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The elliptic flow for Lambda hyperons and K0s mesons was measured by the NA49 experiment in semicentral Pb+Pb collisions at 158A GeV. The standard method of correlating particles with an event plane has been used. Measurements of v2 near mid-rapidity are reported as a function of centrality, rapidity and transverse momentum. Elliptic flow of Lambda and K0s particles increases both with the impact parameter and with the transverse momentum. It is compared with v2 for pions and protons as well as with various model predictions. The NA49 results are compared with data from NA45/CERES and STAR experiments.
Im HADES-Detektorsystem werden Vieldraht-Driftkammern zur Spurrekonstruktion verwendet. Für eine genaue Untersuchung des Driftzeitverhaltens innerhalb der Driftzellen wird ein ortsempfindliches Referenzdetektorsystem benötigt. Hierfür wurden Silizium-Mikrostreifen-Detektoren mit einer Ortsauflösung im Bereich kleiner als 10 mikrom eingesetzt. Diese wurden zu einem Strahlteleskop zusammengebaut, mit dem die Teilchentrajektorie zwischen zwei Referenz-Meßunkten bestimmt werden kann. Probleme bereitete die Vielfachstreuung in den einzelnen Komponenten des Teleskop-Aufbaus, die den geradlinigen Teilchendurchgang zwischen den beiden Ortsmessungen beeinflußte. Dies wurde durch Messung mit Teilchen höherer Steifigkeit ausgeglichen. Die Silizium-mü-Streifen-Detektoren zeigten ein gutes Signal-zu-Untergrund Verhalten und wiesen eine sehr gute Effizienz auf. Die Bestimmung des Teilchendurchgangsortes durch den Driftkammer-Prototyp 0 ermöglichte die Messung der Driftgeschwindigkeit. Auch das Driftzeitverhalten in Abhängigkeit vom Ort des Teilchendurchgangs konnte genau untersucht werden.
The electron-positron pairs observed in heavy-ion collisions at Gesellschaft für Schwerionen-forschung Darmstadt mbH have been interpreted as the decay products of yet unknown particles with masses around 1.8 MeV. The negative results of resonant Bhabha scattering experiments, however, do not support such an interpretation. Therefore we focus on a more complex decay scenario, where the e+e- lines result from a two-collision process. We discuss the induced decay of a metastable 1++ state into e+e- pairs. For most realizations of a 1++ state such a decay in leading order can only take place in the Coulomb field of a target atom. This fact has the attractive consequence that for such a state the Bhabha bounds are no longer valid. However, the absolute value of the e+e- production cross section turns out to be unacceptably small.
Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons (SMASH) is a new hadronic transport approach designed to describe the non-equilibrium evolution of heavy-ion collisions. The production of strange particles in such systems is enhanced compared to elementary reactions (Blume and Markert 2011), providing an interesting signal to study. Two different strangeness production mechanisms are discussed: one based on resonances and another using forced canonical thermalization. Comparisons to experimental data from elementary collisions are shown.
We present results on hadronic resonance production in high energy nuclear collisions from the UrQMD hybrid model. In particular we are interested in the effect of the final hadronic stage on the properties of resonances observable at RHIC and LHC experiments. We investigate weather these observable properties can be used to pinpoint the transition energy density from the QGP phase to the hadronic phase.
We apply a coupled transport-hydrodynamics model to discuss the production of multi-strange meta-stable objects in Pb + Pb reactions at the FAIR facility. In addition to making predictions for yields of these particles we are able to calculate particle dependent rapidity and momentum distributions. We argue that the FAIR energy regime is the optimal place to search for multi-strange baryonic object (due to the high baryon density, favoring a distillation of strangeness). Additionally, we show results for strangeness and baryon density fluctuations. Using the UrQMD model we calculate the strangeness separation in phase space which might lead to an enhanced production of MEMOs compared to models that assume global thermalization.
Results on proton and Λ flow, calculated with the UrQMD model that incorporates different realistic density dependent equations of state, are presented. It is shown that the proton and hyperon flow shows sensitivity to the equation of state and especially to the appearance of a phase transition at densities below 4n0. Even though qualitatively hyperons and protons exhibit the same beam energy dependence of the flow, the quantitative results are different. In this context it is suggested that the hyperon measurements can be used to study the density dependence of the hyperon interaction in high density QCD matter.
The coordinate and momentum space configurations of the net baryon number in heavy ion collisions that undergo spinodal decomposition, due to a first-order phase transition, are investigated using state-of-the-art machine-learning methods. Coordinate space clumping, which appears in the spinodal decomposition, leaves strong characteristic imprints on the spatial net density distribution in nearly every event which can be detected by modern machine learning techniques. On the other hand, the corresponding features in the momentum distributions cannot clearly be detected, by the same machine learning methods, in individual events. Only a small subset of events can be systematically differ- entiated if only the momentum space information is available. This is due to the strong similarity of the two event classes, with and without spinodal decomposition. In such sce- narios, conventional event-averaged observables like the baryon number cumulants signal a spinodal non-equilibrium phase transition. Indeed the third-order cumulant, the skewness, does exhibit a peak at the beam energy (Elab = 3–4 A GeV), where the transient hot and dense system created in the heavy ion collision reaches the first-order phase transition.
