertoire ergaben keine signifikante Differenz zwischen dem postnatalen TCR-delta-Repertoire von 10 Wochen alten keimfreien (GF) bzw. spezifisch-Pathogen-freien (SPF) Schweinen und dem bereits in Vorarbeiten beschriebenen Repertoire von gleichaltrigen konventionellen Schweinen. Diese Beobachtung veranlasst zur Annahme, daß eine Selektion bestimmter Gamma-delta-T-Zellen eher durch Eigenantige als durch Fremdantigene (z. B. Mikroorganismen) hervorgerufen werden könnte.
Überprüfung der psychometrischen Parameter von CBCL 1 1/2-5 und C-TRF an einer deutschen Stichprobe
(2003)
Der Elternfragebogen (CBCL 11/2-5) und der Erzieherfragebogen (C-TRF) über das Verhalten von Klein- und Vorschulkindern sind die ersten deutschen Fassungen der von Achenbach 1997 modifizierten CBCL/2-3 (Achenbach, 1992), die von der Arbeitsgruppe Deutsche Child Behavior Checklist 1993 bereits übersetzt wurde. Beide Verfahren dienen der Erfassung von psychischen und emotionalen Auffälligkeiten von Klein- und Vorschulkindern im Alter von 11/ 2 bis 5 Jahren. Das Anliegen der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht zum einen in der Überprüfung der psychometrischen Güte der deutschen Version, zum anderen der Anwendbarkeit der Instrumente im deutschen Sprachraum. Zur Überprüfung der CBCL 1 1/2-5 diente eine gemischte Stichprobe von insgesamt 246 Kindern. 175 Bögen der Feldstichprobe wurden von Eltern in einer Kinderarztpraxis und verschiedenen Kindergärten ausgefüllt, 71 Beurteilungen in verschiedenen klinischen Einrichtungen, in denen Eltern ihre Kinder wegen Verhaltensauffälligkeiten vorgestellt haben. Die Stichprobe zur Überprüfung der C-TRF umfasst 176 Erzieherbeurteilungen aus verschiedenen Kindergärten und -krippen in und um Frankfurt/Main. 62 Kinder wurden gleichzeitig von Eltern und Erzieherin beurteilt. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen zeigen die Reliabilitätsanalysen von CBCL 1 1/2-5, sowie C-TRF der hier vorliegenden deutschen Version gute interne Konsistenzen, die vergleichbare Werte mit der amerikanischen Originalstichprobe aufweisen. Lediglich die Skalen "Emotional Reaktiv" und "Körperliche Beschwerden" sind eher niedrig und sollten deshalb mit Vorsicht in die Einzelbewertung einfließen. Die gute Validität der CBCL 1 1/2-5 bestätigt sich durch die hochsignifikante Diskriminination der einzelnen Skalenrohwerte zwischen Feld- und Klinikstichprobe. Auch die Aufteilung der Klinikstichprobe in verschiedene Diagnosegruppen zeigte signifikante Unterschiede. Die Korrelation zwischen CBCL 1 1/2-5 und C-TRF, in denen von Eltern und Erzieherin das gleiche Kind beurteilt wurde, liegen im üblichen Bereich und stimmen weitgehend mit der amerikanischen Stichprobe überein. Insgesamt sind die aus den verschiedenen Stichproben ermittelten Mittelwerte und Standardabweichungen der CBCL 1 1/2-5 und der C-TRF vergleichbar mit der amerikanischen Originalstichprobe. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass die amerikanische Normierung ohne die Gefahr größerer Verfälschungen auch im deutschen Sprachraum angewandt werden kann, bis Normwerte an einer entsprechend repräsentativen Stichrobe vorliegen.
Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Diodenlaser (980nm) in Bezug auf die Epithelentfernung am Tiermodell (subgingivale Kürettage) zu untersuchen und mit herkömmlichen Methoden zu vergleichen. Es wurden zehn Unterkiefer von frisch geschlachteten erwachsenen Schweinen mit vorhandenen parodontalem Weichgewebe und Entzündungen im Sinne von Taschenbildungen verwendet. Die bukkalen Seitenzähne (P2-P4, M1-M3) wurden von drei verschiedenen Behandlern mit konventionellen Küretten bearbeitet (Kontrollgruppe). Die lingualen Taschen wurden ausschließlich mit einem Diodenlaser (980nm) (Fa. Biolitec, Jena, Deutschland) kürettiert (Testgruppe). Der Laser wurde im kontinuierlichen Modus mit zwei unterschiedlichen Leistungseinstellungen (2 und 4 Watt) verwendet, wobei die Glasfaserstärke 360 µm betrug (Leistungsdichte: 1.96-3.93 x 105 W/cm2). Beide Gruppen wurden auf jeder Seite für 15 sec. bearbeitet. Diese Behandlungszeit hat sich Anhand unserer klinischen Erfahrung als effizient erwiesen. Alle drei Behandler hatten wie folgt unterschiedliche Erfahrungen im Bereich der Parodontalchirurgie: Level 1: Ein Zahnarzt im Weiterbildungsbereich Oralchirurgie Level 2: Ein Zahnarzt mit der Zusatzbezeichnung "Oralchirurgie" Level 3: Ein Zahnarzt mit der Zusatzbezeichnung "Oralchirurgie" und dreijähriger Weiterbildung in Parodontologie. Unmittelbar nach der Behandlung wurden bukkale und linguale Weichgewebebiopsien mit einem Skalpell exzidiert und histologisch bearbeitet. In den mit Laser behandelten Präparaten wurden keine Epithelreste gefunden. Der Laser mit einer geringeren Leistungseinstellung (2 Watt), war unabhängig vom Erfahrunggrad des Behandlers dazu befähigt, das dünne Taschenepithel zu entfernen. Bei Verwendung einer höheren Leistungseinstellung (4 Watt) konnte man Beschädigungen des Bindegewebes und Weichgewebsnekrosen erkennen, welche temperaturbedingt durch den Laser verursacht wurden. Unabhängig vom parodontalchirurgischen Erfahrungsgrad der Behandler, wurden in allen mit Handinstrumenten bearbeiteten Präparaten lineare Epithelreste gefunden. Allerdings wiesen die Präparate von Behandler 3 im Vergleich zur Gruppe der nicht behandelten Präparate bedeutend weniger Epithelreste auf, als die von Behandler 1. Kollagenfasern und extrazelluläre Matrix zeigten eine normale Form ohne Gewebeschäden. Die in dieser In vitro-Studie präsentierten histologischen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Behandlung des parodontalen Weichgewebes mit dem Diodenlaser (980nm), im Vergleich zu konventionellen Methoden mit Handinstrumenten, zu einer vollständigen Epithelentfernung in der Tasche führt. Unabhängig vom parodontalchirurgischen Erfahrungsgrad war jeder Behandler mit dem Laser dazu befähigt, das Epithel effizient zu entfernen. Es ist von klinischer Bedeutung, daß der Laser ein charakteristisch leichtes Handling im Vergleich zur Weichgewebskürettage mit konventionellen Methoden hat. Um das Risiko von Kollateralschäden im angrenzenden gesunden Bindegewebe zu minimieren, muß die Leistungeinstellung der Lasereinheit relativ gering sein. Der zusätzliche antibakterielle Effekt des Diodenlasers hat einen signifikanten Vorteil in Bezug auf die Regeneration des zerstörten parodontalen Gewebes. Dieses Verfahren erlangt durch die zusätzliche Instrumentierung der Wurzeloberfläche mittels koventionellen Techniken entscheidende klinische Relevanz. Der Laser erlaubt eine adäquate Koagulation, die das gesunde benachbarte Gewebe nicht beschädigt. Gleichzeitig stimuliert er, wenn er in richtiger Weise angewendet wird, neues Knochenwachstum. Dies wurde durch zahlreiche Studien beobachtet. Weiterhin sind klinische Studien an Tier und Mensch erforderlich, damit dieses Verfahren in der täglichen Praxis angewendet werden kann. Gleichzeitig sind Training in der Laserchirurgie und spezielle Operationstechniken von großer Wichtigkeit, um dem Kliniker das notwendige Know-how für den klinischen Gebrauch zu vermitteln und mögliche Komplikationen zu vermeiden.
