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Es wurde die Einwirkung monochromatischer ultravioletter Strahlen der Wellenlänge 254 mμ, 281 mμ und 297 mμ auf kernlose Zellteile von Acetabularia untersucht. Dazu wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Strahlendosis die mittlere Lebensdauer und das Formbildungs-Vermögen der kernlosen Teile bestimmt. Der 254-mμ-Strahlung kam dabei stets die größte biologische Wirksamkeit zu, während die 297-mμ-Strahlung im untersuchten Dosisbereich fast ohne Wirkung blieb. Die gefundene Wellenlängen-Abhängigkeit weist darauf hin, daß der UV-Absorption durch die Purine und Pyrimidine für den Wirkungsmechanismus der beobachteten UV-Schädigungen kernloser Zellteile besondere Bedeutung zukommen muß.
This work derives the value of the neutron capture cross section of 60Fe at the energy of kT = 25 meV. Iron plays an important role in stellar nucleosynthesis, because it is a seed material for the s-process, a neutron capture process in which the elements between iron and bismuth are synthesized.
To determine the thermal neutron cross section of 60Fe, an iron sample produced in the framework of the ERAWAST1 program at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland was irradiated at the research reactor TRIGA2 at Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. Before the irradiation, the number of 60Fe particles in the sample was calculated using the decay scheme of 60Fe. There were (8.207 ± 0:066 stat 0:298 syst) * 10 14 60Fe particles in the sample.
The irradiation of the sample took place in May 2012. The counting of the reaction product, 61Fe, was undertaken using a HPGe detector located in a laboratory at Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz. Knowing the number of 60Fe particles in the sample, the number of produced 61Fe particles and the neutron flux from the reactor, the thermal neutron capture cross section of ρth60Fe = (0.203 ± 0:021 stat 0:024 syst) b could be determined.
The determination of the thermal neutron capture cross section at the energy of kT = 25 meV constitutes to the first at this energy. There was already a measurement of the neutron capture cross section of 60Fe at the energy of kT = 25 keV in Karlsruhe in Germany. The result of the measurement was 25 keV = (9.9 ± 2:8 syst 1:4 stat) mb and was published in the year 2009 [14].
Adding datapoints for the cross section at different energies improves extarpolation and helps verification of theoretical models for elemental synthesis. For this reason, a measurement of the 60Fe neutron capture cross section at the energy of kT = 90 keV is planned at Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.
Having the neutron capture cross section of 60Fe at the energy of kT = 25 keV measured in the year 2009 in Karlsruhe [14], at the energy of kT = 25 meV measured in May 2012 at Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz and at the planned energy of kT = 90 keV at Goethe University Frankfurt, there will be three points for the extrapolation of the values for the neutron capture cross section of 60Fe. This will lead to a significant reduction in uncertainty with respect to existing theoretical discrepancies.
This thesis presents the first measurement of the proton capture reaction on the isotope 124Xe performed in inverse kinematics. The experiment was carried out in June 2016 at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany.
124Xe is one of about 35 p-nuclei that cannot be produced via neutron-induced nucleo- synthesis as the vast majority of heavy elements. Its production and destruction provide important information about the nucleosynthesis of the p-nuclei. Measuring the 124Xe(p,g)125Cs reaction also gives strong constraints for its reverse 125Cs(g,p)124Xe reaction.
Fully stripped 124Xe ions repeatedly passed a H2 gas jet target at five different energies between 5.5 MeV/u and 8 MeV/u. An electron cooler compensated for the energy loss in the target and reduced the beam momentum spread. The reaction product 125Cs55+ has a smaller magnetic rigidity than 124Xe54+. Therefore 125Cs55+ was deflected towards smaller radii in the first dipole after the target area and thereby separated from 124Xe54+. It was detected with a position-sensitive Double-Sided Silicon Strip Detector (DSSSD). The novelty of this experiment was the installation of the DSSSD inside the ultra-high vacuum of the storage ring using a newly designed manipulator.
Three High-Purity Germanium X-ray detectors were used to measure the X-rays following the Radiative Electron Capture (REC) events into 124Xe53+. The REC cross sections are well-known and were used to determine the luminosity.
