820 Englische, altenglische Literaturen
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In dem Roman "Never Let Me Go" von Kazuo Ishiguro erzählt Kathy H. kurz vor Ablauf ihrer Lebenszeit in einer Rückblende ihre Lebensgeschichte. Ihr Rückblick beginnt in Hailsham, einem Internat, wo sie zusammen mit Tommy und Ruth ihre Kindheit erlebt. Sie erfährt recht früh, dass sie und alle Kinder, die das Internat besuchen, Klone sind und eines Tages der Gesellschaft, von der sie geschaffen wurden, ihr Leben bzw. ihre Körper in Form einer Organspende bereitstellen müssen. [...] Die Klone sind in den Augen der Nicht-Klone weniger wert, als diejenigen, denen sie nachgebildet sind und werden von den Nicht-Klonen durch verschiedene Mechanismen biopolitisch manipuliert und gesteuert. Kathys und Tommys Bestreben ihre Liebe zu leben und die Suche der Protagonist*innen nach der eigenen Identität stehen im Fokus der Handlung. Deshalb stelle ich mit dem Titel "Klon, Person, Identifikation" die Frage nach der Menschlichkeit der Protagonist*innen an den Anfang meiner Überlegungen zu dem Roman von Kazuo Ishiguro. Im weiteren Verlauf meines Aufsatzes beschäftige ich mich mit der Frage nach den biopolitischen Zusammenhängen zwischen der Identitätsfindung auf der einen Seite und der Identitätsentwicklung der Klone auf der anderen Seite.
Nach dem Anthropologen Kaushik Sunder Rajan bedeutet der Biokapitalismus die Überdeterminierung der Wirtschaft bei biopolitischen Entscheidungen. Die Überdeterminierung heißt in diesem Fall eine starke wirtschaftlich-politische Beeinflussung der Richtung wissenschaftlicher Forderung und Entwicklung. Ein extremes Beispiel für solch ein System ist in der Dystopie "Brave New World" (1932) vorzufinden, mit der sich dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt. Zuerst werden die Begriffe der Biopolitik nach Michel Foucault und des Biokapitalismus nach Kaushik Sunder Rajan definiert. Darauf aufbauend untersucht die Arbeit den Biokapitalismus innerhalb der Gesellschaft von Aldous Huxleys Roman. Dafür wird zunächst der Autor, sein zeitlicher Kontext und der Aufbau der dystopischen Gesellschaft thematisiert. Im Hauptteil befasst sich der Aufsatz mit folgender Fragestellung: Wie zeigt sich der Biokapitalismus in Huxleys "Brave New World"? Dabei sind die Ziele des Aufsatzes die Beantwortung der Fragestellung und die Herauskristallisierung der Gefahren dieser dystopischen Gesellschaft für unsere Gegenwart. Diese werden zum Schluss im Fazit zusammengefasst erläutert.
