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Four different structural models, which all fit the same X-ray powder pattern, were obtained in the structure determination of 4,11-difluoroquinacridone (C20H10N2O2F2) from unindexed X-ray powder data by a global fit. The models differ in their lattice parameters, space groups, Z, Z′, molecular packing and hydrogen bond patterns. The molecules form a criss-cross pattern in models A and B, a layer structure built from chains in model C and a criss-cross arrangement of dimers in model D. Nevertheless, all models give a good Rietveld fit to the experimental powder pattern with acceptable R-values. All molecular geometries are reliable, except for model D, which is slightly distorted. All structures are crystallochemically plausible, concerning density, hydrogen bonds, intermolecular distances etc. All models passed the checkCIF test without major problems; only in model A a missed symmetry was detected. All structures could have probably been published, although 3 of the 4 structures were wrong. The investigation, which of the four structures is actually the correct one, was challenging. Six methods were used: (1) Rietveld refinements, (2) fit of the crystal structures to the pair distribution function (PDF) including the refinement of lattice parameters and atomic coordinates, (3) evaluation of the colour, (4) lattice-energy minimizations with force fields, (5) lattice-energy minimizations by two dispersion-corrected density functional theory methods, and (6) multinuclear CPMAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 19F) including the comparison of calculated and experimental chemical shifts. All in all, model B (perhaps with some disorder) can probably be considered to be the correct one. This work shows that a structure determination from limited-quality powder data may result in totally different structural models, which all may be correct or wrong, even if they are chemically sensible and give a good Rietveld refinement. Additionally, the work is an excellent example that the refinement of an organic crystal structure can be successfully performed by a fit to the PDF, and the combination of computed and experimental solid-state NMR chemical shifts can provide further information for the selection of the most reliable structure among several possibilities.
Emissions of the potent greenhouse gas perfluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8, PFC-318, octafluorocyclobutane) into the global atmosphere inferred from atmospheric measurements have been increasing sharply since the early 2000s. We find that these inferred emissions are highly correlated with the production of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22, CHClF2) for feedstock (FS) uses, because almost all HCFC-22 FS is pyrolyzed to produce (poly)tetrafluoroethylene ((P)TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP), a process in which c-C4F8 is a known by-product, causing a significant fraction of global c-C4F8 emissions. We find a global emission factor of ∼0.003 kg c-C4F8 per kilogram of HCFC-22 FS pyrolyzed. Mitigation of these c-C4F8 emissions, e.g., through process optimization, abatement, or different manufacturing processes, such as refined methods of electrochemical fluorination and waste recycling, could reduce the climate impact of this industry. While it has been shown that c-C4F8 emissions from developing countries dominate global emissions, more atmospheric measurements and/or detailed process statistics are needed to quantify c-C4F8 emissions at country to facility levels.
The evolution of cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) over recent decades has made it a widely used system for expressing membrane proteins (MPs). Unlike traditional methods, CFPS allows direct and translocon-independent expression of MPs within lipid membranes, such as liposomes or nanodiscs (NDs), without the need for detergent solubilization. This open nature of CF systems enables customization of the experimental environment, including expression conditions, choice of nanoparticles (NPs), lipid composition, and addition of stabilizing molecules.
Membrane scaffold protein (MSP)-based NDs emerged as a gold standard for cotranslational solubilization of MPs using the CF-system. This approach allowed not only biochemical characterization, but also structural studies of MPs and even GPCRs. However, to solubilize MPs inside nanoparticles via the traditional reconstitution route, apart from MSPs other scaffolds were successfully implemented, e.g. the saposin A (commercially known as Salipro) scaffold system or the synthetic styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs). In this study the potential of saposin A-based nanoparticles (SapNPs) was explored for cotranslational MP solubilization.
Three strategies for applying SapNPs in CF systems were investigated: preassembly, (i) coassembly (ii), and coexpression (iii). (i) Preassembly involved forming SapNPs before CF expression and adding them to the CF reaction. In coassembly mode SapA and lipids were mixed in the CF reaction for spontaneous assembly with the synthesized MP. In coexpression mode lipids were added to the CF reaction while coexpressing SapA with the MP target. Proteorhodopsin (PR) served as a model protein to evaluate these strategies due to its ability to oligomerize and straightforward quantification using the cofactor retinal. Preassembled SapNPs provided homogeneous, aggregate-free particles yielding up to 200 µM solubilized PR inside in the CF reaction. Coassembly was also successfully applied to produce PR/SapNP complexes at slightly lower yields, however the system was prone to produce soluble aggregates at too high PR template concentrations and overall needed more adjustments. Coexpression resulted in PR yields below 20 µM and was not considered viable for MP production. Finally, the preassembled SapNPs were used to produce functional G-protein coupled receptor probes. Despite lower overall performance compared to MSP-based systems, SapNPs showed potential as an alternative in CF systems for specific MPs.
The second optimization approach was directed at the CF lysate itself. CF synthesis for NMR analysis benefits from selective labeling schemes enabled by truncated amino acid (AA) metabolic pathways in lysates, reducing spectral ambiguity. However, residual enzymatic AA conversions persist, leading to label dilution and ambiguous NMR spectra. This study aimed to eliminate these residual activities in the E. coli A19 strain, generating optimized CF lysates for NMR applications.
The approach involved cumulative gene deletions of the most problematic scrambling enzymes. The new strain, “Stablelabel,” included deletions and modifications in genes asnA, ansA, ansB, glnA, aspC, and ilvE, effectively eliminating background activities of L-Asn, L-Asp, and conversions of L-Glu to L-Asp and L-Gln. However, residual conversion of L-Gln to L-Glu persisted due to glutaminase activity of several glutaminases using the inhibitor 6 diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON). Stablelabel showed a slightly slower growth than A19, and an overall good performance with 2.7 mg/mL GFP expressed in the reaction mixture (RM) compared to the parental A19 strain with 3.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, the strain was successfully applied to demonstrate methyl group labeling of MPs using preconverted L-val and L-leu from their respective precursors 2-ketoisovalerate and 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate.
In this study, lipid nanoparticle particle-and strain engineering vividly demonstrated the potential of CFPS systems and their versatility. While the SapNP system requires further engineering to potentially reach the efficiency of the well-studied MSP NDs, this study provides an example of nanoparticle characterization allowing new insights into NP behavior in CF systems. Furthermore, it was shown that strain engineering is a straightforward solution to tailor CF lysates to the individual requirements. After this thesis was submitted, Stablelabel in fact was successfully applied for backbone assignment of casein kinase 1, thereby demonstrating its suitability to express complex targets for NMR studies.
The archaeal ATP synthase is a multisubunit complex that consists of a catalytic A(1) part and a transmembrane, ion translocation domain A(0). The A(1)A(0) complex from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus was isolated. Mass analysis of the complex by laser-induced liquid bead ion desorption (LILBID) indicated a size of 730 +/- 10 kDa. A three-dimensional map was generated by electron microscopy from negatively stained images. The map at a resolution of 2.3 nm shows the A(1) and A(0) domain, connected by a central stalk and two peripheral stalks, one of which is connected to A(0), and both connected to A(1) via prominent knobs. X-ray structures of subunits from related proteins were fitted to the map. On the basis of the fitting and the LILBID analysis, a structural model is presented with the stoichiometry A(3)B(3)CDE(2)FH(2)ac(10).
A plethora of modified nucleotides extends the chemical and conformational space for natural occurring RNAs. tRNAs constitute the class of RNAs with the highest modification rate. The extensive modification modulates their overall stability, the fidelity and efficiency of translation. However, the impact of nucleotide modifications on the local structural dynamics is not well characterized. Here we show that the incorporation of the modified nucleotides in tRNAfMet from Escherichia coli leads to an increase in the local conformational dynamics, ultimately resulting in the stabilization of the overall tertiary structure. Through analysis of the local dynamics by NMR spectroscopic methods we find that, although the overall thermal stability of the tRNA is higher for the modified molecule, the conformational fluctuations on the local level are increased in comparison to an unmodified tRNA. In consequence, the melting of individual base pairs in the unmodified tRNA is determined by high entropic penalties compared to the modified. Further, we find that the modifications lead to a stabilization of long-range interactions harmonizing the stability of the tRNA’s secondary and tertiary structure. Our results demonstrate that the increase in chemical space through introduction of modifications enables the population of otherwise inaccessible conformational substates.
Fluorescence microscopy has significantly impacted our understanding of cell biology. The extension of diffraction-unlimited super-resolution microscopy opened an observation window that allows for the scrutiny of cellular organization at a molecular level. The non-invasive nature of visible light in super-resolution microscopy methods renders them suitable for observations in living cells and organisms. Building upon these advancements, a promising synergy between super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and deep learning becomes evident, extending the capabilities of the imaging methods. Tasks such as image modality translation, restoration, single-molecule fitting, virtual labeling, spectral demixing, and molecular counting, are enabled with high precision. The techniques explored in this thesis address three critical facets in advanced microscopy, namely the reduction in image acquisition time, saving photon budget during measurement, and increasing the multiplexing capability. Furthermore, descriptors of protein distributions and their motion on cell membranes were developed.
Die Verwendung von Photoschaltern zur gezielten Kontrolle von Systemen birgt ein hohes Potential hinsichtlich biologischer Fragestellungen, bis hin zu optoelektronischen Anwendungen. Infolge einer Photoanregung kommt es zu Geometrieänderungen, die einen erheblichen Einfluss auf ihr photophysikalisches Verhalten haben. Die Änderungen der photochemischen, wie photophysikalischen Eigenschaften, beruht entweder auf der Isomerisierung von Doppelbindungen oder auf perizyklischen Reaktionen. Durch sorgfältige Modifikationen, wie beispielsweise die Änderung der Konjugation durch unterschiedlich große π-Elektronensysteme, der Molekülgeometrie oder der Veränderung des Dipolmoments, lassen sich intrinsische Funktionen variieren.
Die Kombination dieser Eigenschaften stellt eine komplexe Herausforderung dar, da diese Änderungen einen direkten Einfluss auf wichtige Charakteristika wie die Adressierbarkeit, die Effizienz und die Stabilität der Moleküle haben. Darüber hinaus spielt die thermische Stabilität eine erhebliche Rolle im Hinblick auf die Speicherung von Energie oder Informationen für Anwendungsbereiche in der Energiegewinnung und Datenverarbeitung.
Für die Anwendung solcher photochromen Moleküle ist hinsichtlich der oben genannten Eigenschaften auch das Wissen über den photoinduzierten Reaktionsmechanismus unabdingbar.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss auf die Isomerisierungsdynamik organischer Photoschalter durch unterschiedliche Modifikationen mittels stationärer und zeitaufgelöster Spektroskopie untersucht. Im Bereich der Merocyanine konnte ein Derivat vorgestellt werden, das ausschließlich zwischen zwei MC-Formen (trans/cis) isomerisiert. Die interne Methylierung am Phenolatsauerstoff der Chromeneinheit verhindert die Ringschlussreaktion zum SP und somit seinen zwitterionischen Charakter. Die stabilen Grundzustandsisomere TTT und CCT weisen durch den Methylsubstituenten eine hypsochrome Verschiebung ihrer Absorptionsmaxima auf, während TTT das thermodynamisch stabilste Isomer darstellt. Das MeMC wies eine erstaunlich hohe Effizienz seiner Schaltamplituden, insbesondere der TTT → CCT Photoisomerisierung auf, sowie eine überaus hohe Quantenausbeute.
Das MeMC wies zudem eine signifikante Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit auf, die sich insbesondere in der Photostabilität bemerkbar macht. Während das MeMC in MeCN und EtOH photodegradiert, konnte in EtOH/H2O eine konstante Reliabilität festgestellt werden. Diese Zuverlässigkeit impliziert nicht nur eine Stabilisierung durch das Wasser, sondern auch eine Resistenz gegenüber Hydrolysereaktionen. Darüber hinaus konnten kinetische Studien eine hohe thermische Rückkonversion von CCT zu TTT bei Raumtemperatur nachweisen, womit auf schädliche UV-Bestrahlung verzichtet werden könnte.
Die Untersuchung der Kurzzeitdynamiken beider Grundzustandsisomere gab Aufschluss über die Beteiligung anderer möglicher MC-Intermediate und den Einfluss der Methylgruppe auf das System. Mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen konnte eine erste Initiierung um die zentrale Doppelbindung beider Isomere bestimmt werden, die jeweils zu einem heißen Grundzustandsintermediat führt, bis nach einer zweiten Isomerisierung der endgültige Grundzustand der Photoprodukte populiert wird. Dies bedeutet, dass die trans/cis-Isomerisierung über TTT-TCT-CCT und die Rückkonversion über CCT-CTT-TTT erfolgt.
Im Bereich der Hydrazon-Photoschalter konnten unterschiedlich substituierte Derivate mittels statischer und zeitaufgelösten UV/Vis-Studien untersucht werden. Da ESIPT Prozesse eine wichtige Funktion bei der Kontrolle von biologischen Systemen spielen, wurden verschiedene Hydrazonderivate hinsichtlich ihrer Reaktionsmechanismen untersucht. Als Rotoreinheit diente zum einen eine Benzothiazolkomponente, die die interne H-Bindung des angeregten Z-Hydrazons schwächen sollte und zum anderen wurde ein Chinolinsubstituent eingesetzt, der als Elektronenakzeptor diente und den H-Transfer begünstigt. Der Einsatz der Benzothiazolkomponente bewirkte die gewünschte Vergrößerung der bathochromen Verschiebung des E-Isomers, sowie eine deutliche Erhöhung der thermischen Stabilität des metastabilen
Zustands. Dies bestätigten die zeitaufgelösten Studien der Z zu E Isomerisierung, bei denen die Isomere im Vergleich zum Chinolinhydrazonderivat, in beiden ausgewählten Lösungsmitteln metastabile Z-Intermediate zeigten und eine Lebenszeit bis in den µs-Zeitbereich aufwiesen. Die Rückreaktion beider Derivate (HCN) und (HBN) hingegen zeigte eine barrierelose Umwandlung in die beteiligten Photoprodukte. Trotz der Verwendung des Chinolinsubstituenten zusammen mit Naphthalin als Rotoreinheit (HCN), konnte kein ESIPT Prozess beobachtet werden. HCB mit einer Kombination aus einem Chinolinrotor und eines Benzothiazolsubstituenten, wies eine Hydrazon-Azobenzol-Tautomerie auf, die ein prototropes Gleichgewicht zwischen dem E-Hydrazon und der E-Azobenzolform (E-AB) ausbildete. Die Reaktionsdynamiken des Z-Hydrazons zum E-AB wiesen eine ultraschnelle Bildung des Photoproduktes auf, während die Rückreaktion über einen ESIPT im sub-ps-Bereich erfolgte. Dieser H-Transfer hat die Bildung des angeregten E-Hydrazons zur Folge. Interessanterweise wurde kein Rückprotonentransfer nachgewiesen, sondern die mögliche Formation eines Z-AB gefunden. Damit unterscheidet sich dieser Reaktionsmechanismus erheblich von den typischen ESIPT Prozessen, die normalerweise zu ihrem Ausgangsmolekül zurückrelaxieren. Des Weiteren konnte ein Pyridinoxid und Benzoylpyridin-substituiertes Hydrazon charakterisiert werden, bei denen die stationären Studien kein Schaltverhalten, sondern Photodegradation aufwiesen. Die zeitaufgelösten Daten ergaben ebenfalls keine Photoproduktbildung, was die These der Photozersetzung unterstützt. Die Verwendung von zusätzlich substituierten Rotoreinheiten, wie beispielsweise Pyridinoxid und Benzoylpyridin, die aufgrund fehlender Protonenakzeptormöglichkeit keine interne H-Bindung ausbilden, erlaubt keine Bildung des Z-Hydrazon Isomers.