The 124Xe(p,g)125Cs cross sections at ion beam energies between 5.5 MeV/u and 8 MeV/u were determined relatively to the K-REC cross sections and finally compared to the theoretically predicted cross sections. While theoretical predictions of the TENDL database are lower than the measured ones by a factor of up to seven, the NON-SMOKER data are higher by a factor of up to two, except of the cross section at 7 MeV/u, where NON-SMOKER data are slightly lower than the experimental value.
For the first time, a proton capture cross section could be measured in inverse kinematics close to the astrophysically relevant Gamow window. This allows the direct determination of the (p,g) cross section of isotopes with half-lives down to several minutes, which is not possible with any other technique.
This work derived the value of α-induced production cross sections of 77Kr and 77Br at α-energies of 12 MeV and 14 MeV, the thick target yields of 77Kr and 77Br at α-energies of 11.19 MeV, 13 MeV and 15.1 MeV and the thick target yield of 80Br as well as 80mBr at an α-energy of 15.1 MeV using the activation technique...
Activations with neutrons in the keV energy range were routinely performed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany in order to simulate stellar conditions for neutron-capture cross sections. A quasi-Maxwell-Boltzmann neutron spectrum of kT = 25 keV, being of interest for the astrophysical s-process, was produced by the 7Li(p,n) reaction utilizing a 1912 keV proton beam at the Karlsruhe Van de Graaff accelerator. Activated samples resulting in long-lived nuclear reaction products with half-lives in the order of yr 100 Myr were analyzed by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). Comparison of the obtained reaction cross sections to literature data from previous Time-of-Flight (ToF) measurements showed that the selected AMS data are systematically lower than the ToF data. To investigate this discrepancy, 54Fe(n,γ)55Fe and 35Cl(n,γ)36Cl reaction cross sections were newly measured at the Frankfurt Neutron Source (FRANZ) in Germany. To complement the existing data, an additional neutron activation of 54Fe and 35Cl at a proton energy of 2 MeV was performed. The results will give implications for the stellar environment at kT = 90 keV, reaching the not yet experimentally explored high-energy s-process range. AMS measurements of the activated samples are scheduled.
This thesis has two main parts.
The first part is based on our publication [1], where we use perturbation theory to calculate decay rates of magnons in the Kitaev-Heisenberg-Γ (KHΓ) model. This model describes the magnetic properties of the material α-RuCl 3 , which is a candidate for a Kitaev spin liquid. Our motivation is to validate a previous calculation from Ref. [2]. In this thesis, we map out the classical phase diagram of the KHΓ model. We use the Holstein-Primakoff
transformation and the 1/S expansion to describe the low temperature dynamics of the Kitaev-Heisenberg-Γ model in the experimentally relevant zigzag phase by spin waves. By parametrizing the spin waves in terms of hermitian fields, we find a special parameter region within the KHΓ model where the analytical expressions simplify. This enables us to construct the Bogoliubov transformation analytically. For a representative point in the special parameter region, we use these results to numerically calculate the magnon damping, which is to leading order caused by the decay of single magnons into two. We also calculate the dynamical structure factor of the magnons.
The second part of this thesis is based on our publication [3], where we use the functional renormalization group to analyze a discontinuous quantum phase transition towards a non-Fermi liquid phase in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. In this thesis, we perform a disorder average over the random interactions in the SYK model. We argue that in the thermodynamic limit, the average renormalization group (RG) flow of the SYK model is identical to the RG flow of an effective disorder averaged model. Using the functional RG, we find a fixed point describing the discontinuous phase transition to the non-Fermi liquid phase at zero temperature. Surprisingly, we find a finite anomalous dimension of the fermions, which indicates critical fluctuations and is unusual for a discontinuous transition. We also determine the RG flow at zero temperature, and relate it to the phase diagram known from the literature.
Quantum discontinuity fixed point and renormalization group flow of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model
(2021)
We determine the global renormalization group (RG) flow of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model. From a controlled truncation of the infinite hierarchy of the exact functional RG flow equations, we identify several fixed points. Apart from a stable fixed point, associated with the celebrated non-Fermi liquid state of the model, we find another stable fixed point related to an integer-valence state. These stable fixed points are separated by a discontinuity fixed point with one relevant direction, describing a quantum first-order transition. Most notably, the fermionic spectrum continues to be quantum critical even at the discontinuity fixed point. This rules out a description of the transition in terms of a local effective Ising variable as is established for classical transitions. We propose an entangled quantum state at phase coexistence as a possible physical origin of this critical behavior.
