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Introduction: Balanced fluid replacement solutions can possibly reduce the risks for electrolyte imbalances, for acid-base imbalances, and thus for renal failure. To assess the intraoperative change of base excess (BE) and chloride in serum after treatment with either a balanced gelatine/electrolyte solution or a non-balanced gelatine/electrolyte solution, a prospective, controlled, randomized, double-blind, dual centre phase III study was conducted in two tertiary care university hospitals in Germany.
Material and methods: 40 patients of both sexes, aged 18 to 90 years, who were scheduled to undergo elective abdominal surgery with assumed intraoperative volume requirement of at least 15 mL/kg body weight gelatine solution were included. Administration of study drug was performed intravenously according to patients need. The trigger for volume replacement was a central venous pressure (CVP) minus positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) <10 mmHg (CVP <10 mmHg). The crystalloid:colloid ratio was 1:1 intra- and postoperatively. The targets for volume replacement were a CVP between 10 and 14 mmHg minus PEEP after treatment with vasoactive agent and mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 65 mmHg.
Results: The primary endpoints, intraoperative changes of base excess –2.59 ± 2.25 (median: –2.65) mmol/L (balanced group) and –4.79 ± 2.38 (median: –4.70) mmol/L (non-balanced group)) or serum chloride 2.4 ± 1.9 (median: 3.0) mmol/L and 5.2 ± 3.1 (median: 5.0) mmol/L were significantly different (p = 0.0117 and p = 0.0045, respectively). In both groups (each n = 20) the investigational product administration in terms of volume and infusion rate was comparable throughout the course of the study, i.e. before, during and after surgery.
Discussion: Balanced gelatine solution 4% combined with a balanced electrolyte solution demonstrated significant smaller impact on blood gas analytic parameters in the primary endpoints BE and serum chloride when compared to a non-balanced gelatine solution 4% combined with NaCl 0.9%. No marked treatment differences were observed with respect to haemodynamics, coagulation and renal function.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01515397) and clinicaltrialsregister.eu, EudraCT number 2010-018524-58.
Background: Intraosseous (IO) access represents a reliable alternative to intravenous vascular access and is explicitly recommended in the current guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council when intravenous access is difficult or impossible. We therefore aimed to study the efficacy of the intraosseous needle driver EZ-IO(R) in the prehospital setting.
Methods: During a 24-month period, all cases of prehospital IO access using the EZ-IO(R) needle driver within three operational areas of emergency medical services were prospectively recorded by a standardized questionnaire that needed to be filled out by the rescuer immediately after the mission and sent to the primary investigator. We determined the rate of successful insertion of the IO needle, the time required, immediate procedure-related complications, the level of previous experience with IO access, and operator's subjective satisfaction with the device.
Results: 77 IO needle insertions were performed in 69 adults and five infants and children by emergency physicians (n=72 applications) and paramedics (n=5 applications). Needle placement was successful at the first attempt in all but 2 adults (one patient with unrecognized total knee arthroplasty, one case of needle obstruction after placement). The majority of users (92%) were relative novices with less than five previous IO needle placements. Of 22 responsive patients, 18 reported pain upon fluid administration via the needle. The rescuers' subjective rating regarding handling of the device and ease of needle insertion, as described by means of an analogue scale (0 = entirely unsatisfied, 10 = most satisfied), provided a median score of 10 (range 1-10).
Conclusions: The EZ-IO(R) needle driver was an efficient alternative to establish immediate out-of-hospital vascular access. However, significant pain upon intramedullary infusion was observed in the majority of responsive patients.
In dieser retrospektiven Studie wurde die Ergebnisqualität des Rettungsdienstbereiches Frankfurt am Main bei präklinischen Reanimationen untersucht. Das untersuchte System versorgt etwa 650.000 Einwohner auf einer Fläche von 248,36 km 2 . In ei nem gestaffelten System waren 12 Rettungs (RTW) und 4 Notarztwagen (NAW) rund um die Uhr an der Notfallrettung beteiligt. Weitere W und KTW waren zu bestimmten Tageszeiten im Einsatz. Im Erfassungszeitraum wurden insgesamt 506 Reanimationen registriert, an dem der Rettungsdienst beteiligt war, von denen 447 die Einschlusskriterien (kardial bedingter Herzkreislaufstillstand, Alter >= 15 Jahre) erfüllten. 160 Patienten wurden nach Herzkreislaufstillstand (35,8%) in ein Krankenhaus transportiert, 112 Patienten (25,1%) hatten dabei nachweislich einen Spontankreislauf. 35 Patienten (7,8% von n=447) wurden aus dem Krankenhaus entlassen. Der primäre Reanimationserfolg war signifikant abhängig vom Alter der Patienten, dem EKG-Befund bei Reanimationsbeginn, dem Notfallort und der Tageszeit. Signifikant in Bezug auf das sekundäre Überleben erwiesen sich nur der initiale EKG-Befund und der Notfallort. Patienten mit Kammerflimmern und Patienten, die in der Öffentlichkeit einen Herzkreislaufstillstand erlitten, hatten eine signifikant höhere Überlebenschance. Das Geschlecht der Patienten und der Beginn einer Reanimation durch Anwesende hatten keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf primärem und sekundärem Reanimationserfolg. Die Zeit bis zum Eintreffen des ersten Rettungsmittels betrug im Median 6 Minuten. Ein Notarzt traf im Median nach 10 Minuten ein. Die Frankfurter Erfolge sind im Vergleich zur Literatur bezogen auf den sekundären Reanimationserfolg signifikant niedriger. Mögliche Gründe dafür sind: . der hohe Anteil von Patienten mit Asystolie . keine Frühdefibrillation durch RTW im Studienzeitraum . geringer Anteil von Anwesendenreanimationen . Infrastruktur der Großstadt Frankfurt Folgende Veränderungen könnten Schwachstellen ausgleichen und die Effektivität des Rettungssystems verbessern: - Umstellung von stationärem Notarztsystem (NAW) auf Rendezvoussystem (NEF) - Frühdefibrillation mit AED - ''First responder" - ''Public access defibrillation" - strengere Indikationsstellung zur Reanimation - bessere und intensivierte Breitenausbildung in Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen - Anleitung zur Telefonreanimation durch Rettungsleitstelle