Optimierung der Synthese eines neuen photolabil geschützten Nitroxid-Spin-Labels für RNA und DNA
(2023)
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte, ausgehend von den günstigen Ausgangsverbindungen Desoxyadenosin und Phthalsäureanhydrid, ein neues photolabil geschütztes Nukleotid 1 und sein Dummypartner 2 synthetisiert werden. Positiv zu bemerken ist, dass einige Schritte im Vergleich zu ähnlichen literaturbekannten Reaktionen in Einfachheit, Reinheit oder Ausbeute verbessert wurden. So konnte die Ausbeute der wichtigen Umwandlung des Amins 46 zum Iodid 47 durch den Ersatz des vorherigen DCM/DIM Gemisches durch reines DIM von 15 % auf akzeptable 50 % erhöht werden, was nicht nur Zeit, sondern auch zukünftige Chemikalienmengen einspart. Nicht nur hierbei, sondern auch bei der Nitrierung zu 61 oder auch der Oxidierung zu 63 war es von äußerster Wichtigkeit eine korrekte Temperaturkontrolle durchzuführen, da es sonst zu hohen Ausbeuteverlusten durch ungewollte Nebenreaktionen kommen konnte. Eine sehr interessante Beobachtung war die Kontrolle der Suzuki Miyaura-Kreuzkupplung durch die Anwendung verschieden starker Basen. Während schwache Basen wie KOAc nur zur Miyaura-Borilierung führten, begünstigten starke Basen wie K3PO4 die Suzuki Miyaura-Kreuzkupplung. Die Zusammenführung des Zucker Bausteins 36 und des Isoindolin-Bausteins 37 funktionierte sehr gut, sodass das Nukleotid 1 durch die Schützung der exozyklischen Amingruppe und Phosphorylierung des 3´-OH dargestellt werden konnte.
Die Synthese der 14mer DNA bzw. RNA Sequenzen mit den neuen Nukleotiden 1 und 2 funktionierten mit zufriedenstellenden Ausbeuten, nur die Abspaltung der Pac-Gruppe benötigte etwas harschere Bedingungen von 50 °C in 32 % Ammoniak über Nacht. Die photolabile Schutzgruppe in Strang (V) mDNA-Tetramethyl konnte nun abgespalten und das Nitroxid an Luft reoxidiert werden. Anhand von EPR-Spektren und einer HPLC Analyse ergab sich jedoch eine Abspalteffizienz von nur 70 %. Dies bedeutet, dass für künftige PELDOR Messungen eine Aufreinigung des Spaltgemisches zur Isolierung des Radikal-Strangs von Nöten ist.
Anhand des Schmelzpunkts der verschiedenen Duplexe wurde anschließend die mögliche Anwendung des Nukleotids weiter analysiert. Hierbei stellte sich heraus, dass der Benzolring sowohl in 2 als auch in 1 eine erhebliche Destabilisierung des Duplex erzeugte. Somit ist das neue photolabil geschützte Nukleotid als EPR Sonde in der Mitte von Sequenzen nur bedingt geeignet. Zukünftige Experimente könnten das neue Spin Label nicht in der Mitte, sondern an den Enden der Sequenzen ähnlich anderer Arbeiten[92,94,164] einbauen, wo die Destabilisierung eine geringere Auswirkung hat, oder die Sequenz für eine bessere Stabilisierung verlängern.[164] Bei ausreichenden Duplexstabilitäten könnten hiermit dann PELDOR Messungen durchgeführt werden. Ähnlich starre, sterisch anspruchsvolle Nukleotide zeigten auch ähnliche Schmelzpunkte für ihre Duplexe[120], dennoch wurden sie für weitere Markierungsexperimente verwendet. Hierbei handelte es sich jedoch nicht um EPR Sonden, sondern um Fluoreszenzmarker. Da auch das neue Spin-Label 1 ein großes π-System besitzt, könnte eine komplett neue Herangehensweise die Anwendung als Fluoreszenzmarker sein. Genaue Absorptionsmessungen müssten noch durchgeführt werden, jedoch zeigte das Spin Label sehr stark fluoreszierende Eigenschaften unter der UV-Lampe während der Säulenchromatographie. Hierbei würde die Synthese um einiges kürzer ausfallen, da das EPR-aktive Nitroxid nicht mehr benötigt wird und geschützt werden muss, was Zeit und Chemikalien spart.
Zusammenfassend wurde über eine 22-stufige Synthese ein neues photolabil geschütztes Spin-Label synthetisiert, in ein 14mer integriert, erfolgreich entschützt und mittels EPR-Spektroskopie vermessen. Schmelzpunktmessungen zeigten jedoch eine große Destabilisierung und deuten darauf hin, dass 1 und Nukleotide mit ähnlich Benzolringen nur eingeschränkt als EPR-aktive Nukleotide geeignet sind.
Thermally stable and highly conductive SAMs on Ag substrate — the impact of the anchoring group
(2021)
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on metal substrates are an important part of modern interfacial chemistry and nanotechnology. The robustness of SAMs strongly depends on their thermal stability, which, together with electric conductivity, crucial for their applications in molecular/organic electronics. In this context, using a multidisciplinary approach, the structure, stability, and conductivity properties of conjugated aromatic SAMs featuring the naphthalene backbone and S, Se, or COO group, mediating bonding to the Ag substrate are addressed. Whereas thermal stability of these SAMs exhibits a strong dependence on anchoring group, their conductivity is similar, which is rationalized by tentative model considering redistribution of charge density along the molecular framework. The thermal stability of model naphthalenethiol SAM, emphasized by desorption energy of ≈1.69 eV, is better than that of typical N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) monolayers considered currently as the most stable SAMs on metal substrates. However, in contrast to NHC SAMs, which are highly insulating, the naphtalene-based SAM, with S, Se or COO anchoring groups, are highly conductive, even in comparison with analogous oligophenyl SAMs (by a factor of 10). A unique combination of the ultimate thermal stability and superior conductivity for the naphthalenethiol SAM on Ag makes it highly attractive for applications.
Chemieunterricht in der Schule wird von Schülerinnen und Schülern in weiten Bereichen als schwer verstehbar, für das Alltagsleben als unnütz und wenig motivierend erlebt. Dies hat zur Folge, dass der Chemieunterricht von einer großen Zahl Lernender in der Oberstufe abgewählt wird. Dabei wird bewusst die Bedeutung der Chemie für die Industriegesellschaft ignoriert und die Konsequenz des Nachwuchsmangels nicht ernst genommen.
Bei der Suche nach Lösungsansätzen aus der Krise des schulischen Chemieunterrichts gibt es viele Ansätze, die sich seit einigen Jahrzehnten mit der Kontextorientierung und der Erschließung neuer Felder für den Chemieunterricht befasst haben und befassen. Ausgehend von Themen, deren Bedeutung für das Individuum und die Gesellschaft einen hohen Stellenwert haben, wird der Chemieunterricht mehr an die Lebenswelt der heranwachsenden Generation angepasst. Diese Vorgaben sind in der vorliegenden Arbeit einbezogen worden und haben das Thema HIV für den Chemieunterricht der gymnasialen Oberstufe als sinnvoll erscheinen lassen.
Vor dem Hintergrund der kognitionspsychologischen Erkenntnisse der vergangenen fünfzehn Jahre ist ein Weg der Unterrichtsgestaltung gewählt worden, mit dem die Selbständigkeit der Lernenden unterstützt, gefördert und weiterentwickelt werden kann. Kognitionspsychologische Untersuchungen der Eingangskanäle bei Lernvorgängen stellen die hohe Bedeutung mehrer Sinnesmodalitäten in den Vordergrund, durch die eine verbesserte Behaltensleistung erzielbar ist. Nach diesen Erkenntnissen kann Wissen nur dann als aktives Wissen in neuen Zusammenhängen eingesetzt werden, wenn Lernern die Möglichkeit geboten wird ihr individuelles Gedankengebäude zu konstruieren. Besonders effizient sind nach diesen Untersuchungen kombinierte Sinnesmodalitäten mit guter Behaltensleistung bei der Nutzung von Sprache, Text und Bewegtbildern. Hier gilt die alte Erkenntnis "ein Bild sagt mehr als tausend Worte" auch im übertragenem Sinne. Besonders die konstruktivistischen Überlegungen für den Vorgang des Wissensaufbaus wurden in dieser Arbeit berücksichtig.
Diese Forschungsergebnisse waren ein Grund für die multimediale Aufbereitung des Themas. Hoher Verbreitungsgrad, gesellschaftliche Bedeutung und Motivation durch Multimedia sind weitere Gründe für diese Entscheidung.
Sowohl curriculare als auch gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen fordern darüber hinaus das Denken in vernetzten Systemen, dies bedeutet ein über die Grenzen des Fachs Chemie hinausgehendes Planen und Realisieren von Unterricht. Mit der Themenwahl werden direkt die Fächer Chemie und Biologie angesprochen, Fächer wie Kunst, Religion, Ethik, Sozialkunde und Sprachen können einbezogen werden. Mit dem der Unterrichtseinheit, die von fünf Kursen mit insgesamt 60 Schülerinnen und Schülern erprobt wurde, zu Grunde liegenden Programm zum Thema HIV verknüpfen sich die Fragen:
* Ist der Einsatz von Computern als Medium bereits die Norm?
* Welche medialen Angebote werden schulisch/außerschulisch genutzt?
* Welche Informationsquellen werden verwendet?
* Welche Medien sind für die Testpersonen beim Lernprozess bedeutend?
* Wird die Lehrperson bei dem Einsatz der modernen Medien ersetzt?
* Fördert das Projekt die Selbstbestimmung beim Lernprozess?
* Welche Effekte hat das multimediale Projekt auf den Lernprozess?
* Welche Probleme treten beim Umgang mit dem verwendeten Programm auf?
Diese Punkte wurden mit einem Fragebogen vor und einem nach der Durchführung des Projektes bearbeitet...
Ferroelektrische Strontium-Wismut-Tantalat- (SBT) Filme werden in der Mikroelektronik als nicht-flüchtige Speichermedien verwendet und weiterentwickelt. Informationen werden durch Polarisation des Materials gespeichert und bleiben ohne weiteren Energieaufwand über einen Zeitraum von Jahren in solchen Speichern erhalten – sogenannten FeRAMs (Ferroelectric Random Access Memories). Darüber hinaus können gespeicherte Daten innerhalb von wenigen Nanosekunden wieder ausgelesen werden. Zusammengefasst ist eine Langzeitspeicherung kombiniert mit niedrigem Energieverbrauch und schneller Informationsverarbeitung durch den Einzug ferroelektrischer Materialien in die Computertechnologie möglich geworden.
Da die fortschreitende Miniaturisierung in der Mikroelektronik von zentraler Bedeutung ist, sind zur Charakterisierung der verwendeten Materialien Untersuchungsmethoden mit hoher Ortsauflösung unverzichtbar. Das Rasterkraftmikroskop – engl. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) – ist eine solche Technik, mit der im Submikrometerbereich die Topographie sowie physikalische Eigenschaften von Materialien abgebildet werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Untersuchung von SBT-Filmen mit solchen AFM-Methoden.
Besonders die Rauhigkeit der einzelnen Filme in schichtartig aufgebauten Mikrochips ist bei der Herstellung von Halbleiterbauelementen von großer Bedeutung, wobei möglichst glatte Filme favorisiert werden. Deshalb wurden zunächst verschiedene SBT-Filme auf ihre topographischen Merkmale hin charakterisiert. Die Rauhigkeiten von SBT Filmen verschiedener Herstellungsverfahren wie der Metal Organic Decomposition (MOD) und der Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) wurden gegenübergestellt. Außerdem ist der Einfluss der SBT-Schichtdicke sowie der des Ferro-Anneals untersucht worden – Ferro-Anneal ist ein Temperungs-Schritt während der Filmherstellung, der zur Bildung der ferroelektrischen Aurivillius-Phase durchgeführt werden muss. Zudem wurde das unterschiedliche Kurzschlussverhalten zweier SBT-Filme in Zusammenhang mit ihren verschiedenen RMS-Rauhigkeitsdaten gebracht.
Der größte Teil der Arbeit setzt sich mit einer Methode auseinander, mit der die Polarisationseigenschaften von ferroelektrischen SBT-Filmen charakterisiert werden sollen – dem AFM/EFM-Polarisationsexperiment – engl. Electrostatic Force Microscope (EFM). Die SBT-Filme werden dabei mit einer AFM-Spitze polarisiert und in einem zweiten Schritt die daraus resultierenden elektrostatischen Felder mit einem EFM über der Probe abgebildet. Es wurde dabei kritisch hinterfragt, in wieweit diese Methode als Beurteilungskriterium der Materialeigenschaften herangezogen werden kann. Zudem wurden Aufladungsphänomene bei dieser Versuchsführung dokumentiert.
Außerdem wurde das Leckstromverhalten von SBT-Filmen auf der Submikrometerskala mit einer relativ neuen Messmethode, dem conducting-AFM (C-AFM), untersucht.
Die Ergebnisse aller Untersuchungen sind im folgenden stichpunktartig dargestellt.
Topographieuntersuchungen:
• Die RMS-Rauhigkeit von MOD/SBT-Filmen ist größer als die der MOCVD/SBTFilme. Mit steigender Prozesstemperatur des Ferro-Anneals wird die Oberflächenrauhigkeit von SBT-Filmen erhöht.
• SBT-Filme, die mit niedrigen Prozesstemperaturen hergestellt wurden, hier als Niedrigtemperatur-Filme bezeichnet, erfahren mit zunehmender Schichtdicke eine Glättung. Sie ist auf die Einbettung der Kristallite in die verhältnismäßig glatte FluoritPhase zurückzuführen, die wegen der geringen Temperaturen während des FerroAnneal-Prozesses noch nicht vollständig in die rauere ferroelektrische AurivilliusPhase umgesetzt wurde.
• Die unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung der Filme SrxBi2.2Ta2O8,3+x mit X1 = 0.9 und X2 = 1,0, im Text als Sr0,9-Film und Sr1,0-Film bezeichnet, führte zu höheren Kurzschlussraten des Sr0,9-Films in fertiggestellten FeRAM-Kondensatoren. Die Ursache kann auf die höhere Oberflächenrauhigkeit des Sr0,9-Films zurückgeführt werden. EFM-Untersuchungen:
• Bei der Polarisation ferroelektrischer SBT-Filme mit einer elektrisch gepolten AFMSpitze werden Ladungen in undefinierbarer Anzahl auf die Oberflächen gebracht. Diese Ladungen sind mehr oder weniger auf den Oberflächen beweglich. Mit zunehmender Polarisierbarkeit des ferroelektrischen Films wird die Ladung stärker am Polarisationsort durch elektrostatische Anziehung zwischen den orientierten Dipolen und der Oberflächenladung fixiert.
Biallelic pathogenic variants in CLPP, encoding mitochondrial matrix peptidase ClpP, cause a rare autosomal recessive condition, Perrault syndrome type 3 (PRLTS3). It is characterized by primary ovarian insufficiency and early sensorineural hearing loss, often associated with progressive neurological deficits. Mouse models showed that accumulations of (i) its main protein interactor, the substrate-selecting AAA+ ATPase ClpX, (ii) mitoribosomes, and (iii) mtDNA nucleoids are the main cellular consequences of ClpP absence. However, the sequence of these events and their validity in human remain unclear. Here, we studied global proteome profiles to define ClpP substrates among mitochondrial ClpX interactors, which accumulated consistently in ClpP-null mouse embryonal fibroblasts and brains. Validation work included novel ClpP-mutant patient fibroblast proteomics. ClpX co-accumulated in mitochondria with the nucleoid component POLDIP2, the mitochondrial poly(A) mRNA granule element LRPPRC, and tRNA processing factor GFM1 (in mouse, also GRSF1). Only in mouse did accumulated ClpX, GFM1, and GRSF1 appear in nuclear fractions. Mitoribosomal accumulation was minor. Consistent accumulations in murine and human fibroblasts also affected multimerizing factors not known as ClpX interactors, namely, OAT, ASS1, ACADVL, STOM, PRDX3, PC, MUT, ALDH2, PMPCB, UQCRC2, and ACADSB, but the impact on downstream metabolites was marginal. Our data demonstrate the primary impact of ClpXP on the assembly of proteins with nucleic acids and show nucleoid enlargement in human as a key consequence.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Herstellung von codierten Peptidbibliotheken durch kombinatorische Synthese, sowie deren Selektion auf Wechselwirkung mit einer verkürzten Sequenz der TAR-RNA des HI-Viruses.
