410 Linguistik
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The script of Caryl Churchill’s short play Hot Fudge (like several other plays by this author) contains detailed directions for overlapping conversation. At certain points in the play these may be contributing to a number of effects similar to those described for the naturally occurring ‘collaborative floor’, such as enthusiasm and mutual support. The importance of an interactive approach to constructed conversation is pointed out in the article, particularly that of analysing the overlapped speaker’s response to appreciate the discursive significance of the overlapping turn. For instance, acknowledging and/or reusing the other speaker’s overlapping formulations in a non-oppositional format can show an understanding of these contributions as collaboratively oriented. Therefore, such an interpretation of overlapping dialogue in a dramatic text will affect the reader’s understanding of the interpersonal context (e.g. dominance-seeking/mutual support/collaboration between pairs of speakers). In particular, this approach is taken to show how certain kinds of overlapping similar to those described for the naturally occurring conversation can be used dramatically to supportive rather than conflictive ends. Overall, it is shown how the dramatic characters’ interpersonal orientations become inferable from their use of certain dialogic options.
Flashmob, App, E-Bike, Gendermainstreaming, bloggen, skypen, gefaked/gefakt, geliked/gelikt, Coffee-to-go, Latte macchiato, Gnocchi, Yallah, Shisha oder Sushi – die beherrschenden Fremdwörter aus Wissenschaft und Alltag der Gegenwartssprache im 21. Jahrhundert sind englischen Ursprungs, im letzten Jahrzehnt auch zunehmend aus anderen modernen europäischen und außereuropäischen Sprachen entlehnt. Die Entlehnungsbedingungen dieser Wörter unterscheiden sich damit grundsätzlich von den Gegebenheiten, die für die Integrationsentwicklungen bei Gräzismen und Latinismen sowie für Gallizismen bestimmend waren. Während die Fremdwörter aus den drei bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein wesentlichen Gebersprachen über Jahrhunderte hinweg in mehreren Phasen schrittweise Eingang in die deutsche Sprache fanden und dabei durch einen kontinuierlichen, wenn auch nicht immer widerspruchsfreien Prozess orthografischer Normierung begleitet wurden, erfolgte die Übernahme einer Vielzahl von Anglizismen und anderer Neologismen erheblich schneller im Rahmen umfassender Internationalisierung und Globalisierung von Sprache und Gesellschaft. Die entlehnten Wörter bezeichnen zum allergrößten Teil neue Phänomene, Wortbedeutungen oder Sachverhalte, sie sind Indizien für fundamentale gesellschaftliche Veränderungen, die einen grundlegenden Sprach- und schließlich auch Schreibwandel zur Folge haben. Im Gegensatz zum Umfeld früherer Entlehnungen bieten normierende Texte wie Grammatiken oder Wörterbücher daher zunächst noch keine orthografische Orientierung. Stattdessen gewinnt das Internet, bestimmt von professionellen wie auch informellen Schreibern, sowohl als Bezugsquelle von Informationen als auch als Orientierungsrahmen für die Schreibung neuer Wörter eine immer stärkere Bedeutung. Anglizismen spielen dabei eine Sonderrolle: Sie werden sowohl von englischen als auch von deutschen Quelltexten aus rezipiert und zum Teil in ihrem gebersprachlichen graphemischen Status übernommen, zum Teil modifiziert.
The article starts by giving a brief survey of the current state of German-Czech and Czech-German lexicography in the field of learners' dictionaries. It then continues with a metalexicographic examination of two translational dictionaries published since 2000. Attention focuses on the ways in which each team of authors addresses some basic metalexicographic problems in the introductory texts. The article then explores the methods of description used for fixed lexical phrases, which are critically analyzed (using as an example the dictionary entry for the lemma Kopf (head).
The First World War brought devastating consequences for German linguistics. Formerly one of the most prestigious foreign languages taught at schools and universities outside Germany, after the war German disappeared from almost all curricula abroad. Furthermore, it proved impossible to establish a structuralist school (such as the Prague school) in Germany. The article suggests that this was neither due to the long tradition of the Jungian grammarians nor due to the Nazis' official condemnation of structuralism as being incompatible with the ideology of the state. It is shown that such a development should instead be attributed to the so-called "Krieg der Geister" ("war of the intellect"), which remained present even after the military peace (1918) amid a feeling of national insecurity. The article concludes that such a nationalistic social and political environment proved to be fertile ground for Whorfianism, and the influence of the so-called 'Sprachinhaltsforschung' prevailed towards structuralism.
Der Band 'Standardvarietät des Deutschen' ist das Produkt einer gelungenen Parallelaktion: hervorgegangen aus zwei gleichzeitig geführten Seminaren an der Universität Regensburg und an der Karls-Universität Prag, versammelt er neun ausgewählte Aufsätze von Studierenden der Germanistik zum Problem der Standardvarietät des Deutschen aus soziolinguistischer Perspektive.