In der vorliegenden Untersuchung sollte nicht die Behauptung aufgestellt werden, bei der Pathogenese des Morbus Zoon handele es sich um ein monokausales Geschehen, gar um eine "Anaerobierinfektion" des Präputialraumes. Vielmehr war anhand eines relativ großen Patientenkollektivs mit dieser Diagnose zu prüfen, inwieweit bisherige pathogenetische Konzepte eine Ergänzung oder Präzisierung erfahren können. Die nachgewiesenen anaeroben Bakterien gehören zur Normalflora von Haut und Schleimhaut. Ihnen kommt jedoch unter bestimmten Bedingungen pathogenetische Relevanz zu, insbesondere wenn eine erhöhte Keimzahl vorliegt und ein Eindringen in das Gewebe erfolgt, ist. Bei der Balanoposthitis plasmacellularis scheint die Präsenz der Anaerobier eine chronische entzündliche Reaktion der Haut auszulösen oder anzustoßen, die persistiert oder rezidiviert, solange das begünstigende spezifische Milieu fortbesteht. Am ehesten dürfte dem Krankheitbild ein kumulativ-polyätiologisches Konzept gerecht werden, daß auch zahlreichen seit der Erstbeschreibung immer wieder untersuchten und hervorgehobenen Einzelaspekten Rechnung trägt. Dem klinisch tätigen Dermatologen sind vergleichbare Zusammenhänge von der chronischen oder chronisch-rezidivierenden Urticaria, verschiedenen Ekzemformen oder auch der Psoriasis vertraut, bei denen eine Vielzahl endogener wie exogener Faktoren schließlich in komplexem Zusammenspiel zur Krankheitsmanifestation führt, die, einmal ausgelöst, dann auch durch Beseitigung eines oder mehrerer dieser Faktoren nicht zwingend wieder zur Abheilung gebracht werden kann; vielmehr kommt es meist nach Auslösen der klinischen Manifestation zur Entwicklung einer gewissen Eigendynamik und Schicksalhaftigkeit des weiteren Verlaufs, der sich von den ursprünglichen pathogenetischen Einzelfaktoren losgelöst zeigt. Für das Verständnis der Ätiologie des Morbus Zoon seien diese speziellen Faktoren noch einmal zusammengefaßt: - der subpräputiale Raum mit Wärme, Feuchtigkeit, Smegma und einem gewissen, nach individuellen Gepflogenheiten unterschiedlichen Luftabschluß. Ein durchaus vergleichbares Milieu findet sich auch bei der Vulvitis, der Gingivitis, der Pareitis, der Uranitis und der Conjunctivitis plasmacellularis. - Hygienefaktoren, die eine bestimmte Keimflora begünstigen können - das fortgeschrittene Alter der meisten Patienten, das zum einen eine nachlassende Genitalhygiene, zum anderen Komplikationen wie Harninkontinenz, Veränderung der Urinzusammensetzung, aber auch alterspezifische Alteration der Hautbeschaffenheit begünstigt, somit wiederum auf das lokale Milieu Einfluß hat - eine durch diese Faktoren veränderte "subpräputiale Ökologie" mit Verschiebung der Balance innerhalb der physiologischen Keimflora - eine hieraus resultierende Vermehrung anaerober Bakterien, die als Stimulus einer chronisch-unspezifischen Entzündungsreaktion fungieren Auf die in vorangegangenen Untersuchungen und in einigen kurrenten dermatologischen Standardwerken vermuteten oder postulierten Faktoren, deren Relevanz für die Pathogenese der Balanoposthitis plasmacellularis anhand dieser Arbeit nicht nachvollzogen werden konnte, sei ebenfalls noch einmal hingewiesen: - die Bedeutung einer vorbestehenden oder zugrundeliegenden Phimose oder gar einer Mißbildung der Urethra wie Hypo- oder Epispadie - die Begünstigung oder Assoziation mit einem Diabetes mellitus - der Zusammenhang mit anderen, genetisch disponierten dermatologisch-allergologischen Erkrankungen - die Rolle von Traumata oder Friktion sowie anderer mechanischer Reize
Removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages or resident semi-professional phagocytes is a prominent principle with important implications for the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory diseases, viral infections, or cancer. To characterize mechanisms which may determine the fate of apoptotic cells, I investigated chemokine expression in apoptotic promonocytic U-937 cells or PBMC. Exposure of U-937 cells to the anti-cancer drug etoposide (VP-16), an inducer of apoptosis in these cells, was associated with increased expression of the chemokines IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha). Upregulation of IL-8 mRNA expression by VP-16 was observed as early as 4 h after onset of treatment and was still detectable after 19h of exposure. A serine protease inhibitor prevented both VP-16-induced apoptosis and release of IL-8, whereas inhibition of p38 MAP-kinases reduced IL-8 secretion only. Moreover, I observed that incubation with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA) upregulated release of IL-8 from adherent PBMC in parallel to induction of apoptosis. In these cells a modest but significant induction of TNF-alpha release by CdA was also detected. In addition, CdA augmented release of IL-8 from whole blood cultures. By facilitating adequate recruitment of phagocytes to sites of cell death, stress-induced upregulation of chemokines associated with apoptosis may contribute to mechanisms aiming at efficient removal of apoptotic cells.
Einleitung: Das Auftreten von Restenosen ist bei ca. 50% eine relevante Spätkomplikation bei der chirurgischen oder interventionellen Therapie von Gefäßverengungen und Gefäßverschlüssen. Intimahyperplasie (IH) und ungünstiges Gefäßremodeling (GR) stellen dabei wichtige pathogenetische Mechanismen dar, die von multiplen Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Bis heute ist es nicht gelungen, eine adäquate Therapie zur Verhinderung von Restenosen zu finden. Innerhalb der ersten 72 Stunden nach Gefäßwandverletzung wird die Entstehung der IH maßgeblich durch das Mitogen basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) gesteuert. Photodynamische Therapie (PDT), ein Verfahren bei dem durch Lichtbestrahlung eines photosensiblen Farbstoffs Cytotoxizität und Veränderungen der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) induziert werden, führt zur Hemmung von IH durch Inhibierung von glatten Muskelzellen (SMC) und zu einer Inaktivierung matrix-assoziierten bFGFs in-vitro. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Proliferation von SMC und ihre bFGF Proteinexpression nach PDT von isolierter, endothelialer ECM in-vitro zu untersuchen, um so Rückschlüsse auf den Mechanismus des Remodeling nach PDT zu ziehen. Material und Methohen: Nach einer Standardtechnik wurde in 6-Well Zellkulturplatten endotheliale ECM hergestellt. Die ECM wurde mit dem Photosensitizer Chloraluminium sulfoniertes Phthalocyanin (CASPc) inkubiert und mit rotem Licht aus einem Diodenlaser (100 J/cm², 100 mW/cm², l=675 nm) bestrahlt. Anschließend wurden SMC auf der ECM kultiviert. Nach 24, 48 bzw. 72 Stunden wurde die Zellproliferation durchflußzytometrisch festgestellt und die intrazelluläre Proteinexpression mit einem bFGF-ELISA bestimmt. Zum Vergleich wurde der Versuch mit unbehandelter ECM (KO), nur Laser-behandelter ECM (LO), nur CASPc-behandelter ECM sowie mit Zellkulturplatten ohne Matrix (PL) durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse sind als Mittelwert ± SD in Bezug zu unbehandelter ECM (KO) angegeben. Der statistische Vergleich zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen erfolgte mit einem univariaten ANOVA. Ergebnisse: Die Proliferation der SMC war bei PDT und PL gegenüber KO zu allen Zeitpunkten signifikant gehemmt. LO und DT zeigten keine Unterschiede im Proliferationsverhalten im Vergleich zu KO. Die Konzentration von zell-assoziiertem bFGF war nach 24 Stunden bei PDT gegenüber KO signifikant erhöht. Nach 48 und 72 Stunden zeigte lediglich PL gegenüber KO noch eine signifikant erhöhte bFGF-Proteinexpression. Bei LO war im Vergleich zu KO kein Unterschied feststellbar, während bei DT nach 24 Stunden eine signifikante Erhöhung der bFGF-Proteinexpression vorhanden war. Schlussfolgerung: PDT von isolierter ECM führt zu einer Proliferationshemmung von SMC in-vitro. Dass die Proliferation der SMC nach PDT abnimmt ist für die Repopulation der Gefäßwand in-vivo günstig, scheint PDT doch die IH-verursachenden SMC zu hemmen. Die intrazelluläre bFGF-Proteinmenge ist bei PDT gegenüber KO vorübergehend erhöht. Dies könnte für eine Hemmung des Proteinausschlusses und der autokrinen Stimulation sprechen. Dass der intrazelluläre bFGF-Gehalt jedoch lediglich kurz nach PDT beeinflusst wurde, lässt vermuten, dass intrazelluläres bFGF für die anhaltende Proliferationsveränderungen der SMC nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt.
Die Hauptkomplikation (bis zu 30-50%) bei der Therapie von Gefäßeinengungen (Stenosen) nach invasiven Interventionen ist eine durch Verletzung des Gefäßes verursachte erneute Einengung (Restenose) der Gefäßstrombahn. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) gehört zu einer Gruppe von 21 strukturell miteinander verwandten Heparin-bindenden Wachstumsfaktoren, die auf eine Vielzahl verschiedener biologischer Prozesse wie Zellproliferation, -migration, Plasminogenaktivierung, Integrinexpression sowie embryonale Entwicklung und Differenzierung wirken. Insbesondere innerhalb der ersten 72 Stunden nach Gefäßwandverletzungen ist es an der Proliferationssteigerung glatter Gefäßmuskelzellen (SMC) und damit an der Entwicklung von Intimahyperplasie (IH) und Gefäßstenosen durch autokrine und parakrine Stimulation beteiligt. Photodynamische Therapie (PDT) hemmt IH und bewirkt hierbei eine vollständige Gefäßzelleradikation mit minimaler Repopulation der Media bei beschleunigter Reendothelialisierung. Weiterhin wird matrix-assoziiertes bFGF inaktiviert und dadurch die Mitoserate und Migration von SMC inhibiert, von Endothelzellen (EC) jedoch gesteigert. Um festzustellen, welchen