Die zur Selektion benötigte RNA wurde dazu auf chemischem Wege hergestellt und mit einem Fluoreszensfarbstoff für eine optische Selektion markiert. Ausgehend von dieser RNA wurde ein Anfärbeassay entwickelt. Bei der Anwendung des Assays auf Tri- und Pentapeptide, die auf einem Polymerträger immobilisiert waren, zeigten sich einige intensiv leuchtende Polymerkügelchen. Die hellsten unter ihnen wurden selektiert. Die Synthese der Trimeren und Pentamerenbibliothek erfolgte zuvor an wasserquellbarem, polymerem Trägermaterial. Die Identifizierung der polymergebundenen Verbindungen erfolgte über die Codierung nach W.C. Still, welche im Rahmen dieser Dissertation in der Arbeitsgruppe von Hr. Prof. Göbel erfolgreich etabliert wurde und die einfache Unterscheidung zwischen Enantiomeren ermöglicht. Drei der am häufigsten auftretenden Trimerensequenzen wurden im Nachhinein erneut synthetisiert und Experimenten an Zellen zugeführt. Unabhängig davon, wurde ihre Wechselwirkung mit RNA als auch mit RNA-Peptid Komplexen direkt getestet.
Weiterhin wurde exemplarisch anhand von Aminopyridinen die Möglichkeit getestet, neuartige Synthesemonomere für die automatische Synthese polymergebundener Verbindungen darzustellen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit macht deutlich, dass man durch kombinatorische Synthese im Verbund mit gerichteter Selektion, die Entwicklung von in vitro RNA-Liganden für RNA mit bekannter Struktur vorantreiben kann. Umgekehrt müsste dies auch bald die Selektion von Liganden für strukturell nicht charakterisierte RNA ermöglichen.
Das nächste Ziel sollte, die Entwicklung weiterer Selektionstests sein und die Etablierung von NMR-Methoden, welche die genauen Bindungsmodi der selektierten Verbindungen an RNA aufklären, um somit die gezielte Synthese neuartiger Liganden vorantreiben zu können, da letztendlich das "Wie", für die Weiterentwicklung einer Leitstruktur ausschlaggebend ist.
Weiterhin sollten die Transportmechanismen von körperfremden Substanzen zu dem gewünschten Wirkort studiert werden, damit die vorab in vitro getestete Substanz auch im späteren Entwicklungsstadium in vivo die gewünschten Eigenschaften zeigen kann.
The analysis of ethanol and of its congeners in blood plays an important role in forensic cases, especially when allegations are made that alcohol has been consumed after an accident. In alcoholic beverages, congener alcohols are by-products and are generated during fermentation. The assay of these compounds in serum samples and beverages has been previously performed using headspace-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection methods (HS-GC-FID). As an alternative, a robust headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) procedure was developed and validated, which has the following advantages:
- Simultaneous determination of ethanol, congener alcohols and other
endogenous substances.
- Reduction of matrix interference by increasing selectivity and
specificity.
- Clear separation of the positional isomers 3-methyl-1-butanol and
2-methyl-1-butanol.
Insects with aquatic life stages can transfer sediment and water pollutants to terrestrial ecosystems, which has been described for metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated chemicals. However, knowledge of the transfer of aquatic micropollutants released by wastewater treatment plants is scarce despite some preliminary studies on their occurrence in riparian spiders. In our study, we address a major analytical gap focusing on the transfer of the micropollutant carbamazepine from the larvae to the adult midges of Chironomus riparius using an optimized QuEChERS extraction method and HPLC–MS/MS applicable to both life stages down to the level of about three individuals. We show that the uptake of carbamazepine by larvae is concentration-dependent and reduces the emergence rate. Importantly, the body burden remained constant in adult midges. Using this information, we estimated the daily exposure of insectivorous tree swallows as terrestrial predators to carbamazepine using the energy demand of the predator and the energy content of the prey. Assuming environmentally relevant water concentrations of about 1 μg/L, the daily dose per kilogram of body weight for tree swallows was estimated to be 0.5 μg/kg/day. At places of high water contamination of 10 μg/L, the exposure may reach 5 μg/kg/day for this micropollutant of medium polarity. Considering body burden changes upon metamorphosis, this study fills the missing link between aquatic contamination and exposure in terrestrial habitats showing that wastewater pollutants can impact birds’ life. Clearly, further analytical methods for biota analysis in both habitats are urgently required to improve risk assessment.
The cell division cycle protein 37 (Cdc37) and the 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) are molecular chaperones, which are crucial elements in the protein signaling pathway. The largest class of client proteins for Cdc37 and Hsp90 are protein kinases. The catalytic domains of these kinases are stabilized by Cdc37, and their proper folding and functioning is dependent on Hsp90. Here, we present the x-ray crystal structure of the 16-kDa middle domain of human Cdc37 at 1.88 angstroms resolution and the structure of this domain in complex with the 23-kDa N-terminal domain of human Hsp90 based on heteronuclear solution state NMR data and docking. Our results demonstrate that the middle domain of Cdc37 exists as a monomer. NMR and mutagenesis experiments reveal Leu-205 in Cdc37 as a key residue enabling complex formation. These findings can be very useful in the development of small molecule inhibitors against cancer.
Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Synthese und Untersuchung funktioneller Materialien für die Modifizierung von Grenz- und Oberflächen. Einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die Bildung der untersuchten, hochgeordneten Strukturen hat das Konzept der Selbstanordnung, dessen Grundlage schwache Wechselwirkungen sind. Ihre Ausbildung erfordert das Vorliegen geeigneter, funktioneller Gruppen in den Präkursoren und damit die Nutzung der vielfältigen Möglichkeiten der chemischen Synthese zur Bereitstellung maßgeschneidert funktionalisierter Moleküle. Den fünf Projekten dieser Arbeit gemeinsam ist daher die Synthese und Untersuchung für den jeweiligen Anwendungszweck geeigneter, dipolarer Präkursor-Moleküle, die zur Ausbildung funktioneller Koordinationspolymere (CPs) bzw. Metall-organischer Gerüstverbindungen (MOFs) und selbstanordnender Monolagen (SAMs) genutzt werden können. In Zusammenarbeit mit Kooperationspartnern wurden auf dieser Grundlage Untersuchungen zur Anwendbarkeit der erhaltenen Materialien in der Sensorik und zur Oberflächenfunktionalisierung durchgeführt.
Im ersten Projekt dieser Dissertation erfolgte die Untersuchung der Bildungs- und Phasenumwandlungsreaktionen von zehn verschiedenen Kupfer-Terephthalat Koordinationspolymeren. Neben bereits bekannten Koordinationspolymeren konnten so auch drei bisher literaturunbekannte CPs hergestellt und ihre Strukturen durch Kooperationspartner gelöst bzw. Strukturvorschläge gemacht werden. Die Identifikation und Auseinandersetzung mit strukturstabilisierenden Wechselwirkungen schließen dieses Projekt ab und bilden die Grundlage für die Untersuchung der Synthese und Stabilität abgeleiteter, komplexerer Koordinationspolymere.
Im Fokus des zweiten Projekts steht 𝛽-Cu2(bdc)(OH)2, ein Kupfer-Terephthalat Koordinationspolymer, dessen Kristallstruktur zuvor nicht bekannt war, im vorliegenden Projekt aber durch Kooperationspartner auf Basis des Röntgenpulverdiffraktogramms des Materials gelöst werden konnte. Der Vergleich der analytischen Daten von 𝛽-Cu2(bdc)(OH)2 mit der Literatur zeigte gute Übereinstimmungen u. a. der Diffraktogramme und IR-Spektren mit dem in der Literatur als SURMOF-2 bezeichneten, oberflächengebundenen Schichtmaterial. Aufgrunddessen kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass es sich bei SURMOF-2 um 𝛽-Cu2(bdc)(OH)2 handelt, und folglich dessen Kristallstrukturlösung die beiden bisher in der Literatur vorhandenen Strukturvorschläge für SURMOF-2 ersetzt.
Im Rahmen des dritten Projekts sollten für die Sensorik anwendbare, MOF-basierte Dünnschichtsysteme hergestellt werden. Das Sensorkonzept, das auf der Änderung des dielektrischen Verhaltens der MOFs bei Einlagerung dipolarer Analytmoleküle beruht, erfordert den Einsatz dipolarer Liganden in den entsprechenden Koordinationsnetzwerken. Hierfür wurden mehrere teilweise dipolare pillar-Liganden synthetisiert und diese für den Aufbau von Kupfer(II)terephthalat-basierten pillared-layer MOFs eingesetzt. Im Rahmen des Projekts konnten so auf Grundlage der Erkenntnisse aus Projekt 1 und in Zusammenarbeit mit Kooperationspartnern neue pillared-layer MOFs hergestellt und ihre Kristallstrukturen gelöst werden. Die abschließend durch Kooperationspartner erfolgte Abscheidung dünner, oberflächengebundener Schichten dieser MOFs und erste Untersuchungen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für die geplante Sensorikanwendung runden das Projekt ab.
Im vierten Projekt sollte eine geeignete, in situ abspaltbare Schutzgruppe für die Thiolgruppe etabliert und ihr Einfluss auf die Bildung von Terphenylthiolat-SAMs untersucht werden. Diese Voraussetzung erfüllt die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit am Beispiel von CH3-, F- und CF3-terminierten Terphenylthiolen etablierte 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl-Gruppe, die sich durch den Zusatz von Trifluoressigsäure in der Abscheidungslösung in situ abspalten lässt. Zum Vergleich wurden von Kooperationspartner Monolagen aus den entsprechenden freien Thiolen abgeschieden und untersucht. Schichtdicken, Packungsdichten, Kippwinkel und Elementarzellen von Monolagen aus freien und geschützten Terphenylthiolen zeigen gute Übereinstimmungen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen, ebenfalls in situ abspaltbaren Gruppen hat die Anwesenheit der 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl-Gruppe folglich keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Struktur und Qualität der gebildeten Monolagen.
In Fortführung des vorangegangenen Projekts wurde im abschließenden Projekt in Zusammenarbeit mit Kooperationspartnern der Einfluss verschiedener Kopfgruppen (H-, CH3-, F-, CF3- und SF5-) und der Länge des aromatischen Rückgrats (Phenyl-, Biphenyl- und Terphenyl-) auf die Ladungstransporteigenschaften der entsprechenden SAMs untersucht. Mit Ausnahme einiger Benzolthiole, lieferten alle betrachteten Präkursoren hochgeordnete, dicht gepackte Schichten aus aufrecht angeordneten Molekülen. Wie erwartet korreliert die Austrittsarbeit der modifizierten Oberflächen mit dem Dipolmoment der jeweiligen Kopfgruppe, wobei der Effekt der SF5-Gruppe mit einer erzielten Austrittsarbeit von annähernd 6 eV besonders hervorzuheben ist. Den Erwartungen entsprechend, sinkt die elektrische Stromdichte bei gleichbleibender Kopfgruppe mit steigender Moleküllänge. Die Stromdichte ist außerdem von der Kopfgruppe abhängig und nimmt von CH3- über H-, CF3- und SF5- bis hin zu F- ab, korreliert aber folglich nicht mit der Austrittsarbeit oder dem Dipolmoment.
Light-driven sodium pumps (NaRs) are unique ion-transporting microbial rhodopsins. The major group of NaRs is characterized by an NDQ motif and has two aspartic acid residues in the central region essential for sodium transport. Here we identified a new subgroup of the NDQ rhodopsins bearing an additional glutamic acid residue in the close vicinity to the retinal Schiff base. We thoroughly characterized a member of this subgroup, namely the protein ErNaR from Erythrobacter sp. HL-111 and showed that the additional glutamic acid results in almost complete loss of pH sensitivity for sodium-pumping activity, which is in contrast to previously studied NaRs. ErNaR is capable of transporting sodium efficiently even at acidic pH levels. X-ray crystallography and single particle cryo-electron microscopy reveal that the additional glutamic acid residue mediates the connection between the other two Schiff base counterions and strongly interacts with the aspartic acid of the characteristic NDQ motif. Hence, it reduces its pKa. Our findings shed light on a new subgroup of NaRs and might serve as a basis for their rational optimization for optogenetics.
Molekulare Werkzeuge können in der Wissenschaft unter anderem dazu verwendet werden, biochemische Prozesse gezielt zu untersuchen, um sie somit besser zu verstehen. Dabei handelt es sich zum Beispiel, um kleine chemische Moleküle, die gezielt für ihr Anwendungsgebiet konzipiert worden sind. Mit Ihnen lassen sich z.B. Interaktionen zwischen (Makro-)Molekülen regulieren, chemische Gleichgewichte lokal verändern oder auch Botenstoffe zielgerichtet freisetzen. Die Effekte dieser temporären Einwirkung auf verschiedenste biologische Systeme können hilfreiche Erkenntnisse struktureller, funktioneller oder systematischer Art für die entsprechenden Forschungsgebiete liefern.
Um die interdisziplinären Problemstellungen zielgerichtet mit den entsprechend zugeschnittenen Werkzeugen zu adressieren, ist es dabei jedoch absolut notwendig, dass ein umfassendes und über die Grenzen der jeweiligen Fachgebiete hinaus gehendes Verständnis der jeweiligen Fragestellungen entwickelt wird.
Viele der bisher bekannten Werkzeuge benötigen für ihren Einsatz bis heute noch relativ harsche Reaktionsbedingungen, haben ein eingeschränktes Anwendungsfeld oder lassen sich nicht ausreichend Zeit- & Ortsaufgelöst „aktivieren“. Die Möglichkeit Licht als externes Trigger-Signal zu verwenden, um die entsprechenden molekularen Werkzeuge zu aktivieren (oder auch zu deaktivieren), überwindet genau diese Defizite und bringt neben der hohen zeitlichen und räumlichen Auflösung noch viele weitere Vorteile mit sich. Im Rahmen meiner Doktorarbeit ist es mir gelungen gemeinsam mit meinen Kooperationspartnern neue lichtaktivierbare molekulare Werkzeuge von Grund auf zu designen, zu synthetisieren, sie auf ihre photochemischen Eigenschaften zu untersuchen und sie anzuwenden. Durch die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit mit Doktoranden aus der Organischen, Theoretischen und Physikalischen Chemie, konnte ein umfassendes Bild dieser neuen Substanzklassen aufgezeigt werden. Die verschiedenen Arten lichtaktivierbarer Werkzeuge sollen im Verlauf dieser Arbeit genauer herausgearbeitet werden. Generell kann man in drei grundlegenden Klassen von lichtaktivierbaren Werkzeugen unterscheiden: 1. irreversibel photolabile Schutzgruppen, 2. photoaktivierbare Label und 3. reversibel lichtschaltbare Photoschalter.
Auf dem Gebiet der photolabilen Schutzgruppen, auch photoaktivierbare Schutzgruppen oder Photocages genannt, ist es uns gelungen eine neue Spezies von Molekülen zu identifizieren, die dazu in der Lage sind, nach photochemischer Anregung eine spezifische Bindung innerhalb ihres molekularen Gerüsts zu spalten. Möglich gemacht wurde dies, indem wir den sog. „uncaging Prozess ganz neu gedacht“ haben und mit der Unterstützung von Theorie und Spektroskopie unsere Ergebnisse in einer Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehungs-Studie (SAR) festhalten konnten. Aus einer Substanzbibliothek von diversen theoretisch berechneten Kandidaten, wurden die vielversprechendsten Verbindungen anschließend synthetisiert und photochemisch charakterisiert. Nach initialen Untersuchungen und den daraus hervorgehenden Erkenntnissen, wurden weitere molekulare Struktur auf die Optimierungen der photochemischen Eigenschaften hin theoretisch berechnet und anschließend im Labor realisiert. Daraus resultierend entwickelten wir einen Photocage, der mit einer hohen Quantenausbeute mit Licht von über 450 nm photolysierbar ist und ebenfalls dazu in der Lage ist Neurotransmitter wie z.B. Glutamat zielgerichtet und lichtaktiviert freizusetzen. Eine weitere Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehungs-Studie wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit mit dem Isatin-Gerüst als potentiell neue photolabile Schutzgruppe durchgeführt.