Lattice simulation of a center symmetric three dimensional effective theory for SU(2) Yang-Mills
(2010)
We present lattice simulations of a center symmetric dimensionally reduced effective field theory for SU(2) Yang Mills which employ thermal Wilson lines and three-dimensional magnetic fields as fundamental degrees of freedom. The action is composed of a gauge invariant kinetic term, spatial gauge fields and a potential for the Wilson line which includes a "fuzzy" bag term to generate non-perturbative fluctuations between Z(2) degenerate ground states. The model is studied in the limit where the gauge fields are set to zero as well as the full model with gauge fields. We confirm that, at moderately weak coupling, the "fuzzy" bag term leads to eigenvalue repulsion in a finite region above the deconfining phase transition which shrinks in the extreme weak-coupling limit. A non-trivial Z(N) symmetric vacuum arises in the confined phase. The effective potential for the Polyakov loop in the theory with gauge fields is extracted from the simulations including all modes of the loop as well as for cooled configurations where the hard modes have been averaged out. The former is found to exhibit a non-analytic contribution while the latter can be described by a mean-field like ansatz with quadratic and quartic terms, plus a Vandermonde potential which depends upon the location within the phase diagram. Other results include the exact location of the phase boundary in the plane spanned by the coupling parameters, correlation lengths of several operators in the magnetic and electric sectors and the spatial string tension. We also present results from simulations of the full 4D Yang-Mills theory and attempt to make a qualitative comparison to the 3D effective theory.
We analyze the universal critical behavior at the chiral critical point in QCD with three degenerate quark masses. We confirm that this critical point lies in the universality class of the three dimensional Ising model. The symmetry of the Ising model, which is Z(2), is not directly realized in the QCD Hamiltonian. After making an ansatz for the magnetization- and energy-like operators as linear admixtures of the chiral condensate and the gluonic action, we determine several non-universal mixing and normalization constants. These parameters determine an unambiguous mapping of the critical behavior in QCD to that of the 3d-Ising model. We verify its validity by showing that the thus obtained orderparameter scales in accordance with the magnetic equation of state of the 3d-Ising model.
In critical or nearly critical heavy-ion collisions, induced as well as spontaneous energyless e-e+ pair creation result in the decay of the neutral vacuum. Induced transitions from the negative-energy continuum into a vacant molecular 1s level can occur even in the absence of diving and produce a substantial enhancement and broadening of the previously considered spontaneous positron spectrum. Total cross sections of 5 b have been calculated for U-U collisions.
Die Analyse der Ionisation des in Zürich durchgeführten Ionisationsexperimentes an Helium hat in erster Line gezeigt, wie exakt die optischen Eigenschaften der lambda/4 Platte bekannt sein müssen, um die richtigen Schlussfolgerungen aus den experimentellen Daten zu ziehen. Insbesondere, dass bei der Bandbreite des verwendeten Lichtes, rein zirkulare Laserpulse mit den heutzutage zu Verfügung stehenden Verzögerungsplatten nicht erzeugt werden können und wie gravierend sich eine Restelliptizität von wenigen Prozent auf die Impulsverteilung auswirkt. Wird dieses Wissen jedoch in die Analyse mit eingebracht, so erlaubt der präsentierte Ansatz eine Bestimmung des Ionisationszeitpunktes mit der Genauigkeit in der Größenordnung von 10 Prozent der Dauer einer Laserperiode. Diese Analyse erlaubt in Zukunft in Experimenten mit zirkular polarisierter Laserstrahlung beim Auftreten von Mehrfachionisation die Bestimmung der Zeitintervalle zwischen den einzelnen Ionisatiosereignissen. Des weiteren ermöglicht die vorgestellte Analyse aus den gemessenen Impulsvereilungen eine CEO-Phasenbeestimmung durzuführen, bei welcher die Anzahl der benötigten Ionisationsvorgänge geringer ist als bei der Benutzung eines Stereo-ATI. In Verbindung mit Detektorsystemen, welche in der Lage sind die Winkelverteilungen für Ereignisse zu bestimmen, bei denen sehr viele Ionisationsereignisse auf