Einfluß bFGF auf das Remodeling nach Verletzung der Gefäßwand und erfolgter PDT hat, untersucht die vorliegende in-vitro Studie Proliferation sowie bFGF-mRNA- Expression boviner aortaler EC und SMC nach PDT von isolierter extrazellulärer Matrix (ECM). Hierzu wurde ECM nach einer Standardtechnik in 6-Loch Zellkulturplatten hergestellt. Durch Bestrahlung des Farbstoffs Chloraluminium sulfoniertes Phthalocyanin (CASPc; 1 µg/ml) mit Licht (100 J/cm², 100 mW/cm², l=675 nm) wurde die Matrix photodynamisch behandelt. Nach Besiedlung der Matrices mit 2x105 EC bzw. SMC wurde die Proliferation 24, 48 und 72h durchflußzytometrisch bestimmt. Um die quantitative Bestimmung der bFGF mRNA Expression 12, 24 und 48h nach PDT zu realisieren, wurden erstmals die PCR-Bedingungen für b-Actin und bFGF der EC und SMC auf das LightCyclerä-System abgestimmt und etabliert. Die Proliferation von EC nach PDT wurde zu allen Zeitpunkten gegenüber EC auf unbehandelter ECM signifikant (p< 0,0004) stimuliert, die von SMC hingegen signifikant (p< 0,002) gehemmt. Die bFGF mRNA-Expression in EC nach PDT der ECM zeigte gegenüber EC auf unbehandelter ECM lediglich einen signifikanten (p< 0,005) Anstieg nach 24h. In SMC nach PDT der ECM konnten hingegen keine signifikanten Änderungen dokumentiert werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie, legen den Schluß nahe, daß es durch einen PDT-Effekt der ECM zu einer akzelerierten Reendothelialisierung kommt. Die anhaltend verstärkte Proliferation der EC ist dennoch wahrscheinlich nicht allein dem vergleichbar kurzen Anstieg der bFGF mRNA-Expression zuzuschreiben. Die Abnahme der SMC-Proliferation nach PDT-Vorbehandlung der ECM läßt vermuten, daß bioaktive Stimuli für die Zellvermehrung ausgeschaltet worden sind. Da hier jedoch eine erhöhte bFGF Protein Konzentration (dies zeigte eine unveröffentlichte Studie unserer Arbeitsgruppe) ohne erhöhte bFGF mRNA Expression vorlag, läßt dies nur den Schluß zu, daß bFGF nicht oder nur in geringem Maße aus den SMC ausgeschleust werden konnte und es zu einer Hemmung der bFGF-vermittelten autokrinen Stimulation der SMC in diesem Modell kommt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen die unterschiedliche intrazelluläre Beeinflußung der Gefäßzellfunktionen von EC und SMC durch PDT von ECM und eröffnen damit nicht nur weitere Aspekte zur Aufklärung der Mechanismen der vaskulären PDT, sondern könnten auch zum Verständnis verschiedener Interaktionen zwischen Zellen und deren unmittelbaren Umfeld beitragen.
Zusammenfassend steht mit den oben beschriebenen Methoden der interstitiellen HDR-Brachytherapie ein technisch und organisatorisch gut durchführbares Therapiekonzept zur Verfügung, das gut verträglich, wenig invasiv und schnell bei Patienten mit inoperablen lokalen Rektumkarzinomrezidiven wirkt. In Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Technik ist sogar eine ambulante Therapie möglich, ansonsten ist die therapieassoziierte Krankenhausverweildauer kurz. Neben Methoden zur lokalen Tumorkontrolle ist jedoch auch die Weiterentwicklung von systemischen Therapieverfahren entscheidend, da sich tumorbedingte Todesfälle häufig aufgrund von Fernmetastasen ereignen, die sich der lokalen Therapie entziehen.
Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Der FPDL mit einer Wellenlänge von 585 nm hat sich in der Dermatologie für die Behandlung gutartiger Gefäßerkrankungen bewährt. Erfahrungen bei größeren Patientenkollektiven findet man hingegen nur selten, über die Verwendung einer Wellenlänge von 588 nm wurde bisher nicht berichtet. Gütegeschaltete Laser werden in der Dermatologie erfolgreich für die Behandlung von Erkrankungen mit Beteiligung pigmenthaltiger Zellen sowie Farb- und Schmutzpartikel in Epidermis und Dermis eingesetzt. In der Literatur dominieren dabei Berichte über den gütegeschalteten Rubinlaser, während Erfahrungsberichte zum q-sw Nd:YAG-Laser selten zu finden sind. Ziel der Untersuchung: Um das Indikationsspektrum sowie die Erfolgs- und Nebenwirkungsraten eines FPDL sowie eines q-sw Nd:YAG-Lasers unter klinischen Alltagsbedingungen zu definieren, wurden die Behandlungsdaten der zwischen November 1995 und Dezember 2000 in der Universitäts- Hautklinik Frankfurt am Main behandelten Patienten ausgewertet. Material und Methode: Die prospektiv in einer Datenbank erfassten Patientendaten und Behandlungsparameter, die Karteikarten der im genannten Zeitraum behandelten Patienten sowie das Fotoarchiv des Zentrums der Dermatologie wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: 1. Blitzlampen-gepumpter gepulster Farbstofflaser Im genannten Zeitraum wurden 345 Patienten in insgesamt 2030 Sitzungen mit einem FPDL mit 588 nm Wellenlänge behandelt. Die häufigsten Indikationen betrafen Nävus flammeus (52 % aller Behandlungen) und Hämangiome (23 % aller Behandlungen). Fast 75 Prozent der Behandlungen konnten erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden, die meisten in weniger als 7 Sitzungen. Hierfür wurden in der Regel Fluences von 6 J/cm² verwendet, bei Hämangiomen auch höhere Dosen bis 8 J/cm². Energiedichten über 8 J/cm² kamen nur bei einzelnen Patienten zum Einsatz. Außer der obligaten Purpura traten andere Nebenwirkungen selten auf. In weniger als 16 Prozent der Behandlungen wurden Nebenwirkungen dokumentiert. Die häufigsten betrafen Krustenbildung und Hyperpigmentierung. Diese traten in 7 bzw. 6 Prozent der Behandlungen auf. Keine Nebenwirkung war dauerhaft. 2. Gütegeschalteter Nd:YAG-Laser Mit dem q-sw Nd:YAG-Laser (1064 und 532 nm Wellenlänge) wurden 247 Patienten in insgesamt 1529 Sitzungen behandelt. Häufigste Indikationen waren Schmuck- und Schmutztätowierungen (77 % aller Behandlungen) sowie Lentigines (8 % aller Behandlungen). Mehr als drei Viertel der Behandlungen konnten erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden, die meisten nach maximal 7 Behandlungen. Bei Verwendung von 1064 nm Wellenlänge wurden in der Regel Fluences von 6 bis 8 J/cm² verwendet, bei 532 nm Wellenlänge Fluences von 2 bis 3 J/cm². Neben den obligat auftretenden Nebenwirkungen, vor allem Krustenbildung, trat Urticaria factitia in fast 12 Prozent der Behandlungen als häufigste Nebenwirkung auf. Weiter wurden Blutungen (8 % aller Behandlungen) und Hyperpigmentierungen (6 % aller Behandlungen) beobachtet. Alle Nebenwirkungen waren temporärer Natur. In über 60 Prozent der Behandlungen wurden keine Nebenwirkungen dokumentiert. Schlussfolgerungen: Der FPDL mit 588 nm Wellenlänge zeigt keine Nachteile gegenüber den häufig verwendeten 585 nm, in einigen Fällen sogar eher Vorteile. Der selten in der Literatur besprochene q-sw Nd:YAG-Laser stellt ein wichtiges Instrument in der Behandlung pigmentierter Dermatosen und wegen der Möglichkeit der Frequenzverdopplung ein vielseitiges Behandlungsgerät zur Behandlung verschiedener Tätowierungsfarben dar. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen, dass unter klinischen Alltagsbedingungen sowohl der blitzlampen-gepumpte gepulste Farbstofflaser mit einer Wellenlänge von 588 nm als auch der gütegeschaltete Nd:YAG-Laser (1064 und 532 nm Wellenlänge) effektive und sichere Therapiemöglichkeiten darstellen. Bei Kenntnis der physikalischen Wirkprinzipien lassen sich neben den bekannten Erkrankungen auch seltenere Indikationen mit vorhersagbaren Ergebnissen und geringem Nebenwirkungsrisiko behandeln.