Ebenfalls konnten in einer dritten Studie auf dem Gebiet der photolabilen Schutzgruppen Untersuchungen am Coumarin-Grundgerüst zeigen, dass eine systematische Einschränkung der Relaxationspfade im Molekül eine Verbesserung der photochemischen Eigenschaften mit sich bringen kann.
Photoaktivierbare Label werden in den verschiedensten Bereichen der Wissenschaft angewendet. Meist erlauben jedoch die chemischen Moleküle nur eine begrenzte „Beobachtungszeit“ der biochemischen Prozesse aufgrund der effizienten und damit schnellen Relaxationspfade zurück in den Grundzustand. Zu Beginn der durchgeführten Untersuchungen, bestand unsere Idee darin, die selektive Prä-IR-Anregung mit Hilfe eines UV/vis-Pulses (entsprechend der VIPER-Spektrokopie) in ein langlebiges Triplett-Signal eines geeigneten Chromophors zu überführen, welches anschließend für die Beobachtung vergleichsweise lang-lebiger biochemischer Prozesse verwendet werden könnte. Aus dieser Idee heraus entwickelten wir einen Chromophor, der neben einer Absorption im sichtbaren Bereich des elektromagnetischen Spektrums, zusätzlich eine IR-adressierbare funktionelle Gruppe, sowie die Eigenschaft, ein effizientes Inter-System-Crossing (ISC) nach photochemischer Anregung durchzuführen, besaß. Zu unserem Erstaunen zeigte dieses Derivat jedoch nach erfolgreicher Synthese nicht das erwartete Verhalten. Ein weiteres Beispiel für die hochgradige Komplexität der Photochemie.
Mit Hilfe von theoretischen und spektroskopischen Methoden konnten dennoch viele hilfreiche Erkenntnisse aus dieser Studie für zukünftige Untersuchungen aufgedeckt werden.
Ebenso war es während meiner Promotion eines der Ziele, den Schaltprozess des sog. Fulgid-Photoschalters genauer zu untersuchen und somit besser zu verstehen. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein ausgesprochen beständiges, photochemisch reversibel schaltbares Molekül, auch wenn dies vielleicht auf den ersten Blick ein Widerspruch in sich zu sein scheint. Es gelang uns diesen Photoschalter, genauer gesagt seine Photo-Isomere, auf dem Gebiet der chemischen Aktinometrie zu etablieren.
Dafür waren zahlreiche Messungen diverser Reaktivitäten (photochemische Reaktions-Quantenausbeuten) in verschiedenste Wellenlängenbereiche vom Nah-UV-Bereich bis hin zur 700 nm Grenze erforderlich. Außerdem wurden alle Werte mit der Referenzmessung einer Photodiode bzw. je nach Wellenlängenbereich auch mit der klassischen Ferri-Oxalat-Aktinometrie verglichen. Im Anschluss daran fokussierte ich mich weiter auf die einzelnen Photo-Isomere und ihre einzigartige chemische Struktur. Mit Hilfe der chiralen HPLC gelang es uns die einzelnen Photo-Isomere voneinander zu isolieren und diese mit verschiedensten photochemischen und theoretischen Methoden „genauer unter die Lupe“ zu nehmen. Die aus dieser Studie gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bereiten den Weg für diverse, zukünftige spektroskopische Anwendungen dieses Photoschalters.
Lantibiotics are peptide-derived antibiotics that inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria via interactions with lipid II and lipid II-dependent pore formation in the bacterial membrane. Due to their general mode of action the Gram-positive producer strains need to express immunity proteins (LanI proteins) for protection against their own lantibiotics. Little is known about the immunity mechanism protecting the producer strain against its own lantibiotic on the molecular level. So far, no structures have been reported for any LanI protein. We solved the structure of SpaI, a LanI protein from the subtilin producing strain Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. SpaI is a 16.8-kDa lipoprotein that is attached to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane via a covalent diacylglycerol anchor. SpaI together with the ABC transporter SpaFEG protects the B. subtilis membrane from subtilin insertion. The solution-NMR structure of a 15-kDa biologically active C-terminal fragment reveals a novel fold. We also demonstrate that the first 20 N-terminal amino acids not present in this C-terminal fragment are unstructured in solution and are required for interactions with lipid membranes. Additionally, growth tests reveal that these 20 N-terminal residues are important for the immunity mediated by SpaI but most likely are not part of a possible subtilin binding site. Our findings are the first step on the way of understanding the immunity mechanism of B. subtilis in particular and of other lantibiotic producing strains in general.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are signaling lipids produced by the cytochrome P450-(CYP450)-mediated epoxygenation of arachidonic acid. EETs have numerous biological effects on the vascular system, but aspects including their species specificity make their effects on vascular tone controversial. CYP450 enzymes require the 450-reductase (POR) for their activity. We set out to determine the contribution of endothelial CYP450 to murine vascular function using isolated aortic ring preparations from tamoxifen-inducible endothelial cell-specific POR knockout mice (ecPOR−/−). Constrictor responses to phenylephrine were similar between control (CTR) and ecPOR−/− mice. Contrastingly, sensitivity to the thromboxane receptor agonist U46619 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was increased following the deletion of POR. Ex vivo incubation with a non-hydrolyzable EET (14,15-EE-8(Z)-E, EEZE) reversed the increased sensitivity to U46619 to the levels of CTR. EETs had no effect on vascular tone in phenylephrine-preconstricted vessels, but dilated vessels contracted with U46619 or PGE2. As U46619 acts through RhoA-dependent kinase, this system was analyzed. The deletion of POR affected the expression of genes in this pathway and the inhibition of Rho-GTPase with SAR407899 decreased sensitivity to U46619. These data suggest that EET and prostanoid crosstalk at the receptor level and that lack of EET production sensitizes vessels to vasoconstriction via the induction of the Rho kinase system.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful and popular technique for probing the molecular structures, dynamics and chemical properties. However the conventional NMR spectroscopy is bottlenecked by its low sensitivity. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) boosts NMR sensitivity by orders of magnitude and resolves this limitation. In liquid-state this revolutionizing technique has been restricted to a few specific non-biological model molecules in organic solvents. Here we show that the carbon polarization in small biological molecules, including carbohydrates and amino acids, can be enhanced sizably by in situ Overhauser DNP (ODNP) in water at room temperature and at high magnetic field. An observed connection between ODNP 13C enhancement factor and paramagnetic 13C NMR shift has led to the exploration of biologically relevant heterocyclic compound indole. The QM/MM MD simulation underscores the dynamics of intermolecular hydrogen bonds as the driving force for the scalar ODNP in a long-living radical-substrate complex. Our work reconciles results obtained by DNP spectroscopy, paramagnetic NMR and computational chemistry and provides new mechanistic insights into the high-field scalar ODNP.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic posing significant health risks. The diagnostic test sensitivity of COVID-19 is limited due to irregularities in specimen handling. We propose a deep learning framework that identifies COVID-19 from medical images as an auxiliary testing method to improve diagnostic sensitivity. We use pseudo-coloring methods and a platform for annotating X-ray and computed tomography images to train the convolutional neural network, which achieves a performance similar to that of experts and provides high scores for multiple statistical indices (F1 scores > 96.72% (0.9307, 0.9890) and specificity >99.33% (0.9792, 1.0000)). Heatmaps are used to visualize the salient features extracted by the neural network. The neural network-based regression provides strong correlations between the lesion areas in the images and five clinical indicators, resulting in high accuracy of the classification framework. The proposed method represents a potential computer-aided diagnosis method for COVID-19 in clinical practice.
Single-particle tracking enables the analysis of the dynamics of biomolecules in living cells with nanometer spatial and millisecond temporal resolution. This technique reports on the mobility of membrane proteins and is sensitive to the molecular state of a biomolecule and to interactions with other biomolecules. Trajectories describe the mobility of single particles over time and provide information such as the diffusion coefficient and diffusion state. Changes in particle dynamics within single trajectories lead to segmentation, which allows to extract information on transitions of functional states of a biomolecule. Here, mean-squared displacement analysis is developed to classify trajectory segments into immobile, confined diffusing, and freely diffusing states, and to extract the occurrence of transitions between these modes. We applied this analysis to single-particle tracking data of the membrane receptor MET in live cells and analyzed state transitions in single trajectories of the un-activated receptor and the receptor bound to the ligand internalin B. We found that internalin B-bound MET shows an enhancement of transitions from freely and confined diffusing states into the immobile state as compared to un-activated MET. Confined diffusion acts as an intermediate state between immobile and free, as this state is most likely to change the diffusion state in the following segment. This analysis can be readily applied to single-particle tracking data of other membrane receptors and intracellular proteins under various conditions and contribute to the understanding of molecular states and signaling pathways.
The core of photosystem I (PS1) is composed of the two related integral membrane polypeptides, PsaA and PsaB, which bind two symmetrical branches of cofactors, each consisting of two chlorophylls and a phylloquinone, that potentially link the primary electron donor and the tertiary acceptor. In an effort to identify amino acid residues near the phylloquinone binding sites, all tryptophans and histidines that are conserved between PsaA and PsaB in the region of the 10th and 11th transmembrane alpha-helices were mutated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The mutant PS1 reaction centers appear to assemble normally and possess photochemical activity. An electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal attributed to the phylloquinone anion radical (A(1)(-)) can be observed either transiently or after illumination of reaction centers with pre-reduced iron-sulfur clusters. Mutation of PsaA-Trp(693) to Phe resulted in an inability to photo-accumulate A(1)(-), whereas mutation of the analogous tryptophan in PsaB (PsaB-Trp(673)) did not produce this effect. The PsaA-W693F mutation also produced spectral changes in the time-resolved EPR spectrum of the P(700)(+) A(1)(-) radical pair, whereas the analogous mutation in PsaB had no observable effect. These observations indicate that the A(1)(-) phylloquinone radical observed by EPR occupies the phylloquinone-binding site containing PsaA-Trp(693). However, mutation of either tryptophan accelerated charge recombination from the terminal Fe-S clusters.
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a widely used technique for the characterization of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. It provides information on the stoichiometry, affinity, and the thermodynamic driving forces of interactions. This chapter exemplifies the use of ITC to investigate interactions between human autophagy modifiers (LC3/GABARAP proteins) and their interaction partners, the LIR motif containing sequences. The purpose of this report is to present a detailed protocol for the production of LC3/GABARAP-interacting LIR peptides using E. coli expression systems. In addition, we outline the design of ITC experiments using the LC3/GABARAP:peptide interactions as an example. Comprehensive troubleshooting notes are provided to facilitate the adaptation of these protocols to different ligand-receptor systems. The methodology outlined for studying protein-ligand interactions will help to avoid common errors and misinterpretations of experimental results.
Einfache elektrochemische Methode zur Bestimmung von Chlorit in wässrigen und nicht-wässrigen Systemen Stoffe bzw. Verbindungen, welche nachweislich krebserregend oder fruchtbarkeitsschädigend sind, werden seit Jahren, insbesondere durch die WHO, streng reguliert. Zu diesen Stoffen zählt u. a. Chlorit, welches als Abbauprodukt in Desinfektionsmitteln, Poolwassern und im Rahmen von organischen Oxidationsprozessen vorkommt. Im Rahmen des Projektes sollte eine elektrochemische Methode zu Detektion von Chlorit in wässrigen und organischen Proben entwickelt werden, wobei auf eine Glaskohlenstoffelektrode in Kombination mit Li [NTf]2 im Wässrigen und [Bmpyrr][NTf]2/MeOH im Organischen als Elektrolyten zurückgegriffen wurden.
Bei der Methodenentwicklung wurde auf Differentielle-Puls-Voltammetrie zurückgegriffen, da diese im Vergleich zum Cyclovoltammetrie deutlich empfindlicher ist. Die Methodenvalidierung nach ICH-Guidelines konnte erfolgreich durchgeführt werden Dabei konnte im Wässrigen eine Nachweisgrenze von 0.07 mg L-1 (Organisch: 0.20 mg L-1) erhalten werden. Beide lagen deutlich unter den WHO-Grenzwerten von 0.7 mg L-1. Die Selektivität/Interferenz wurde gegenüber den übrigen Chlor-Spezies getestet; für alle Spezies, außer Hypochlorit, konnten für die Wiederfindungsrate von Chlorit Werte nahe 100% erhalten werden. Die entwickelte Methode konnte erfolgreich auf wässrige (Poolproben, Desinfektionsmittel) und organische Proben (aus Pinnick-Synthesen) angewendet werden. Insbesondere durch die Anwendung im Bereich der Pinnick-Oxidation war der Sensor für mögliche In-Line-Analytik geeignet. Bei den organischen Proben konnte zudem die ionische Flüssigkeit zu 92% zurückgewonnen werden, was den Elektrolyten in Hinblick auf Nachhaltigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit noch attraktiver macht.
Entwicklung ionenchromatographischer Methoden zur Detektion von Chloroxo-Spezies
Der Bedarf an schnellen, kostengünstigen Analysemethoden, welche den Vorgaben der einzelnen Behörden weltweit entsprechen, ist in den letzten Jahren enorm gestiegen. Im Rahmen des Projektes sollte eine ionenchromatographische Methode (IC) entwickelt werden, welche neben den Chloroxo-Spezies (Chlorid, Hypochlorit, Chlorit, Chlorat und Perchlorat) auch die bekannten Standardionen (Fluorid, Bromid, Nitrat, Phosphat, Sulfat, Iodid) nachweisbar macht. Zunächst gelang es, die Methodenparameter zu optimieren und so die Chloro-Spezies, außer Hypochlorit, von den übrigen Standardanionen innerhalb von 50 Minuten vollständig zu trennen. Die Methode konnte in der weiteren Entwicklung sogar noch um die Detergenzien-Anionen Acetat, Formiat, Oxalat und Tartrat erweitert werden. (ASupp 7, 45 °C, 0.8 mL min-1, 6 mmol L-1 Na2CO3 / 1 mmol L-1 NaHCO3 + 10% Acetonitril). Auch alle notwendigen Validierungsparameter konnten erfolgreich bestimmt werden. Zuletzt war es möglich, erfolgreich unterschiedliche Realproben zu vermessen.
Da ein Nachweis von Hypochlorit mittels IC nicht möglich war, wurden weitere Anstrengung unternommen, dieses Anion mittels IC-PCR (Nachsäulenderivatisierung) nachzuweisen. Als Detektionsprinzip wurde dabei auf eine Bromat-Nachweis-Methode mittels UV/VIS zurückgegriffen, welche im Rahmen des Projektes angepasst wurde. Da davon ausgegangen werden muss, dass das Hypochlorit mit reaktiven Stellen innerhalb des Säulenmaterials reagiert und somit nicht mehr detektiert werden kann, wurden Passivierungsexperimente an der Vorsäule und Säule für 24 h mit einer Hypochlorit-NaOH-Mischung durchgeführt. Nach 60 Stunden Passivierung konnten erstmals reproduzierbare Ergebnisse bei dem Nachweis von OCl- erhalten werden. Zuletzt konnten erfolgreich fünf unterschiedliche Realproben vermessen und der Hypochlorit-Gehalt mit bisher angewandten Methoden verglichen werden, wobei die erhaltenen Werte in der gleichen Größenordnung lagen.
Entwicklung eines Sensors unter Verwendung der Viologen-Grundstruktur auf metallischen Oberflächen
Früher fanden Viologene und deren Derivate Anwendung im Bereich der Schädlingsbekämpfung und wurden hauptsächlich als Kontaktherbizid verwendet. Mittlerweile hat sich das Anwendungsspektrum der Viologene deutlich verändert, u.a. werden die in organischen Redox-Fluss-Batterien als Elektrolyte eingesetzt. Im Rahmen diesen Projekts wurden mehrere bekannte Viologen-Grundkörper (u. A. Methylviologen (MV)) vollständig elektrochemisch charakterisiert Im Anschluss wurde MV mit unterschiedlichen Ankergruppen (Thiol-, Sulfonat, -Phosphonat-, Carboxylanker) modifiziert und auf metallische Oberfläche (u. A. Gold und Kupfer) abgeschieden mit dem Ziel ein neues Sensor-Motiv für die Analytik zu entwickeln. Der Thiolanker konnte erfolgreich auf Gold, der Carboxylanker erfolgreich auf Kupfer abgeschieden werden. Die anschließenden elektrochemischen Untersuchungen der abgeschiedenen Monolagen ergaben jedoch eine geringe Stabilität der Anker in wässriger und organischer Umgebung, sodass in Zukunft weitere Anstrengungen unternommen werden müssen, die Stabilität des Viologensystems auf der Oberfläche zu verbessern.