einmal auftreten, kann die Anzahl der Laserschüsse, die für die Bestimmung der CEO-Phase benötigt werden, stark verringert werden. Das Pump-and-Probe-Experiment liefert trotz der Problematik, welche sich in diesem Fall bei der Anwendung des Pump-and-Probe-Schemas auf Grund der zur Verfügung stehenden Wellenlänge ergeben einen Hinweis auf die Zeitdauer, die zur Isomerisation benötigt wird. Bei den gewählten Intensitäten ist nach einem Zeitraum zwischen 30 und 60 fs zwischen dem Pump- und Probe-Puls ein Anstieg der Anzahl der in drei Teilchen fragmentierten Moleküle zu beobachten, welche einer Vinylidenkonfiguration entstammen. Der relative Anstieg der Vinylidenpopulation beträgt zehn Prozent. Der Grund, dass kein Anstieg der Vinyliden Population von null an zu beobachten ist, ist wahrscheinlich dadurch begründet, dass die Isomerisation schon an den Flanken des Pump-Pulses stattfindet und schon vor Erreichen der maximalen Intensität des Pump-Pulses abgeschlossen ist. Der Analoge Prozess könnte an den Flanken des Probe-Pulses stattfinden. Dies muss durch eine separate theoretische Behandlung erörtert werden.
1. Die Gesetze der Koagulationskinetik lassen sich nicht aus dem Studium einer einzigen, indirekt durch Koagulation beeinflussten Größe (Zähigkeit u. dergl.) ableiten, da es ein eindeutiges Koagulationsmass nicht gibt. Relativ einfache Gesetze sind nur für die zeitliche Veränderlichkeit der Anzahlen der Teilchen (oder Aggregate verschiedener Kategorien) zu erwarten. II. Als Grundlage einer mathematischen Koagulationstheorie wird angenommen, dass nach Versetzung einer kolloiden Lösung mit einem Elektrolyten gewisse, die Teilchen umgebende Anziehungsbereiche in Wirkung treten, dass aber die Brownsche Bewegung eines jeden Teilchens unverändert vor sich geht, solange dasselbe sich nicht im Anziehungsbereich eines anderen befindet. Die Art und Grösse jener Anziehungsbereiehe hängt in einer erst näher festzustellenden Weise mit der Elektrolytkonzentration und der dadurch bewirkten Änderung der elektrischen Doppelschicht zusammen. III. Für den Grenzfall "rascher" Koagulation, infolge relativ grossen Elektrolytzusatzes, kann· man annehmen, dass ein jedes Teilchen, sobald sein Mittelpunkt in den Anziehungsbereich eines anderen tritt, für immer mit demselben vereinigt bleibt. Unter Voraussetzung kugelförmiger Anziehungsbereiche und gewisser die Rechnung vereinfachender Annahmen lassen sich damit für die Anzahlen der Teilchenkomplexe bestimmter Art, welche sich aus einem ursprünglich gleichförmigen Kolloid in der Zeit t gebildet haben, Formeln (23) und (24) ableiten, welche das einfachste Schema eines idealen Koagulationsverlaufes darstellen. Dieselben entsprechen in bezug auf die Abhitngigkeit vom Kolloidgehalt der bimolekularen Reaktionskinetik. IV. Diese Formeln stehen mit vorläufigen, von Zsigmondy an koagulierenden Goldlösungen ausgeführten Teilchenzählnngen in genügender Übereinstimmung; es folgt aus ihnen, dass die Grössenordnung der Änziehungssphäre in jenen Fällen ungefähr dem Teilchendurchmesser entspricht, d. h. dass die Teilchen sich beinahe berühren müssen, damit merkliche Anziehung eintrete. V. Durch Einführung der Annahme, dass von den Zusammenstössen der Teilchen nur ein gewisser konstanter Bruchteil eta zur Vereinigung führt, lässt sich obige Koagulationstheorie erweitern, so dass sie auch als einfachstes Schema der langsamen, bei geringem Elektrolytzusatz stattfindenden Koagulation dienen kann. VI. Von diesem Standpunkt aus lassen sich sowohl die Messungen H. Paines, wie auch jene, welche J. Gann bei Verwendung einwertiger anorganischer Koagulatoren angestellt hat, in vollkommen befriedigender Weise interpretieren. Insbesondere erweisen sich die beiden, auf die Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration des Kolloids und des Koagulators bezüglichen Ähnlichkeitsgesetze als gültig. Die bei Verwendung mehrwertiger oder anorganischer Ionen auftretenden Anomalien dürften entweder auf einer Abhängigkeit des eta von der Teilchengrösse oder auf der Veränderung der Konzentration in folge Adsorption des Koagulators beruhen. VII. "Rasche" Koagulation und chemische Reaktionsprozesse bilden entgegengesetzte Extremfälle. Erstere ist ein reines Diffusionsphänomen, bei letzleren bewirkt eine noch unbekannte, mit der Wertigkeit zusammenhängende Ursache, dass nur ein ganz minimaler Teil der Molekularstösse zu chemischer Vereinigung führt.