We show how repulsive interactions of deconfined quarks as well as confined hadrons have an influence on the baryon number susceptibilities and the curvature of the chiral pseudo-critical line in effective models of QCD. We discuss implications and constraints for the vector interaction strength from comparisons to lattice QCD and comment on earlier constraints, extracted from the curvature of the transition line of QCD and compact star observables. Our results clearly point to a strong vector repulsion in the hadronic phase and near-zero repulsion in the deconfined phase.
We study the correlation between the distributions of the net-charge, net-kaon, net-baryon and net-proton number at hadronization and after the final hadronic decoupling by simulating ultra relativistic heavy ion collisions with the hybrid version of the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model. We find that due to the hadronic rescattering these distributions are not strongly correlated. The calculated change of the correlation, during the hadronic expansion stage, does not support the recent paradigm, namely that the measured final moments of the experimentally observed distributions do give directly the values of those distributions at earlier times, when the system had been closer to the QCD crossover.
The effect of nuclear interactions on measurable net-proton number fluctuations in heavy ion collisions at the SIS18/GSI accelerator is investigated. The state of the art UrQMD model including interaction potentials is employed. It is found that the nuclear forces enhance the baryon number cumulants, as predicted from grand canonical thermodynamical models. The effect however is smeared out for proton number fluctuations due to iso-spin randomization and global baryon number conservation, which decreases the cumulant ratios. For a rapidity acceptance window larger than Δy > 0.4 the effects of global baryon number conservation dominate and all cumulant ratios are significantly smaller than 1.
The aim of this work is to develop an effective equation of state for QCD, having the correct asymptotic degrees of freedom, to be used as input for dynamical studies of heavy ion collisions. We present an approach for modeling an EoS that respects the symmetries underlying QCD, and includes the correct asymptotic degrees of freedom, i.e. quarks and gluons at high temperature and hadrons in the low-temperature limit. We achieve this by including quarks degrees of freedom and the thermal contribution of the Polyakov loop in a hadronic chiral sigma-omega model. The hadronic part of the model is a nonlinear realization of an sigma-omega model. As the fundamental symmetries of QCD should also be present in its hadronic states such an approach is widely used to describe hadron properties below and around Tc. The quarks are introduced as thermal quasi particles, coupling to the Polyakov loop, while the dynamics of the Polyakov loop are controlled by a potential term which is fitted to reproduce pure gauge lattice data. In this model the sigma field serves a the order parameter for chiral restoration and the Polyakov loop as order parameter for deconfinement. The hadrons are suppressed at high densities by excluded volume corrections. As a next step, we introduce our new HQ model equation of state in a microscopic+macroscopic hybrid approach to heavy ion collisions. This hybrid approach is based on the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport approach with an intermediate hydrodynamical evolution for the hot and dense stage of the collision. The present implementation allows to compare pure microscopic transport calculations with hydrodynamic calculations using exactly the same initial conditions and freeze-out procedure. The effects of the change in the underlying dynamics - ideal fluid dynamics vs. non-equilibrium transport theory - are explored. The final pion and proton multiplicities are lower in the hybrid model calculation due to the isentropic hydrodynamic expansion while the yields for strange particles are enhanced due to the local equilibrium in the hydrodynamic evolution. The elliptic and directed flow are shown to be not sensitive to changes in the EoS while the smaller mean free path in the hydrodynamic evolution reflects directly in higher flow results which are consistent with the experimental data. This finding indicates qualitatively that physical mechanisms like viscosity and other non equilibrium effects play an essentially more important role than the EoS when bulk observables like flow are investigated. In the last chapter, results for the thermal production of MEMOs in nucleus-nucleus collisions from a combined micro+macro approach are presented. Multiplicities, rapidity and transverse momentum spectra are predicted for Pb+Pb interaction at different beam energies. The presented excitation functions for various MEMO multiplicities show a clear maximum at the upper FAIR energy regime making this facility the ideal place to study the production of these exotic forms of multistrange objects.
We discuss the effects of the final hadronic state, in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions, on hadronic resonance properties and measurable production rates. In particular we will compare our results with recent ALICE data on resonance production. We show that the hadronic phase of the system evolution has a considerable impact on the measured resonance ratios and pT spectra. We also discuss some of the remaining uncertainties in the model and how they may be addressed in future studies.
Spinodal crumbling
(2013)
Extending a previously developed two-phase equation of state, we simulate head-on relativistic lead-lead collisions with fluid dynamics, augmented with a finite-range term, and study the effects of the phase structure on the evolution of the baryon density. For collision energies that bring the bulk of the system into the mechanically unstable spinodal region of the phase diagram, the density irregularities are being amplified significantly. We also present results for the associated clump size distribution.