The catalytic mechanism, electron transfer coupled to proton pumping, of heme-copper oxidases is not yet fully understood. Microsecond freeze-hyperquenching single turnover experiments were carried out with fully reduced cytochrome aa(3) reacting with O(2) between 83 micros and 6 ms. Trapped intermediates were analyzed by low temperature UV-visible, X-band, and Q-band EPR spectroscopy, enabling determination of the oxidation-reduction kinetics of Cu(A), heme a, heme a(3), and of a recently detected tryptophan radical (Wiertz, F. G. M., Richter, O. M. H., Cherepanov, A. V., MacMillan, F., Ludwig, B., and de Vries, S. (2004) FEBS Lett. 575, 127-130). Cu(B) and heme a(3) were EPR silent during all stages of the reaction. Cu(A) and heme a are in electronic equilibrium acting as a redox pair. The reduction potential of Cu(A) is 4.5 mV lower than that of heme a. Both redox groups are oxidized in two phases with apparent half-lives of 57 micros and 1.2 ms together donating a single electron to the binuclear center in each phase. The formation of the heme a(3) oxoferryl species P(R) (maxima at 430 nm and 606 nm) was completed in approximately 130 micros, similar to the first oxidation phase of Cu(A) and heme a. The intermediate F (absorbance maximum at 571 nm) is formed from P(R) and decays to a hitherto undetected intermediate named F(W)(*). F(W)(*) harbors a tryptophan radical, identified by Q-band EPR spectroscopy as the tryptophan neutral radical of the strictly conserved Trp-272 (Trp-272(*)). The Trp-272(*) populates to 4-5% due to its relatively low rate of formation (t((1/2)) = 1.2 ms) and rapid rate of breakdown (t((1/2)) = 60 micros), which represents electron transfer from Cu(A)/heme a to Trp-272(*). The formation of the Trp-272(*) constitutes the major rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle. Our findings show that Trp-272 is a redox-active residue and is in this respect on an equal par to the metallocenters of the cytochrome c oxidase. Trp-272 is the direct reductant either to the heme a(3) oxoferryl species or to Cu (2+)(B). The potential role of Trp-272 in proton pumping is discussed.
Understanding the physics of strongly correlated electronic systems has been a central issue in condensed matter physics for decades. In transition metal oxides, strong correlations characteristic of narrow d bands are at the origin of remarkable properties such as the opening of Mott gap, enhanced effective mass, and anomalous vibronic coupling, to mention a few. SrVO3 with V4+ in a 3d1 electronic configuration is the simplest example of a 3D correlated metallic electronic system. Here, the authors' focus on the observation of a (roughly) quadratic temperature dependence of the inverse electron mobility of this seemingly simple system, which is an intriguing property shared by other metallic oxides. The systematic analysis of electronic transport in SrVO3 thin films discloses the limitations of the simplest picture of e–e correlations in a Fermi liquid (FL); instead, it is shown show that the quasi-2D topology of the Fermi surface (FS) and a strong electron–phonon coupling, contributing to dress carriers with a phonon cloud, play a pivotal role on the reported electron spectroscopic, optical, thermodynamic, and transport data. The picture that emerges is not restricted to SrVO3 but can be shared with other 3d and 4d metallic oxides.
In the search for novel organic charge transfer salts with variable degrees of charge transfer we have studied the effects of two modifications of the recently synthesized donor–acceptor system [tetramethoxypyrene (TMP)]–[tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)]. One is of chemical nature by substituting the acceptor TCNQ molecules by F4TCNQ molecules. The second consists in simulating the application of uniaxial pressure along the stacking axis of the system. In order to test the chemical substitution, we have grown single crystals of the TMP–F4TCNQ complex and analyzed its electronic structure via electronic transport measurements, ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations and UV/VIS/IR absorption spectroscopy. This system shows an almost ideal geometrical overlap of nearly planar molecules stacked alternately (mixed stack) and this arrangement is echoed by a semiconductor-like transport behavior with an increased conductivity along the stacking direction. This is in contrast to TMP–TCNQ which shows a less pronounced anisotropy and a smaller conductivity response. Our band structure calculations confirm the one-dimensional behavior of TMP–F4TCNQ with pronounced dispersion only along the stacking axis. Infrared measurements illustrating the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N vibration frequency shift in F4TCNQ suggest however no improvement in the degree of charge transfer in TMP–F4TCNQ with respect to TMP–TCNQ. In both complexes about 0.1e is transferred from TMP to the acceptor. Concerning the pressure effect, our DFT calculations on the designed TMP–TCNQ and TMP–F4TCNQ structures under different pressure conditions show that application of uniaxial pressure along the stacking axis of TMP–TCNQ may be the route to follow in order to obtain a much more pronounced charge transfer.
Although iron-based catalysts are regarded as a promising alternative to precious metal catalysts, their precise electronic structures during catalysis still pose challenges for computational descriptions. A particularly urgent question is the influence of the environment on the electronic structure, and how to describe this properly with computational methods. Here, we study an iron porphyrin chloride complex adsorbed on a graphene sheet using density functional theory calculations to detail how much the electronic structure is influenced by the presence of a graphene layer. Our results indicate that weak interactions due to van der Waals forces dominate between the porphyrin complex and graphene, and only a small amount of charge is transferred between the two entities. Furthermore, the interplay of the ligand field environment, strong p − d hybridization, and correlation effects within the complex are strongly involved in determining the spin state of the iron ion. By bridging molecular chemistry and solid state physics, this study provides first steps towards a joint analysis of the properties of iron-based catalysts from first principles.
Stratospheric inorganic chlorine (Cly) is predominantly released from long-lived chlorinated source gases and, to a small extent, very short-lived chlorinated substances. Cly includes the reservoir species (HCl and ClONO2) and active chlorine species (i.e., ClOx). The active chlorine species drive catalytic cycles that deplete ozone in the polar winter stratosphere. This work presents calculations of inorganic chlorine (Cly) derived from chlorinated source gas measurements on board the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) during the Southern Hemisphere Transport, Dynamic and Chemistry (SouthTRAC) campaign in austral late winter and early spring 2019. Results are compared to Cly in the Northern Hemisphere derived from measurements of the POLSTRACC-GW-LCYCLE-SALSA (PGS) campaign in the Arctic winter of 2015/2016. A scaled correlation was used for PGS data, since not all source gases were measured. Using the SouthTRAC data, Cly from a scaled correlation was compared to directly determined Cly and agreed well. An air mass classification based on in situ N2O measurements allocates the measurements to the vortex, the vortex boundary region, and midlatitudes. Although the Antarctic vortex was weakened in 2019 compared to previous years, Cly reached 1687±19 ppt at 385 K; therefore, up to around 50 % of total chlorine was found in inorganic form inside the Antarctic vortex, whereas only 15 % of total chlorine was found in inorganic form in the southern midlatitudes. In contrast, only 40 % of total chlorine was found in inorganic form in the Arctic vortex during PGS, and roughly 20 % was found in inorganic form in the northern midlatitudes. Differences inside the two vortices reach as much as 540 ppt, with more Cly in the Antarctic vortex in 2019 than in the Arctic vortex in 2016 (at comparable distance to the local tropopause). To our knowledge, this is the first comparison of inorganic chlorine within the Antarctic and Arctic polar vortices. Based on the results of these two campaigns, the differences in Cly inside the two vortices are substantial and larger than the inter-annual variations previously reported for the Antarctic.
Biogenic organic precursors play an important role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). One of the major precursor species is α-pinene, which upon oxidation can form a suite of products covering a wide range of volatilities. Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) comprise a fraction of the oxidation products formed. While it is known that HOMs contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, including NPF, they have not been well studied in newly formed particles due to their very low mass concentrations. Here we present gas- and particle-phase chemical composition data from experimental studies of α-pinene oxidation, including in the presence of isoprene, at temperatures (−50 and −30 ∘C) and relative humidities (20 % and 60 %) relevant in the upper free troposphere. The measurements took place at the CERN Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber. The particle chemical composition was analyzed by a thermal desorption differential mobility analyzer (TD-DMA) coupled to a nitrate chemical ionization–atmospheric pressure interface–time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. CI-APi-TOF was used for particle- and gas-phase measurements, applying the same ionization and detection scheme. Our measurements revealed the presence of C8−10 monomers and C18−20 dimers as the major compounds in the particles (diameter up to ∼ 100 nm). Particularly, for the system with isoprene added, C5 (C5H10O5−7) and C15 compounds (C15H24O5−10) were detected. This observation is consistent with the previously observed formation of such compounds in the gas phase. However, although the C5 and C15 compounds do not easily nucleate, our measurements indicate that they can still contribute to the particle growth at free tropospheric conditions. For the experiments reported here, most likely isoprene oxidation products enhance the growth of particles larger than 15 nm. Additionally, we report on the nucleation rates measured at 1.7 nm (J1.7 nm) and compared with previous studies, we found lower J1.7 nm values, very likely due to the higher α-pinene and ozone mixing ratios used in the present study.
Critical spin liquid versus valence-bond glass in a triangular-lattice organic antiferromagnet
(2019)
In the quest for materials with unconventional quantum phases, the organic triangular-lattice antiferromagnet κ-(ET)2Cu2(CN)3 has been extensively discussed as a quantum spin liquid (QSL) candidate. The description of its low temperature properties has become, however, a particularly challenging task. Recently, an intriguing quantum critical behaviour was suggested from low-temperature magnetic torque experiments. Here we highlight significant deviations of the experimental observations from a quantum critical scenario by performing a microscopic analysis of all anisotropic contributions, including Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya and multi-spin scalar chiral interactions. Instead, we show that disorder-induced spin defects provide a comprehensive explanation of the low-temperature properties. These spins are attributed to valence bond defects that emerge spontaneously as the QSL enters a valence-bond glass phase at low temperature. This theoretical treatment is applicable to a general class of frustrated magnetic systems and has important implications for the interpretation of magnetic torque, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal transport and thermodynamic experiments.
The interaction of trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) ((C5H4CH3)Pt(CH3)3) molecules on fully and partially hydroxylated SiO2 surfaces, as well as the dynamics of this interaction were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and finite temperature DFT-based molecular dynamics simulations. Fully and partially hydroxylated surfaces represent substrates before and after electron beam treatment and this study examines the role of electron beam pretreatment on the substrates in the initial stages of precursor dissociation and formation of Pt deposits. Our simulations show that on fully hydroxylated surfaces or untreated surfaces, the precursor molecules remain inactivated while we observe fragmentation of (C5H4CH3)Pt(CH3)3 on partially hydroxylated surfaces. The behavior of precursor molecules on the partially hydroxylated surfaces has been found to depend on the initial orientation of the molecule and the distribution of surface active sites. Based on the observations from the simulations and available experiments, we discuss possible dissociation channels of the precursor.
Stratospheric inorganic chlorine (Cly) is predominantly released from long-lived chlorinated source gases and, to a small extent, very short-lived chlorinated substances. Cly includes the reservoir species (HCl and ClONO2) and active chlorine species (i.e., ClOx). The active chlorine species drive catalytic cycles that deplete ozone in the polar winter stratosphere. This work presents calculations of inorganic chlorine (Cly) derived from chlorinated source gas measurements on board the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) during the Southern Hemisphere Transport, Dynamic and Chemistry (SouthTRAC) campaign in austral late winter and early spring 2019. Results are compared to Cly in the Northern Hemisphere derived from measurements of the POLSTRACC-GW-LCYCLE-SALSA (PGS) campaign in the Arctic winter of 2015/2016. A scaled correlation was used for PGS data, since not all source gases were measured. Using the SouthTRAC data, Cly from a scaled correlation was compared to directly determined Cly and agreed well. An air mass classification based on in situ N2O measurements allocates the measurements to the vortex, the vortex boundary region, and midlatitudes. Although the Antarctic vortex was weakened in 2019 compared to previous years, Cly reached 1687±19 ppt at 385 K; therefore, up to around 50 % of total chlorine was found in inorganic form inside the Antarctic vortex, whereas only 15 % of total chlorine was found in inorganic form in the southern midlatitudes. In contrast, only 40 % of total chlorine was found in inorganic form in the Arctic vortex during PGS, and roughly 20 % was found in inorganic form in the northern midlatitudes. Differences inside the two vortices reach as much as 540 ppt, with more Cly in the Antarctic vortex in 2019 than in the Arctic vortex in 2016 (at comparable distance to the local tropopause). To our knowledge, this is the first comparison of inorganic chlorine within the Antarctic and Arctic polar vortices. Based on the results of these two campaigns, the differences in Cly inside the two vortices are substantial and larger than the inter-annual variations previously reported for the Antarctic.
Biogenic organic precursors play an important role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). One of the major precursor species is α-pinene, which upon oxidation can form a suite of products covering a wide range of volatilities. Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) comprise a fraction of the oxidation products formed. While it is known that HOMs contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, including NPF, they have not been well studied in newly formed particles due to their very low mass concentrations. Here we present gas- and particle-phase chemical composition data from experimental studies of α-pinene oxidation, including in the presence of isoprene, at temperatures (−50 and −30 ∘C) and relative humidities (20 % and 60 %) relevant in the upper free troposphere. The measurements took place at the CERN Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber. The particle chemical composition was analyzed by a thermal desorption differential mobility analyzer (TD-DMA) coupled to a nitrate chemical ionization–atmospheric pressure interface–time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. CI-APi-TOF was used for particle- and gas-phase measurements, applying the same ionization and detection scheme. Our measurements revealed the presence of C8−10 monomers and C18−20 dimers as the major compounds in the particles (diameter up to ∼ 100 nm). Particularly, for the system with isoprene added, C5 (C5H10O5−7) and C15 compounds (C15H24O5−10) were detected. This observation is consistent with the previously observed formation of such compounds in the gas phase. However, although the C5 and C15 compounds do not easily nucleate, our measurements indicate that they can still contribute to the particle growth at free tropospheric conditions. For the experiments reported here, most likely isoprene oxidation products enhance the growth of particles larger than 15 nm. Additionally, we report on the nucleation rates measured at 1.7 nm (J1.7 nm) and compared with previous studies, we found lower J1.7 nm values, very likely due to the higher α-pinene and ozone mixing ratios used in the present study.
Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt auf der Untersuchung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen Molekülen in selbst-anordnenden Monolagen (SAMs) auf Goldoberflächen mittels Rastertunnelmikroskopie und komplementären Methoden wie z.B. Infrarot-Reflektions-Absorptions-Spektro-skopie.
In dieser Arbeit wurde das kürzlich etablierte Konzept von eingebetteten Dipolmomenten in aromatischen, SAM-bildenden Molekülen eingehender untersucht. Das Ausmaß des Dipol-moments und die Größe der SAM-bildenden Moleküle wurden synthetisch variiert und der Einfluss auf die Struktur und elektronischen Eigenschaften der SAMs untersucht. Binäre, gemischte Monolagen aus SAM-bildenden Molekülen mit "entgegen gerichteten", Dipolmomenten wurden hergestellt und charakterisiert. Zur Herstellung der binären, gemischten Monolagen wurden zwei Methoden verwendet: die Monolagen wurden a) aus bereits gemischten Lösungen der Moleküle abgeschieden oder b) eine reine SAM in die Lösung des anderen Moleküls eingelegt, so dass ein Austausch stattfand. Der Vergleich der beiden Methoden ermöglicht Rückschlüsse über die Abscheidungsprozesse. Die Charakterisierung der SAMs dieser Mischungsreihen gab Aufschluss über Eigenschaften wie Packungsdichte, Austrittsarbeit, elektronischen Ladungstransport in Monolagen und Orientierung der Moleküle relativ zur Oberfläche und erlaubte Schlussfolgerungen über die Mischbarkeit und das Ausmaß der Dipolwechselwirkungen der Moleküle in der Monolage. In einem ähnlichen Ansatz zu dem oben beschriebenen Vorgehen wurden Quadrupolwechselwirkungen zwischen SAM-bildenen, Benzol-, Naphtalin- und Anthracenderivaten untersucht. In Mischungsreihen wurden SAMs von nicht- und teilweise (hoch)fluorierten, SAM-bildenden Molekülen auf Goldoberflächen charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen können bei der gezielten Einstellung der elektronischen Eigenschaften in elektronischen Bauteilen wie OFETs Anwendung finden.