RuO₂: a puzzle to be solved
(2023)
Altermagnetism is a topic that has lately been gaining attention and the RuO2 compound is among one of the most studied altermagnetic candidates. However, the survey of available literature on RuO2 properties suggests that there is no consensus about the magnetism of this material. By performing density functional theory calculations, we show that the electronic properties of stoichiometric RuO2 are described in terms of a smaller Hubbard U within DFT+U than the value required to have magnetism. We further argue that Ru vacancies can actually aid the formation of a magnetic state in RuO2. This in turn suggests that a characterization of the amount of Ru vacancies in experimental samples might help the resolution of the controversy between the different experimental results.
Binding energies and wave functions of inner-shell electronic states in superheavy quasimolecules with (Zp+Zt)α>1 are calculated. Ionization during a collision of very heavy ions is investigated within a molecular basis generated by the solutions of the two-center Dirac equation. Transitions to vacant bound states as well as direct excitation to the continuum are taken into account. We present theoretical values for the ionization probability as a function of impact parameter, bombarding energy, and combined nuclear charge. Our computed results are compared with recent experimental data. It is suggested that relativistic binding energies of electrons in superheavy quasimolecules can be determined experimentally via the impact-parameter dependence of ionization and the anisotropy of quasimolecular radiation.
We show that information about quasimolecular electronic binding energies in transient atomic systems of Z=Z1+Z2 up to 184 can be obtained from three sources: (1) the impact-parameter dependence of the ionization probability; (2) the ionization probability in head-on collisions as a function of total nuclear charge Z; (3) the delta-electron spectrum in coincidence with K-vacancy formation in asymmetric collisions. Experiments are proposed and discussed.
A careful investigation of different corrections to binding energies of electrons in almost critical fields is performed. We investigate quantitatively the influence of the nuclear charge parameters, nuclear mass, degree of ionization on the value of the critical charge of the nucleus. Rather qualitative arguments are given to establish the contribution of the quantumelectrodynamic corrections, which are found to be small. Some phenomenological modifications of QED are quantitatively investigated and found to be of negligible influence on the value of the critical field. For heavy ion collisions with Z1+Z2>Zcr the critical separations between ions are given as results of precise solutions of the relativistic two coulomb center problem. Corrections due to electron-electron interaction are considered. We find (with present theoretical accuracy) Zcr=173±2, in the heavy ion collisions Rcr(U-U) = 34.7±2 fm and Rcr (U-Cf)=47.7±2 fm. We shortly consider the possibility of spontaneous muon production in muonic supercritical fields.
Inner-shell ionization induced by nuclear Coulomb excitation in collisions of very heavy ions
(1978)
K- and L-shell ionization of 238U with Xe and U projectiles is investigated. Internal conversion following nuclear Coulomb excitation which is particularly important for deformed heavy nuclei is compared with direct ionization of inner-shell electrons in superheavy quasimolecules. Both processes exhibit different impact-parameter dependences. As a result of internal conversion, about 0.1-0.3 K holes per central collision are created.
In view of new high-precision experiments in atomic physics it seems necessary to reexamine nonlinear theories of electrodynamics. The precise calculation of electronic and muonic atomic energies has been used to determine the possible size of the upper limit Emax to the electric field strength, which has been assumed to be a parameter. This is opposed to Born's idea of a purely electromagnetic origin of the electron's mass which determines Emax. We find Emax≥1.7×1020 V/cm.