The article describes the role of German as a working language and official language of the European Union. It also focuses on issues associated with the notion of an 'overarching' language of general use: especially in the field of law, each language reflects the specific legal and administrative traditions of the society in which it developed, meaning that different languages frequently lack precise one-to-one equivalents for particular legal concepts. Finally, the author assesses the 'economic value' of several European languages as proposed by Ulrich Ammons, demonstrating that German plays a leading role in this regard.
In 2015, the last work of Günter Grass appeared: Vonne Endlichkait (On Finiteness). This offers the opportunity to recall the highly personal style of this great German author. The whole book can be described as an artistic triad, consisting of short prose pieces, poems and drawings, most of them dealing with old age and death. The following linguistic and literary aspects are dealt with: genres and text types, the semiotic relations between prose, poetry and drawings, allusions to poets and philosophers, the representation of spoken and dialect German, syntactic constructions, semantics, and especially metaphorical processes. Finally, the article discusses some stylistic features which are typical of Grass's writing.
When becoming integrated into the German vocabulary, foreign words reflect paradigmatic changes regarding orthography, grammar as well as semantics. In this context, German orthography is also highly determined by orthographic codification, which continues to influence the development of spelling to the present day. This study compares digital linguistically annotated corpora containing texts written by professional as well as non-professional writers; these corpora contain several billion foreign words (of Greek, Latin and French origin, and in the second part of the study of English/American and Italian origin), studied over a period of 20 years following the German orthographic reform of 1996. The results may potentially help the official regulations to adapt to the spelling practices observed – either by describing the rules more precisely or by proposing possible spelling variants or eliminating those which are not in common use. The study may also help to support correct lexicographic codification in dictionaries.
Der vorliegende Sammelband ist wichtigen Aspekten der sprachwissenschaftlichen Phraseologieforschung gewidmet; er enthält sowohl theoretische Ausführungen zu Struktur, Definition, Semantik, Pragmatik oder syntaktischer Verwendung von phraseologischen Strukturen als auch Beobachtungen zum alltäglichen Sprachgebrauch in konkreten Kommunikationssituationen. Der Band basiert auf der Tagung zum Thema 'Phrasenstrukturen und -interpretationen im Gebrauch', die vom 25. bis 27. September 2014 stattfand und die Tradition von germanistischen Konferenzen am Institut für Germanische Philologie der Universität Wrocław fortsetzte.
Die Frage danach, wie ein Text konzipiert werden soll, um gut verständlich zu sein und um optimal verstanden zu werden, steht im Zentrum der Monografie von Eva Bajerová. Der intendierte Text ist in diesem Fall ein Fachtext aus dem Bereich der Biologie, und in dem an Faktoren und Aspekten außerordentlich reichen Verständlichkeitsgefüge richtet die Autorin ihr Hauptaugenmerk auf den Stellenwert und die Beschaffenheit der Textstruktur. Doch über diese Fokussierung hinaus bringt das Buch mehr: so zum Beispiel einen breiter und tiefer angelegten Einblick in die Geschichte und die Ergebnisse der neueren Textverständlichkeits-Forschung oder in die facettenreichen Spannungsbereiche der Fachsprachen und der Fachkommunikation.
This paper attempts to apply the concepts of proximity and distance to a literary text – Arthur Schnitzler's "Fräulein Else". The analysis builds on five different proximity-distance relations: spatial, temporal, social, emotional and cognitive. The purpose is to show how linguistic devices are used to describe individual relations and what roles these relations play in the given text.
The article analyses three texts which address the same subject (the definition of the word Wort) and aims to demonstrate that it is not only the topic that plays a crucial role in creating the macrostructure and microstructure of a text, but also the communicative situation. The article explores what differences there are in the selection of linguistic means when the same content is being expressed in texts intended for communication at various levels of specialization, and which communication strategies the authors of the texts choose in connection with the text's genre, their intentions and (above all) the communicative situation.
Hlučín (formerly Hultschin) is now part of the Czech Republic, though the influence of the German language can be observed in the region's folk culture. Important names include August Scholtis, born in Bolatice, as well as other figures such as Hermann Janosch, Alfons Hayduk, Karl-Ernst Schellhammer, Richard Kühnau, Georg Hyckel, Ferdinand Minsberg and Elfrieda Moser-Rath. The oral folk tradition in the region has mostly been passed down via folk songs, fairy-tales, legends and other narratives. These genres reflect various themes, related primarily to local personalities, castles and manor houses or events in specific villages.
The article focuses on suffixoids based on titles of nobility and ecclesiastical titles. As an example, the study analyzes a total of 14 suffixoids with regard to the relation between the base word and the suffixoid. For this purpose, the author created a corpus of 200 tokens from online sources covering a 10-year period. The study presents suffixoids as active word-formation elements used as a result of linguistic expressivity and creativity. Moreover, it suggests an increasing tendency towards their use. This linguistic study can be seen as a new impetus to further investigations, especially in the field of translation studies – e.g. in the comparison of German and Czech with regard to this topic, which remains an uncharted field with no accurate studies yet available.