In einem weiteren Projekt wurde der Einfluss von polaren Endgruppen auf die in situ Abspaltung von Schutzgruppen an Terphenylthiol-Derivaten untersucht, wobei die Ergebnisse zum Aufbau größerer, aus organischer Elektronik bestehender, Netzwerke verwendet werden können.
On the basis of the results obtained in a previous paper it is shown that in the thermodynamic limit the analogues of the Massieu-Plandc functions are linked with each other by means of the Legendre transformation. The existence of the limiting function φk(∞) implies the existence of the limiting function φl(∞) (l<k) under the same assumptions. Passage to the limit and derivation with respect to all independent variables commute. A statistical derivation of the thermodynamic stability condition in its most general form is given which leads naturally to a statistical interpretation of the concept of thermodynamic stability.
It is shown that, for all conceivable ensembles of statistical thermodynamics, at the thermodynamic limit, the frequency function of the fluctuations of macroscopic extensive parameters equals a Gaussian. The proof is based on a generalisation of Khinchin's method using the concept of "smoothed frequency functions."
Die Winkelabhängigkeit des ZEEMAN-Effektes der Kernquadrupolresonanzen (35Cl) eines Einkristalls von ortho-Dichlorbenzol wurde bei — 35°C vermessen. Das Kristallsystem ist monoklin. Die z-Achsen der Feldgradiententensoren im Molekül bilden einen Winkel von (64,7 ±0,5)°. Der Asymmetrieparameter des Feldgradienten hat einen Wert von 0,100 ± 0,01. Die Winkelmeßeinrichtung wird beschrieben.
The nuclear magnetic resonance of 133Cs (I=7/2) has been studied at room temperature in the isostructural compounds Cs2CuCl4, Cs2CuBr4, Cs2CoCl4 and Cs2ZnCl4. The nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors and the magnetic shift tensors have been determined at the two inequivalent sites of the unit cell for all complexes. A satisfactory description of the quadrupole coupling (νq ≲ 20 kc) with a point charge model is only possible by reducing the charge on the central ion of the MX4 tetrahedron to +1-1. Large isotropic shifts (up to 0.5%) with smaller anisotropic contributions have been found in the paramagnetic compounds. The diamagnetic Cs2ZnCl4 shows shift up to 0.03% relative to CsCl.
Es wird das Mikrowellenspektrum eines symmetrischen Kreisels (tert.-Butyljodid) untersucht, in dem sich die HFS-Komponenten des Schwingungsgrundzustandes mit denen einiger angeregten Vibrationszustände überlagern. Dabei gelingt es, eine allgemeine Methode zur Analyse eines mit den genannten Schwierigkeiten behafteten Spektrums zu entwickeln. Die Auswertung ergibt im Falle des tert.-Butyljodids folgende Konstanten: e Q q = -1709,5 ± 5,5 MHz, B = 1560,60 ± 0,01 MHz, DJ = 0,20 ± 0,10 kHz, DJK = 0,70 ± 0,07 kHz, rC-J = 2,190 ± 0,005 Å.
The influence of temperatur and pressure on the fluorescence quantum yield of N-methylacridone (9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-methyl-acridine) in toluene in the range of 283-313 K and 1 bar to 2.5 kbar, respectively, has been investigated. Treatment of the data in terms of the Eyring transition-state theory leads to a consistent interpretation of the observed effect. The unusually large increase of the quantum yield with increasing pressure is attributed to a positive volume of activation, ⊿V≠, for the thermally activated S1-T2 intersystem crossing which is known to be the only deactivation process (of the Si-state) competing with fluorescence. Comparison of the values for ⊿H≠, the activation enthalpy of this process, determined at various pressures, indicates a decrease in ⊿H≠ at elevated pressures. Since ⊿H≠ can be associated with the S1-T2 energy gap involved in intersystem crossing, this result further confirms the conclusion that the change in Franck-Condon factors alone cannot account for the decrease in the intersystem crossing rate with increasing pressure.
(NBu4)2[Co4(SPh)6Cl4] (1) and [Co4(SPh)6CU(PPh3)2] (2) are prepared by the reaction of (NBu4)[CoCl3(PPh3)] and [CoCl2(PPh3)2] with PhSSiMe3 in toluene solution. The overall description of the Co4S6Cl4 core is that o f a nearly regular Co4-tetrahedron inscribed in an irregular octahedron of the bridging S atoms resulting in an “adamantane” type cage. 1 reacts with Na[Mn(CO)5] to form the dinuclear complex (NBu4)[Mn2(SPh)3(CO)6] (4). Each Mn atom is bound to three CO and three μ2-SPh ligands. The Mn-Mn contact (318.5 pm) does not indicate metal-metal bonding.
Für eine Gruppe von Di- und Tripeptiden wurden die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten sowie die Arrhenius schen Aktivierungsenergien und Aktionskonstanten der sauren Hydrolyse der einzelnen Peptidbindungen gemessen. Zeitgesetz und Abstufungen der Aktivierungsenergien lassen sich nur unter bestimmten Annahmen über die Solvatation der Reaktionsteilnehmer auf der Grundlage des Ingold- Benderschen Mechanismus interpretieren. Aktionskonstante und Aktivierungsenergien weisen einen symbaten Gang auf.
Induction of the enzyme Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase in Pseudomonas testosteroni was found to be strongly inhibited by reserpine and by the alkaloids of Vinca and Ergot. Morphine, colchicine and papaverine caused weaker inhibition whilst a series of other alkaloids were almost ineffective. Ergot alkaloids were inhibitory towards all steroids tested, androgens, oestrogens and progestagens, and a similar effect was shown with the other inducible enzymes, 3α- and 3β.17β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase.
Experiments with cell-free protein synthesis indicate that reserpine inhibits the induction of messenger RNA.
The unimolecular thermal decomposition of chloroethane-2-d3 and chloroethane-2-d1 was studied in a static system at two temperatures and at pressures between 0.1 and 10 mm Hg. The rate constants for the high pressure limit were obtained from these measurements and used to calculate the Arrhenius equations. The decomposition of chloroethane-2-d3 was also studied at high conversions and yielded almost exclusively (97%) DCl and CD2CH2 as shown by mass spectrometric analysis thus proving a molecular elimination mechanism via a four-centered reaction complex.
Aqueous solutions of alkyl sulphates containing small amounts of the free alkanol differ in their dissolving properties for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions of the pure soap in concentrations near the CMC. The differences are observed only near the CMC of the pure soap, where the soap solutions containing free alkanol have a minimum of the surface tension. The observed alterations are deviations from the Lambert-Beer law, energy transfer, and changes of the fluorescence quantum efficiencies, when the soap concentration is varied. The different results are consistent with the assumption that microcristalline molecular van der Waals associations are brought into solution by the soap solutions which were studied.
Triphenylmethylphosphonium nitrite and formate have been prepared by the reaction of [PPh3Me]I with silver nitrite, and lead formate, respectively, in aqueous solutions. [PPh3Me]NO2 (1) forms pale yellow crystals, and [PPh3Me]HCO2·H2O (2) forms white crystals. Both compounds are soluble in water, ethanol, and dichloromethane. In moist air 2 is hydrated to yield [PPh3Me]HCO2·2H2O (3). The compounds were characterized by their IR spectra, 1 and 2 also by X-ray crystal structure determinations.
[PPh3Me]NO2 (1): space group P21/n, Z = 4, 2088 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.062. Lattice dimensions (20 °C): a = 914.7(3), b = 1887.5(9), c = 1080.0(4) pm, β = 110.29(3)°. The compound consists of PPh3Me+ ions and NO2- anions with bond lengths of 114.2(6) pm and a bond angle of 124.1(7)°.
[PPh3Me]HCO2·H2O (2): space group P21/n, Z = 4, 2973 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.069. Lattice dimensions (-20 °C): a = 931(2), b = 1558(3), c = 1281(2) pm, β = 105.9(1)°. The compound consists of PPh3Me+ ions and formate anions which form centrosymmetric dimeric units [HCO2·H2O]22- through hydrogen bridges of the water molecules. Bond lengths CO 122.4(4) and 120.9(4) pm. bond angle OCO 129.9(4)°.
A detailed analysis of the chemical constituents of a Caribbean specimen of Aiolochroia crassa was performed. Five brominated products (1 -5) were isolated and one of these was a new bromotyrosine metabolite. The structure of the new compound 1 has been established from spectral studies. Compounds 1 and 2, which are the major brominated metabolites and have not been previously identified in any Aiolochroia species, could be usefully employed as chemotaxonomic markers.
The spectral properties of binary complexes of NAD-analogues and fragments therefrom with I.DH from pig heart or ADH from liver and yeast have been investigated. The NADH-analogues were modified by replacing adenine through benzimidazole, benzene or dihydronicotinamide. Additionally adenosine diphosphate ribose, dihydronicotinamide and dihydronicotinamide- ribose pyrophosphate-5"-ribose have been studied.
It has been shown by means of difference spectra that complexes between ADH from horse liver and analogues cause spectral changes in the region of aromatic absorption at 280 nm even when adenine is absent in the analogues. Spectral changes in the other enzymes mentioned are probably due to changes of the n-π* absorption of the adenine ring. The spectral changes upon complexing indicate hydrophobic interaction of the adenine with the enzyme protein. Fluorescence spectra vary in the intensity of the energy transfer band as well as in coenzyme emission depending on variation of the coenzym analogue. Changing of complex formation between protein and analogues at different pH-values are investigated. ADH from yeast, especially, shows a pK around 6 which suggests interaction with histidine imidazole.
The sesquiterpenoic alcohol nerolidol was separated into its 4 stereoisomers by MPLC of the diastereomeric (1 S, 4 R)-camphanoates.
An analytical GC method was found by which both the enantiomeric pairs of (Z)- and (E)-nerolidol are resolved on a chiral cyclodextrin stationary phase. The olfactoric properties of the nerolidol stereoisomers were investigated.
Stereoisomere Aromastoffe XIX: Asymmetrische Reduktion von 4(5)-Oxocarbonsäuren mit Bäckerhefe
(1987)
Asymmetric reduction of 4(5)-oxocarboxylic acids (esters)by baker’s yeast and cyclizationin acidic media yield soptically active γ(δ)lactones. The evaluation of their chirality and optical purity was carried out by HPLC (HRGC)analysis of the corresponding 1,4(1.5)-diols via diastereomeric esters with(R)-Mosher acid(MTPA) and (S)-O-acyllactic acids respectively. By increasing the 4(5)alkyl side chain 4R(5R) configurated γ(δ)-lactones with high ee-values are generated.
Exposite produce chemiluminescence when heated to 50 - 70 °C or treated with nucleophilic substances at room temperature. Initiation by Piperidine in Dimethylsulfoxide allows to determine 5 nmol of Phenyloxirane in 5 ml samples.
5-Acetyl-4-methyl-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl) -imidazole-5′-phosphate reacts with diphenylphospho chloridate forming the asymmetrical pyrophosphate ester. This in turn reacts with tri-n-butylammonium phosphate yielding 5-acetyl-4-methyl-imidazole-riboside-5′-diphosphate and with tri-rcbutylammonium pyrophosphate to give the nucleotide triphosphate.
5-Acetyl-4-methyl-imidazole-riboside-5′-pyrophosphate shows in the test with pyruvate kinase a reaction rate three times slower than that of ADP; but the same Km as that of ADP. The ATP analogue is only about 10% as effective as ATP itself in the test with hexokinase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and gluconate kinase. Adenylate kinase and NAD+ kinase show no activity when ATP is replaced by the nucleotide-triphosphate-analogue. In presence of ATP the analogue strongly inhibits the reaction of adenylate kinase.
Studies on the transport of anions and zwitterions of acidic amino acids in Streptomyces hydrogenans
(1983)
n Streptomyces hydrogenans, acidic amino acfds are taken up either as anions by a specific transport system or as zwitterions via a nonspecific one. Variations in the zwitterion concentration caused by changes in pH influence the uptake and exchange diffusion by the nonspecific system. Differences in pH-optima for ʟ-glutamate and ʟ-aspartate transport are due to the different pK2-values of these amino acids. The anion transport by the specific system is accompanied by a short hyperpolarization of the membrane potential followed by a secondary influx of potassium ions into the cells.
The recently developed stereospecific sodium salt glycosylation procedure has been successfully applied to the synthesis of the β-ᴅ-2′-deoxyribofuranosides of benzimidazole, 5,6-dihalogeno benzimidazoles, and some 2-substituted analogues in high yield. The 5,6-dibromo analogue was obtained by bromination of the parent nucleoside. These have all been characterized by spectroscopic methods, including 1H NMR, which permitted analyses of their solution conformations and comparison with those of the corresponding ribofuranosides. Some biological aspects, including preliminary results on cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, are briefly considered.
Chromosomale Strukturen von Pseudomonas testosteroni. II. Aktivität der endogenen RNA-Polymerase
(1976)
After careful lysis the nucleoid of Pseudomonas testosteroni can be isolated in three different forms with compact and unfolded DNA structures 1. The released nucleoids contain endogenous DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity using the chromosomal DNA as a template. RNA syn thesis is proportional to duration of RNA-polymerase reaction and amount of DNA-protein-complexes. The sensitivity towards ionic strength and rifampicin indicates that a part of RNA-polymerase activity is tightly bound to the chromosomal DNA.
The sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) promotes tumor development through a variety of mechanisms including promoting proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells. Moreover, S1P emerged as an important regulator of tumor microenvironmental cell function by modulating, among other mechanisms, tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, S1P was proposed as a target for anti-tumor therapy. The clinical success of current cancer immunotherapy suggests that future anti-tumor therapy needs to consider its impact on the tumor-associated immune system. Hereby, S1P may have divergent effects. On the one hand, S1P gradients control leukocyte trafficking throughout the body, which is clinically exploited to suppress auto-immune reactions. On the other hand, S1P promotes pro-tumor activation of a diverse range of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the current literature describing the role of S1P in tumor-associated immunity, and we discuss strategies for how to target S1P for anti-tumor therapy without causing immune paralysis.
To better understand the role of sphingolipids in the multifactorial process of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we elucidated the role of CerS4 in colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). For this, we utilized the azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulphate (AOM/DSS)-induced colitis model in global CerS4 knockout (CerS4 KO), intestinal epithelial (CerS4 Vil/Cre), or T-cell restricted knockout (CerS4 LCK/Cre) mice. CerS4 KO mice were highly sensitive to the toxic effect of AOM/DSS, leading to a high mortality rate. CerS4 Vil/Cre mice had smaller tumors than WT mice. In contrast, CerS4 LCK/Cre mice frequently suffered from pancolitis and developed more colon tumors. In vitro, CerS4-depleted CD8+ T-cells isolated from the thymi of CerS4 LCK/Cre mice showed impaired proliferation and prolonged cytokine production after stimulation in comparison with T-cells from WT mice. Depletion of CerS4 in human Jurkat T-cells led to a constitutively activated T-cell receptor and NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, the deficiency of CerS4 in T-cells led to an enduring active status of these cells and prevents the resolution of inflammation, leading to a higher tumor burden in the CAC mouse model. In contrast, CerS4 deficiency in epithelial cells resulted in smaller colon tumors and seemed to be beneficial. The higher tumor incidence in CerS4 LCK/Cre mice and the toxic effect of AOM/DSS in CerS4 KO mice exhibited the importance of CerS4 in other tissues and revealed the complexity of general targeting CerS4.