In this talk we discuss the effects of the hadronic rescattering on final state observables in high energy nuclear collisions. We do so by employing the UrQMD transport model for a realistic description of the hadronic decoupling process. The rescattering of hadrons modifies every hadronic bulk observable. For example apparent multiplicity of resonances is suppressed as compared to a chemical equilibrium freeze-out model. Stable and unstable particles change their momentum distribution by more than 30% through rescattering. The hadronic rescattering also leads to a substantial decorrelation of the conserved charge distributions. These findings show that it is all but trivial to conclude from the final state observables on the properties of the system at an earlier time where it may have been in or close to local equilibrium.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Zn-Mg-SE-Legierungen (SE = Y, Ho, Er, Dy, Tb, Gd), um Informationen über Struktur, Stabilisierung und physikalische Eigenschaften der quasikristallinen Phasen dieses Systems zu erhalten. Die Quasikristalle dieses Systems unterscheiden sich von Quasikristallen anderer Legierungen, die meist Al als Hauptkomponente enthalten. Es konnten bis zu 275 mm3 große Einkristalle der flächenzentriert ikosaedrischen Phase in den Systemen Zn-Mg-Y und Zn-Mg-Ho gezüchtet werden. Außerdem wurden MgZn2- und hexagonale A-Zn70Mg14Y16-Einkristalle hergestellt, deren Existenzbereiche im Phasendiagramm benachbart zu dem der ikosaedrischen Phase liegen. Um polykristalline Proben herzustellen, die unterschiedliche quasikristalline oder verwandte Strukturen als Hauptphase enthalten, wurden verschiedene Herstellungsverfahren getestet und verwendet. So konnte zum Beispiel erstmalig eine Probe hergestellt werden, die dekagonales ZnMgY als Hauptphase enthält. Zudem wurde eine neue kubische (R-Phase) bzw. hexagonale (M-Phase) und eine neue hochgeordnete primitiv ikosaedrische Phase im System Zn-Mg-Er entdeckt, synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Bei Untersuchungen dieser selbst gefertigten Proben konnten Erkenntnisse über magnetische Eigenschaften, elastische Konstanten, optische Leitfähigkeit, Leerstellenverteilung, Oberflächenbeschaffenheit, Diffusionsmechanismen und die Erstarrungsgeschichte der flächenzentriert ikosaedrischen Zn-Mg-SE-Quasikristalle gewonnen werden. Durch vergleichende Messungen an kristallinen Zn-Mg-SE-Legierungen lassen sich die für Quasikristalle spezifischen Effekte identifizieren. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergestellten und charakterisierten Proben sind aktuell Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen. Mit Hilfe von Beugungsexperimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die kubische R-Phase strukturell nahe mit der ikosaedrischen Phase im System Zn-Mg-SE verwandt ist. Die R- Phase ist bei Raumtemperatur nicht stabil und bildet die rhomboedrische M-Phase. Es konnte ein Strukturmodell für die R-Phase entwickelt werden, in dem keine ikosaedrischen Cluster als Strukturelement verwirklicht sind. Auch in der hexagonalen A-Phase konnten solche Strukturelemente nicht gefunden werden. Die Resultate dieser Arbeit legen nahe, dass die Struktur der Zn-Mg-SE-Quasikristalle, im Gegensatz zu Quasikristallen anderer Systeme, nicht auf großen ikosaedrischen Clustern basiert. Damit ist gezeigt, dass große ikosaedrische Cluster zur Bildung von Quasikristallen nicht notwendig sind. Messungen an den Proben zeigen, dass sich dadurch auch einige der physikalischen Eigenschaften, zum Beispiel die optische Leitfähigkeit, von Quasikristallen mit Clustern unterscheiden. Keine Unterschiede konnten beim Diffusionsverhalten und bei mechanischen Eigenschaften festgestellt werden. Hier gleichen die Zn-Mg-SE-Quasikristalle anderen strukturell komplexen Legierungen oder Quasikristallen anderer Legierungssysteme.
Time resolved measurements of the biased disk effect at an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source
(1999)
First results are reported from time resolved measurements of ion currents extracted from the Frankfurt 14 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source with pulsed biased-disk voltage. It was found that the ion currents react promptly to changes of the bias. From the experimental results it is concluded that the biased disk effect is mainly due to improvements of the extraction conditions for the source and/or an enhanced transport of ions into the extraction area. By pulsing the disk voltage, short current pulses of highly charged ions can be generated with amplitudes significantly higher than the currents obtained in continuous mode.
We investigate the phase structure of strongly interacting matter at non-vanishing isospin before the onset of pion condensation in the framework of the unquenched Polyakov–Quark-Meson model with 2+1 quark flavors. We show results for the order parameters and all relevant thermodynamic quantities. In particular, we obtain a moderate change of the pressure with isospin at vanishing baryon chemical potential, whereas the chiral condensate decreases more appreciably. We compare the effective model to recent lattice data for the decrease of the pseudo-critical temperature with the isospin chemical potential. We also demonstrate the major role played by the value of the pion mass in the curvature of the transition line, and the need for lattice results with a physical pion mass. Limitations of the model at nonzero chemical potential are also discussed.