This article focuses on the 'Wegweiser zur Polnischen und Deutschen Sprache' [Guide to the Polish Language] by Michał Kuś, published in 1646. The Guide is made up of two parts – an extensive dictionary, and a guide to grammar and learning Polish that is more than a dozen pages long. The article's introduction gives information about the author of the Guide and describes the structure of the work. The author also focuses on issues related to the macrostructure of the text (the ordering and selection of the entries). Theoretical considerations are supported by numerous examples throughout the article. Special attention has been paid to making these examples typical of the Guide in order to ensure an objective analysis.
Çeviri faaliyeti, 18. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'nin batılılaşması ve modernleşmesinde önemli bir yere sahipti. Bu amaca yönelik olarak çeviri eylemi, Osmanlı döneminde aydınlanma çağındaki fikirlerin yayılması ile birlikte siyasal ve bilimsel fikirlerin yerleşmesinde de çok etkili olmuştur. Bu durum Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluş yıllarında da devam etmiştir. Bu çeviri faaliyetini gerçekleştiren "gizli kahramanlar", yani çevirmenler, Türk diline ve edebiyatına yaptıkları katkılara nazaran pek tanınmazlar ve bilinmezler. Peki, bu çevirmenler kimlerdi? Kimlerin eserleri hangi dilden ve ne zaman çevrilip, hangi yayınevleri tarafından yayımlanmıştır? Türkçe Çevirmenler Sözlüğü'nde Türk edebiyatına katkıda bulunan ve Türk edebiyatının çeviri yoluyla zenginleşmesinde katkı sağlayan çevirmenlerin listelerini oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. Ege Üniversitesi ile Johannes Gutenberg Üniversitesi Germersheim-Mainz (Almanya) mütercim tercümanlık bölümlerinin ortak yürüttükleri GIP (Germanistische Institutspartnerschaft) projesi bağlamında Türkçe Çeviriler Bibliyografyası kitap çalışması fikri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Uzun bir yöntem arayışından sonra başta Ege Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi ve Milli Kütüphane kayıtlarını barındıran ve T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kütüphaneler ve Yayımlar Genel Müdürlüğü ve TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM'in Ulusal Toplu Katalog veri tabanından yararlanılarak yabancı dilden Türkçeye aktarılan eserler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından 2016 yılına kadar Türkçeye aktarılan dil ve edebiyatların nesir, nazım ve tiyatro gibi edebi türlerine göre çevirileri incelenmiştir. Toplam 18.741 eser ve 6.006 çevirmen kaydına ulaşılmıştır.
All linguistics should be media linguistics, but it is not. This thesis is presented by using linguistic landscapes as an example. LL research does not belong to the traditional core of either mainstream linguistics or media linguistics. This is why not everything within power has been done yet to make full use of their thematic, conceptual and methodological possibilities. Visible signs in public space, however, are an everyday phenomenon. You have to pull out all the stops to research them extensively. The distinction between linguistics and media linguistics turns out to be counterproductive. But this does not only apply to the case of linguistic landscapes. It also stands for any comprehensive investigation of language and language use. (Exceptions may be very narrow questions for specific purposes.) The above thoughts are supported by a database of the project „Metropolenzeichen“ with more than 25.000 systematically collected, geocoded and tagged photographs.
Das Journal für Medienlinguistik (jfml) ist eine medienlinguistische Open-Access-Zeitschrift. Im Sinne einer offenen, interaktiven und unabhängigen Wissenschaftskultur erfolgt die Qualitätssicherung des jfml durch ein Open Peer Review und die medienlinguistische Expertise des Editorial Boards. Das jfml veröffentlicht deutsch- und englischsprachige Artikel, Rezensionen und Tagungsberichte, die fortlaufend erscheinen.
Der Medienlinguistik kommen zwei wesentliche Aufgabenbereiche zu, die die thematischen Eckpfeiler des jfml bilden:
1) Die theoretische und empirische Durchdringung des Verhältnisses zwischen Medialität und Sprachlichkeit: Dieses Verhältnis stellt sich für Kommunikation, Kultur und Kognition als grundlegend dar. Insofern erweist sich die Medienlinguistik als basales sprachwissenschaftliches Forschungsfeld.
2) Die Erforschung von Sprache und Kommunikation unter dem Einfluss medialer Veränderungen. Diese Veränderungen hatten und haben Auswirkungen auf das gesellschaftliche Leben: auf den Alltag, die beruflichen Kontexte und natürlich gerade auch die Öffentlichkeit. Daher sind sowohl auf der Mikro- als auch auf der Makroebene medienlinguistische Analysen notwendig.
Das jfml lädt dazu ein, theoretische, empirische, methodische und methodologische Fragestellungen zu bearbeiten und entsprechende Artikel einzureichen. Ferner sind Rezensionen und Tagungsberichte medienlinguistischer Publikationen und Veranstaltungen erwünscht.
Alle Beiträge erscheinen unter einer Creative Commons-Lizenz (CC BY-SA 4.0 international).