Despite intensive research, glioblastoma remains almost invariably fatal. Various promising drugs targeting specific aspects of glioma biology, in addition to or as an alternative to antiproliferative chemotherapy, were not successful in larger clinical trials. Further insights into the biology of glioma and the mechanisms behind the evasive-adaptive response to targeted therapies is needed to help identify new therapeutic targets, prognostics, or predictive biomarkers. As a modulator of the canonically oncogenic Rho-GTPase pathway, Lipid phosphate phosphatase-related protein type 5 (LPPR5) is pivotal in influencing growth, angiogenesis, and therapeutic resistance. We used a GL261 murine orthotopic allograft glioma model to quantify the tumor growth and to obtain tissue for histological and molecular analysis. Epicortical intravital epi-illumination fluorescence video microscopy of the tumor cell spheroids was used to characterize the neovascular architecture and hemodynamics. GL261-glioma growth was delayed and decelerated after LPPR5 overexpression (LPPR5OE). We observed increased tumor cell apoptosis and decreased expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor A in LPPR5OE glioma. Hence, an altered micro-angioarchitecture consisting of dysfunctional small blood vessels was discovered in the LPPR5OE tumors. Sunitinib therapy eliminated these vessels but had no effect on tumor growth or apoptosis. In general, LPPR5 overexpression generated a more benign, proapoptotic glioma phenotype with delayed growth and a dysfunctional vascular architecture.
The kinetics of the photodynamic desactivation of lysozyme in presence of acridine orange as the sensitizer have been investigated in detail varying oxygen, protein, dye concentration, ionic strength and pH value. The kinetics can be approximately described as an over all pseudo-first- order rate process. Changing the solvent from water to D2O or by quenching experiments in presence of azide ions it could be shown that the desactivation of lysozyme is caused exclusively by singlet oxygen. The excited oxygen occurs via the triplet state of the dye with a rate constant considerably lower than that to be expected for a diffusionally controlled reaction. Singlet oxygen reacts chemically (desactivation, k=2.9 × 107 ᴍ-1 sec-1) and physically (quenching process, k = 4.1 × 108 ᴍ-1sec-1) with the enzyme. The kinetical analysis shows that additional chemical reactions between singlet oxygen and lysozyme would have only little influence on the kinetics of the desactivation as long as their products would be enzymatically active and their kinetical constants would be less than about 1 × 108 ᴍ-1 sec-1.
The photodynamic deactivation of lysozyme in presence of acridine orange is caused by a reaction between singlet oxygen formed via the dye triplet state and the protein. In order to identify the region where the singlet oxygen reacts with the protein we have investigated the kinetics of the deactivation in presence ofthe inhibitor of the enzymatic reaction N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The overall experimental rate constant becomes slower with increasing saccharide concentrations. As we can exclude experimentally that this kinetical effect is caused in presence of the saccharide by a physical quenching of singlet oxygen or of the dye triplet state it has to be assumed that GlcNAc protects the surrounding of its bindings place at subsite C of the enzymatic center sterically against an attack of singlet oxygen. In this region three tryptophan residues are located, which could be sensitive against singlet oxygen. Surprisingly, however, it has been found that only those species are protected, in which a second saccharide molecule is bound to the protein, probably at subsite E at the enzymatic center, where no sensitive amino acid side chains are located.
Some physical and chemical properties of the cancerostat cyclophosphamide (generic name: ENDOXAN) and its basic constituents H3PO4 and nor-N-mustard have been calculated with the help of a modified CNDO/S-method. The spectroscopic data of the H3PO4 , which is the starting-point for a corresponding calculation of cyclophosphamide, has been studied by taking account of the 3 d electron of the phosphorus. Nor-N-mustard is a very reactive compound, characterized by the ability to split off chloride ions and to act as an alkylating agent. The binding of the nor-N-mustard to the cyclic phosphate ester (cyclophosphamide) modifies the chemical reactivity of the mustard group in an essential way, and the 3d electron of the phosphorus plays an important role with respect to the excitability of the C -Cl bonds. Cyclophosphamide must be metabolized in a suitable way to develop the same alkylating activity as the nor-N-mustard. The computation of the excited states of cyclophosphamide revealed a similar term scheme as it was found by Clar in the case of the carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons.
Levels of the purine nucleoside triphosphates are de creasing towards the end of log phase growth of Streptomyces hydrogenans. Induction of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehy-drogenase by addition of 11β,21-dihydroxy-4,17 (20) -pregna-dien-3-one to the growth medium leads to a pronounced drop in purine nucleoside triphosphate levels with is irreversible in contrast to the initial loss and later accumulation of RNA.
3,17 β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been enriched and purified from cytosol of Streptomyces hydrogenans. After ammonium sulfate precipitation and filtration on Sephadex G-100 the enzyme was finally purified by preparative gel electrophoresis and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate gave a single band of mobility corresponding to molecular weight of 70 200 ± 2 500. 3 β-. 17 β- as well as 20 β-hydroxy steroids were dehydrogenated by the enzyme in the presence of NAD+. The dehydrogenation proceeded faster than the reduction of the corresponding ketosteroids in the presence of NADH. The enzyme does not accent NADP+ or NADPH as co-substrates. The apparent Km values were calculated to be 11 μᴍ for 5 α-dihydrotestosterone, 20 μᴍ for testosterone ana 68 μᴍ for epiandrosterone in the NAD+-driven reaction, 1.8 x 10-4 m for NADH+ and 1.9 x 10-4 ᴍ for NADH. The catalytic activity was influenced by the ratio of NAD+/ATP. The inhibition by ATP appears to be of a competitive type with respect to NAD+ (Ki 1.15 x 10-3 ᴍ).
After sucrose gradient centrifugation in a preparative ultracentrifuge the enzyme sediments with 4.1 ± 0.1 S as estimated in comparison to other proteins of known sedimentation coefficient. The isoelectric point was determined to be 3.9 with the LKB preparative isoelectric focusing column (pH 2-11) and 4.1 with the analytical flat bed polyacrylamide isofocusing (pH 3 - 5). The number of SH groups was determined to be 2 mol/mol enzyme. In the presence of 6 M urea the figure inceases to 3 mol SH/mol enzyme. In the presence of an excess of p-chloromercuribenzoate the enzyme activity decreases only partially.
A new NAD⊕-isomer was prepared, in which the ᴅ-ribose of the adenosine moiety was sub stituted by the enantiomeric ʟ-ribose. As compared to nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (NAD⊕) and NADH the coenzyme isomer (ᴅ,ʟ)-NAD⊕ and its dihydroform (ᴅ,ʟ)-NADH are far less tightly bound to lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver. In the presence of the second substrate (ᴅ,ʟ)-NAD⊕ and (ᴅ,ʟ)-NADH act as hydrogen acceptor and hydrogen donator, respectively, with lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenases from horse liver and yeast. Compared to NAD⊕ and NADH the Michaelis constants are always increased, the catalytic constants (V/Et) were found to be decreased except for the dihydroform reacting with alcohol dehydrogenase from liver.
Sulfhydryl Groups, Methylmercury Containing Inactivator, Coenzyme Analogue Nicotinamide-(S-methylmercury-thioinosine) dinucleotide was formed by reaction of nicotin amide-(6-thiopurine) dinucleotide with methylmercury chloride. The compound exhibits coenzyme properties in the test with LDH (Km=1.5 × 10-4 м , Vmax=12500) and LADH (Km=1.7 × 10-4 м, Vmax=27) and inactivates YADH and GAPDH. From incubations with LDH and LADH the mercury containing coenzyme could be regained by column chromatography. The compound seems to be qualified for the X-ray structure analysis of the coenzyme-enzyme complex for some dehyrogenases based on the proportion of the heavy metal.
[ω- (3-Acetylpyridinio) -n-alkyl] adenosine pyrophosphates are coenzyme analogs of NAD⊕. The adenosine pyrophosphate moiety and the 3-acetylpyridine ring of the analogs are connected by n-alkyl chains of different lengths (ethyl -hexyl). The analogs form strong dissociating complexes with lactate dehydrogenase. The complex formation is predominantly achieved by interaction of the ADP moiety with its respective binding domain at the active site.
The redox potentials of the analogs and NAD are of similar magnitude. The coenzyme function of the analogs depends upon the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenases from yeast and horse liver do not catalize hydrogen transfer from their substrates to any other alkyl analog but [4- (3-acetylpyridinio)-n-butyl] adenosine pyrophosphate, aldehyde dehydrogenase from horse liver catalizes hydrogen transfer from acetaldehyde to the pentyl derivative and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalizes hydrogen transfer to both analogs. In no case, hydrogen transfer from or to one of the 3-acetylpyridine-n-alkyl analogs proceeded with a velocity comparable to NAD or its 3-acetylpyridine analog. The results show that the nicotinamide bound ribose in NAD is involved in the binding and the activation of the coenzyme.
Intoxication of class II chloroplasts of spinach with Cu(II) leads to inhibition of millisecond luminescence. The degree of inhibition depends on Cu (II) -concentration. The investgation of the pH dpendence of the inhibition curve of luminescence revealed that (1) there is an inhibition site of copper on the donor side of photosystem II, (2) copper (II) does not act as an uncoupler of photophosphorylation, (3) a protonation equilibrium is involved in the inhibition mechanism, and (4) copper (II) binds to a dissociated residue of a membrane protein.
ncubation of class II chloroplasts of spinach with copper in the light at pH = 8 in concentrations that inhibit oxygen evolution results in the formation of a copper (II) protein complex with the photosynthetic membrane. The EPR spectra indicate that the four nearest ligands to Cu(II) consist of three oxygen atoms and one nitrogen atom. The copper (II) protein appears to be pre dominantly associated with photosystem II. The formation of this protein as measured by the EPR signal amplitude of its room temperature spectrum correlates with the inhibition of oxygen evolution and of electron transport within photosystem I. This result indicates that the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport by copper may be due to the formation of a copper (II) chelate with a membrane protein.
Spectrophotometric investigation of the kinetics of the spontaneous reduction of the central metal ion in K2[Mn (IV)-2-α-hydroxyethyl-isochlorine e4] acetate in aqueous alkaline solution in the absence of any reducing agent reveals that it is a pseudo-first order reaction which is specifically hydroxide ion catalyzed. The pKα-value of the acid-base equilibrium has been estimated to be 14.4.
Electron transfer to the central metal ion is the rate limiting step. The measurements of its temperature dependence yields an activation enthalpy of ∆H‡ = 12 kcal/mol and an entropy of activation ∆S‡ = - 30 e.u. thus indicating that the electron transfer step is a bimolecular reaction. The most likely reactant is water. The reduction reaction does not take place with appreciable reaction rates at physiological pH. Thus, when bound to a suitable ligand of the chlorin type, Mn (IV)-compounds are sufficiently stable with respect to autoxidation to play some role in biological redox reactions as postulated recently for the photoreactivation process of the water splitting system in photosynthesis.
The effect of NH4Cl on the kinetics of the back reaction of photosystem II as derived from luminescence measurements was investigated in dark adapted Chlorella in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) at different temperatures. The kinetics of the back reaction which, under these conditions, leads to the reduction of the S2 state by the primary electron acceptor Q- of photosystem II was observed to be considerably slowed down in the presence of NH4Cl.
Analysis of the kinetic results in the light of the theory of the back reaction developed by Mar and Roy (J. Theor. Biol. 48, 257-281 (1974)) revealed two opposite effects of NH4Cl to be present simultaneously:
1) The enthalpy of activation of the back reaction was lowered (catalyzing effect of NH4Cl)
2) The frequenca factor which indicates the number of collisions of the reacting molecules in the membrane per second is largely decreased (inhibitory effect of NH4Cl).
This reduction of the mobility of the recombining species of the back reaction is the predominant effect of NH4Cl. It is suggested that this effect is due to a change of the conformational state of the membrane induced by dissolution of relative large amounts of NH? within the lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the value of the exciton yield of the back reaction changes upon addition of NH4Cl.
Photosystem II
Today, the term buchu refers to the two species in commerce, Agathosma betulina (P.J.Bergius) Pillans and Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans (Rutaceae). Its traditional use in urinary tract infections and related ailments made it a popular remedy, specifically in the US, in 19th century, but with the advent of antibiotics it became largely obsolete. Recent focus is on technological use and on the essential oil for use in the perfume and food-flavouring industry. A review of the scarce pharmacological research revealed moderate antimicrobial activity for a leaf extract but not the essential oil of both species in the MIC assay. In the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) assay the essential oil of both species revealed IC50 values of 50.37 ± 1.87 μg/ml and 59.15 ± 7.44 μg/ml, respectively. In another study 98% inhibitory activity was determined for 250 μg/ml of an ethanolic extract of A. betulina on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and a 25% inhibitory activity on COX-2. Analgesic activity of an ethanolic extract of A. betulina was shown in mice. Moderate antioxidant activity was determined for methanol:dichlormethane extracts of A. betulina and A. crenulata and an aqueous extract of A. betulina showed a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of 11.8 µM Trolox. Recent in vitro studies with a commercial aqueous extract of buchu revealed increased uptake of glucose added to 3T3-L1 cell line, significant inhibition of the respiratory burst of neutrophils and monocytes, reduction in the expression of adhesion molecules and inhibition of the release of IL-6 and TNF-α. In diabetic rats the ingestion of aqueous buchu extract completely normalized the glucose level and in rats receiving a high fat diet the consumption of aqueous buchu extract resulted in less weight gain and less intraperitoneal fat gain as well as reduction of elevated blood pressure to normal associated with cardioprotective effects. Limitations in the hitherto conducted research lie in the undisclosed composition of the buchu extracts used and the difficulty in extrapolating data from animal studies to humans. Health claims for buchu products need to be substantiated by randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled studies. Only then can they be promoted for their true therapeutic potential.
Carbene transfer from aliphatic diazoalkanes upon coordinatively unsaturated metal centers is a general synthetic concept that provides straight-forward routes into organo-metallic hydrocarbon chemistry. A comparison focussing on several key reactions of general applicability demonstrates that mononuclear organometal substrates add carbenes that may act as bridging ligands (e.g., compound 6) if they arise from ω,ω'-bisdiazoalkanes. By way of contrast, metal-metal double bonds cleanly form dimetallacyclo-propane-type derivatives under very mild conditions (7-9). The broadest variety of structures is finally encountered with metal-metal triply bonded precursors such as the molybdenum compounds 3: here, the initial diazoalkane adducts are subject to further rearrangement processes commonly leading to metal-metal single bonds (11) or causing irreversible cleavage of the dinuclear metal systems (10).
Thermal decompositions of azo compounds in the gas phase under reduced pressure are further investigated using photoelectron spectroscopic gas analysis. Passing diallyl, diphenyl and phenylmethyl derivatives either through a short-pathway pyrolysis (SPP) apparatus or through an external thermal reactor (ETR) results in the following fragmentations: Under nearly unimolecular conditions (SPP, 10-4 mbar pressure), diallyldiazene decomposes above 600 K to N2 and hexadiene-1,5 with the allyl radical as a detectable intermediate. The PE spectra recorded for diphenyldiazene above 1000 K (ETR, 1-2 mbar pressure) show N2, benzene, as well as traces of diphenyl. Phenylmethyldiazene yields above 800 K (SPP) predominantly N2, toluene, diphenyl and ethane with the methyl radical as the only detectable intermediate. Insertion of quartz wool into the pyrolysis tube (ETR) lowers the fragmentation temperatures, and in addition, above 850 K, HCN and aniline are PE spectroscopically identified. Surprisingly, this second reaction channel can be heterogeneously catalyzed: phenylmethyldiazene decomposes under 10-2 mbar pressure at a [Ni/SiO2] catalyst surface selectively to HCN and aniline.
[Ph3PN(H)Ph][AuI2] (2) is formed by the reaction of AuI with N-Phenyl-iminotriphenylphosphorane, Ph3PNPh in a toluene suspension. 2,3-Bis(triphenylphosphinimino)maleic acid-N-methylimide (3) has been prepared by the Staudinger reaction of 2,3-bis(azido)maleic acid-N-methylimide with PPh3 in THF solution in the form of red crystals. Crystal structure determinations of three iminophosphoranes were carried out by X-ray methods.
Ph3PNPh (1): space group P21/c, Z = 4, 2176 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.057. Lattice dimensions (-30 °C): a = 1126.4, b = 1148.6, c = 1476.0 pm; β = 97.21°. The compound forms monomeric molecules with P=N = 160.2 pm and an PNC angle of 130.4°.
[Ph3PN(H)Ph][AuI2] (2): space group P1̄, Z = 2, 1780 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.057. Lattice dimensions (18 °C); a = 824.9, b = 1022, c = 1476.2 pm; α = 89.23°, β = 87.41°, γ = 85.65°. The compound consists of ions [Ph3PN(H)Ph]⊕ with P=N = 162.4 pm and PNC = 129.3°, and anions [AuI2]⊖ with Au-I = 261.9 and 259.3 pm, IAuI = 176.8°.
(Ph3P)2N2C4O2 (NMe) (3): space group P1̄, Z = 2, 4972 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.050. Lattice dimensions (-90 °C): a = 904.7, b = 993.8, c = 2017.4 pm; α = 101.55°, β = 96.39°, γ = 105.81°. The compound forms monomeric molecules with syn-conformation of the two NPPh3 groups. Bond lengths: P=N = 157.1; 155.3 pm, bond angles: PNC = 133°; 136°.
The title compounds Ph3PNPh · CuCl (1) and (Ph3P)2 N2 C4O2 (NMe) CuCl (2) have been prepared by the reactions of CuCl with the corresponding phosphoranimines Ph3PNPh and 2.3-bis(triphenylphosphoranylideneamino)maleic acid N-methylimide, respectively. Both com-plexes were characterized by their IR spectra as well as by crystal structure determinations.
Ph3PNPh · CuCl (1): space group P1, Z = 4, 3639 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.038. Lattice dimensions (18 °C): a = 1047.6; b = 1251.5; c = 1755 pm; α = 103.43°; β = 97.24°; γ = 101.30°. The compound forms monomeric molecules; the asymmetric unit contains two crystallo-graphically independent molecules. The CuCl molecule is bonded via the N atom of the phos-phoranimine. Bond lengths: Cu-N = 189 pm; Cu-CI = 209 pm; bond angle N - Cu - CI = 177°.
(Ph3P)2N2C4O2(NMe) · CuCl (2): space group Pbca, Z = 8, 5611 independent, observed reflexions, R = 0.069. Lattice dimensions (25 °C): a = 1224.3; b = 1962.5: c = 2994.0 pm. The compound forms monomeric molecules with the CuCl molecule bonded via one of the N atoms of the phosphoranimine groups. Bond lengths: Cu - N = 194 pm; Cu-CI = 212 pm; bond angle N-Cu -CI -175°.
Infrared spectroscopy in combination with a specially developed attenuated total reflection (ATR) flow cell and multivariate analysis was used for the quantitative analysis of beer and other beverages. IR spectra of samples were obtained in the range from below 1000 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 and subjected to a multivariate analysis based on calibration sets with laboratory reference standards. In the case of beer, this calibration set included 240 beer samples spanning the entire range of ethanol content, extract and CO2. Based on this calibration, an infrared and UV/Vis spectroscopy-based sensor for the quick and quantitative quality control of beer was developed and subjected to extensive tests in breweries. This sensor meets and exceeds all requirements from brewers for the routine control in the production and bottling. Its use for other beverages, for example wine, juices or apple wine, requires only another set of calibration data for the specific beverage.
Dichlorido(3-phenylindenylidene)bis(triphenylphosphane)ruthenium(II) tetrahydrofuran disolvate
(2011)
The RuII atom in the title compound, [RuCl2(C15H10)(C18H15P)2]·2C4H8O, has a distorted square-pyramidal conformation. The P and Cl atoms are at the base of the pyramid and the Ru-Cindenylidene bond is in the axial position. The two Cl ligands and the two phosphane ligands are in trans positions. The Cl-Ru-Cl and P-Ru-P angles are 157.71 (2) and 166.83 (2)°, respectively. The two independent tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent molecules are disordered. One THF molecule was refined using a split-atom model. The second THF molecule was accounted for by using program PLATON/SQUEEZE [Spek (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148-155]. The molecular conformation shows three intramolecular C-H...Cl contacts and two C-H...[pi] interactions while the crystal packing features an intermolecular C-H...Cl contact and two very weak intermolecular C-H...[pi] contacts.
A new procedure for the synthesis of 2-(4-propylphenyl)ethanol is provided. This new procedure significantly reduces side-products as 1-(4-propylphenyl)ethanol and 2-bromoethanol, which are obtained when using the previously known procedure. Only with the new procedure an efficient purification on the large scale needed for avoided-level-crossing muon-spin resonance experiments was possible.
Structural details of the title compound could be derived from an X-ray structure analysis of a crystalline derivative, the nitrobenzoyl ester.
Crystal and molecular structure analysis of the title compound 1, a most electron rich carbosilane, exhibits a shallow boat conformation for the cyclohexadiene ring which is shielded by four bulky Me3Si groups. Multiple hyperconjugative interaction occurs between the two non-conjugated olefinic π systems and the four rather long (192 pm) carbon-silicon o bonds which form an angle of about 34° with the assumed π axis. The HOMO destabilization caused by this unique structural arrangement explains the energetically facile formation and subsequent reactivity of the cation radical 1+ which was found to undergo oxidative desilylation to the aromatic 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene precursor in the single electron transfer reaction with TCNE.
[MesnacnacZn(μ-H)]2 (1) was synthesized by reaction of MesnacnacZnI with either an equimolar amount of KNH(iPr)BH3 or an excess of NaH and characterized by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. Two polymorphs of 1 were found and their structures determined on single crystals.
Starting from (MeO)3SiCH2Cl (10) and Ph2(H)SiCH2OH (16), respectively, the (hydroxymethyl)diphenyl(piperidinoalkyl)silanes (HOCH2)Ph2Si(CH2)2NC5H10 (6) and (HOCH2)Ph2Si(CH2)3NC5H10 (8) have been synthesized [10→Ph2(MeO)SiCH2Cl (11)→Ph2(CH2=CH)SiCH2Cl (12)→Ph2(CH2=CH)SiCH2OAc (13)→Ph2(CH2=CH)SiCH2OH (14)→Ph2(CH2=CH)SiCH2OSiMe3 (15)→6; 16→Ph2(H)SiCH2OSiMe3 (17)→8; NC5H10 = piperidino]. N-Quaternization of 6 and 8 with MeI gave the corresponding methiodides 7 and 9, respectively. As shown by IR-spectroscopic studies, compounds 6 and 8 form intramolecular O-H···N hydrogen bonds in solution (CCl4). In the crystal, 6 (space group Pna21; two crystallographically independent molecules) also forms intramolecular O-H···N hydrogen bonds whereas 8 (space group P1̅) forms intermolecular O-H···N hydrogen bonds leading to the formation of centrosymmetric dimers (single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies). The (hydroxymethyl) silanes 6-9 and the related silanols (HO)Ph2Si(CH2)2NC5H 10 (sila-pridinol; 1), sila-pridinol methiodide (2), (HO)Ph2Si(CH2)3NC5H10 (sila-difenidol; 3) and sila-difenidol methiodide (4) were investigated for their antimuscarinic properties. In functional pharmacological experiments as well as in radioligand competition studies, all compounds behaved as simple competitive antagonists at muscarinic M1-, M2-, M3- and M4-receptors. In general, the silanols 1-4 displayed higher receptor affinities (up to 100-fold) than the corresponding (hydroxymethyl) silanes 6-9 . In the (hydroxymethyl)silane series, compound 7 was found to be the most potent muscarinic antagonist [pA2/pKi= 8,71/8,6 (M1), 8,23/7,8 (M2), 8,19/7,8 (M3); pKi = 8,2 (M4)]. In the silanol series, the related compound 2 showed the most interesting antimuscarinic properties [pA2/pKi = 10,37/9,6 (M1), 8,97/8,8 (M2), 9,08/8,8 (M3); pKi = 9,4 (M4)].
The title compound, C30H16N4O4, reveals \overline1 crystallographic and molecular symmetry and accordingly the asymmetric unit comprises one half-molecule. The dihedral angle between the planes of the two geminal benzoxazole rings is 74.39 (5)°. The packing features weak C-H...N and [pi]-[pi] interactions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.652 (1) Å].
Transmetallation and oxidative substitution were utilized to prepare examples of group 14, group 6 and group 10 complexes from lithiated or chlorinated 4,4-dimethyl-2-(2-thienyl) oxazoline or its N-alkylated analogs. Two of the product types (2and 5) can be classified as a-thio or remote carbene complexes, depending on the position (3- or 5-) of attachment to the substituted thiophene ring. Spectroscopic measurements as well as crystal and molecular structure determinations clarified the bonding within the new compounds.
Bis(N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenoureato)lead(II) has been prepared and characterized by single-crystal structure analysis. Pb(C12H15N2OSe)2 crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Iba2. The cell parameters are a = 13.206(3), b = 20.542(4), c = 10.089(2) A and Z = 4. R = 0.025. The direction of the polar axis was determined unambig uously. Pb(II) is bidentally coordinated to two N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenourea molecules. The coordination polyhedron is a distorted pseudo-trigonal bi-pyramid with one equatorial position occupied by an electron lone-pair. The Pb-Se and Pb-O bond lengths are 2.876(1) and 2.444(4) Å, respectively. In the crystal lattice, each Pb atom also shows interactions with two Se atoms of a neighboring molecule. The Pb-Se distance of that interaction is 3.643 Å.
The title solvated salt, C29H41N2+·Br-·2CH2Cl2 was obtained from the reaction of the Arduengo-type carbene 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-4,5-dimethyl-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene with Si2Br6 in dichloromethane. The complete cation is generated by a crystallographic mirror plane and the dihedral angle between the five-membered ring and the benzene ring is 89.8 (6)°; the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 40.7 (2)°. The anion also lies on the mirror plane and both dichloromethane molecules are disordered across the mirror plane over two equally occupied orientations. In the crystal, the cations are linked to the anions via C-H...Br hydrogen bonds.
The supersilylated ethene trans-(tBu3Si)HC=CH(SitBu3) (triclinic, P ī) is accessible from the reaction of tBu3SiCHBr2 with nBuLi at −78 °C in THF or Et2 O. The reaction of Li(H2NCH2CH2NH2)C≡CH with tBu3SiBr leads to the formation of (tBu3Si)C≡CH and (tBu3Si)C≡C(SitBu3). X-Ray quality crystals of (tBu3Si)C≡C(SitBu3) (triclinic, P ī) were obtained by recrystallization from hexane. In contrast to the structures of the disilane tBu3Si-SitBu3 and the disiloxane tBu3Si-O-SitBu3, the sterically crowded ethene trans-(tBu3Si)HC=CH(SitBu3) and ethyne (tBu3Si)C≡C(SitBu3) feature dihedral angles of 60° in the solid-state structures.
Pyrazolyl-substituted 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and 1,4-dihydroxynaphthene derivatives have been synthesized by reaction of 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone, respectively, with pyrazole. Cyclovoltammetric measurements have shown that 1,4-benzoquinone possesses the potential to oxidize 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)- and 2,5-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroxybenzene. The 2,5-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)- 1,4-dihydroxybenzene reacts with air to give quantitatively black insoluble 2,5-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-1,4- quinhydrone. Black crystals of 2,5-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-1,4-quinhydrone suitable for X-ray diffraction were grown from methanol at ambient temperature (monoclinic C2/c). The poor yields of pyrazolylsubstituted 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and 1,4-dihydroxynaphthene derivatives can be explained by the formation of insoluble black quinhydrons in the reaction of benzoquinone and naphthoquinone with pyrazole. The dianions of 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)- and 2,5-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroxybenzene react with oxygen to give the corresponding semiquinone anions. 2,5-Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone shows two reversible one-electron reduction processes in cyclovoltammetric measurements, whereas pyrazolyl-substituted 1,4-dihdroxybenzene and -naphthene derivatives undergo irreversibile electrontransfer processes.
2,5-Diformylbenzene-1,4-diol (5) is a well-suited starting compound for the preparation of ditopic hydroquinone-based ligands. Here, we report an optimized synthesis of 5 which improves the overall yield from published 7% to 42 %. Three new ditopic Schiff base ligands, 2,5-[iPr2N(CH2)2N=CH]2 - 1,4-(OH)2-C6H2 (8), 2,5-(pyCH2N=CH)2-1,4-(OH)2-C6H2 (9), and 2,5-[py(CH2)2N=CH]2-1,4- (OH)2-C6H2 (10), have been synthesized from 5 and structurally characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis (py = 2-pyridyl).
To examine their luminescence behavior, two air-stable BN addition compounds were synthesized by the reaction of 5-fluoro-2-(2′-pyridyl)indole with 1,4- and 1,3-bis(bromo(methyl)boryl)benzene, respectively. Both BN adducts are luminescent. Their emission maxima (1,3-substituted BN adduct: 495 nm; 1,4-substituted BN adduct: 497 nm) are comparable with the value (490 nm) of the related mono-borylated benzene species, which is composed of a BPh2 fragment and a 5-fluoro-2-(2′-pyridyl) indole unit. The starting materials 1,4- and 1,3-bis(bromo(methyl)boryl)benzene were accessible by treatment of 1,4- or 1,3-bis(dibromoboryl)benzene with two equivalents of SnMe4. In addition, the results of the X-ray structure analyses of the B,B′-bis-5-fluoro-2-(2′-pyridyl)indolyl-complexed meta-bismethylborylbenzene fragment (9, triclinic, P1̅) as well as of 5-chloro-2-(2′-pyridyl)indole (2, monoclinic, P21/c) and 5-fluoro-2-(2′-pyridyl)indole (1, orthorhombic, Pca21) are reported. The pyridylindole derivatives of this approach were synthesized by an optimized two-step procedure from 2-acetylpyridine and 4-fluoro- or 4-chlorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride.
The thermolabile triazenides M[tBu3SiNNNSiMetBu2] (M = Li, Na) are accessible from the reaction of tBu2MeSiN3 with the silanides MSitBu3 (M = Li, Na) at −78 °C in THF. At r. t. N2 elimination from the triazenides M[tBu3SiNNNSiMetBu2] (M = Li, Na) takes place with the formation of M[N(SiMetBu2)(SitBu3)] (M = Li, Na). X-Ray quality crystals of Li(THF)[N(SiMetBu2)(SitBu3)] (orthorhombic, Pna21) are obtained from a benzene solution at ambient temperature. In contrast to the structures of the unsolvated silanides MSitBu3 (M = Li, Na), the THF adduct Li(THF)3SitBu3 is monomeric in the solid state (orthorhombic, Pna21).
The bis(trimethyl)silylamido complex Na(THF){Fe[N(SiMe3)2]3} and the disilane tBu3SiSitBu3 were obtained from the reaction of Fe[N(SiMe3)2]3 with the sodium silanide Na(THF)2[SitBu3] in a mixture of benzene and THF. Single crystals of Na(THF){Fe[N(SiMe3)2]3} suitable for X-ray diffraction were grown from the reaction solution at ambient temperature (orthorhombic, C2221, Z = 4). The solid-state structure features a contact-ion pair with two short N-Na contacts. The THF adducts {M(THF)2[N(SiMe3)2]2} reacted with 2,2´-bipyridine to give the corresponding complexes {M(2,2´bipy)[N(SiMe3)2]2} (M= Mn; Fe). Their structures (M= Fe: orthorhombic, Pca21, Z = 8; M = Mn: orthorhombic, Pbca, Z = 8) feature monomeric units. The cyclic voltammogram of Fe[N(SiMe3)2]3 revealed a reversible redox transition with the potential of -0;523 V (E½), which was assigned to the Fe(III)[N(SiMe3)2]3 → Fe(II)[N(SiMe3)2]-3 redox transition, whereas the compounds {Fe(THF)2[N(SiMe3)2]2} (Eox = -0;379 V) and {Fe(2,2´bipy)[N(SiMe3)2]2} (Eox = -0;436 V) featured irreversible oxidation waves. The related manganese bis(trimethylsilyl)amido complexes {Mn(THF)2[N(SiMe3)2]2} (Eox = -0;458 V) and {Mn(2,2´bipy)[N(SiMe3)2]2} (Eox = -0513 V) also underwent irreversibile electron transfer processes.