Bereits mit dem Titel dieses Bandes wird in Aussicht gestellt, darin "Biopolitik(en) in Literatur, Film und Serie" zu thematisieren. Mit der Überschrift dieses Beitrags wird hierzu analog angekündigt, die "Modi der Aushandlung menschlichen Lebens in (Gegenwarts-)Literatur, Film und Serie" zu untersuchen. Was jedoch meint 'in' im gegebenen Kontext? Worin besteht die Konnexion zwischen biopolitischer Thematik und künstlerischem Medium, die über die Präposition zum Ausdruck gebracht wird? Zunächst kann ein Auftreten biopolitischer Themen in Erzähltexten auf Ebene der 'histoire' festgestellt werden, insofern Biopolitik in ihren diversen Spielarten die Settings und Plots literarischer wie filmischer erzählender Texte ausgestaltet. [...] Weitergehend kann eine Wirksamkeit biopolitischer Fragestellungen in Erzähltexten auf Ebene des 'discours' konstatiert werden, sobald Biopolitik zum Reflexionsanlass eines erzählenden Textes wird. Über Szenario und Handlung hinausgehend, eröffnen semantische, narratologische oder metafiktionale Auseinandersetzungen mit biopolitischen Fragen neue Aushandlungs- und Reflexionsräume, in denen Biopolitik perspektiviert und problematisiert wird und mit denen eine kritische Revision durch die Rezipierenden initiiert wird. In dieser Variante biopolitischer Thematik in erzählenden Texten wird somit Biopolitik nicht nur zur Darstellung gebracht, sondern zur Disposition gestellt. In dieser Weise kann ein Erzähltext selbst als Beitrag zum biopolitischen Diskurs fungieren und als solcher Lebenswissen generieren. Auf diesen Prämissen aufbauend werden im Folgenden zunächst der Begriff der Biopoethik und die Besonderheiten biopoethischer Modi skizziert, bevor eine ausführlichere Betrachtung vier solcher Modi an konkreten Erzähltextbeispielen erfolgt. Als komplementäre Ergänzung zur Produktivität biopolitischer Diskurse, wie sie im voranstehenden Beitrag erarbeitet wird, soll so die Produktivität narrativer Biopolitik(en) verdeutlicht werden.
In a similar way to dramatic performances and plays, song lyrics establish a complex discourse structure whereby listeners are placed in a position to overhear ‘the pretence of a conversation constructed to convey the performer’s meaning’ (Nahajec 2019: 25; see also Short 1996: 169). In Swift’s songwriting, listeners are positioned not only to eavesdrop on the narratives presented, but are also invited to conceptualise and enact particular roles and scenarios in the discourse. This paper offers a stylistic analysis of songwriting and narrative structure across Swift’s oeuvre to identify how disnarration strategies are used to build stories in her two sister albums written and produced during the Covid-19 pandemic, folklore (2020) and evermore (2020). Specifically, this study examines how disnarration characterises the albums’ narrators, establishes narrator-narratee relationships and invites listeners to adopt a participatory role in the meaning-making process. Through close analysis of four songs across the two albums, this paper builds on developing studies of the stylistics of songwriting (see West 2019), and argues that disnarration strategies foreground particular themes within the discourse, such as nostalgia, wistfulness and regret, and contribute to the fictionalisation and self-aware storytelling characteristic of these albums’ storyworlds.
The (mis)management of rapport amongst groups in Niger Delta (ND) communities has become a significant issue, which Ahmed Yerima's Hard Ground (HG) depicts as having the capacity to aid or control the conflicts in the region. Linguistic studies on Yerima's drama from the perspective of pragmatics have tended to use pragmatic acts to identify the discourse value of proverbs and functions of characters' utterances but have not accounted for the politeness strategies utilised for rapport management, especially in conflict situations. This article, drawing on a rapport management model of politeness and aspects of speech act discourse, identifies the face, sociality rights, and interactional goals that characterise the conflict-motivated dialogues sampled in HG, and reveals the rapport management (RM) strategies through which these are managed in the text. Three conflict situations can be observed as prompting different RM strategies: cause-effect identification (CEI), militancy support (MSP), and disagreement (DSG) situations. CEI is marked by incriminating (involving eliciting and informing acts) and exonerating (including complimenting and acknowledging acts) strategies; MSP is indexed by strategies of persuasion (realised with face-enhancing/threatening acts), whereas DSG is typified by requesting (featuring explicit head acts and alerters) and blaming strategies (including insulting and threatening, aggravating moves). Generally, the requesting, blaming, and exonerating strategies are largely used by the ND youth in HG to probe, threaten, or disagree on specific issues, while the incriminating and persuasion strategies are mainly employed by the women to indict, influence, and predict future actions. The study of RM in the conflict situations depicted in the play sheds light on the often neglected cause of conflicts in contemporary Africa.
In his article "The End of History?", originally published in the journal "The National Interest" in Summer 1989, Frances Fukuyama argued that 'the triumph of the West, of the Western idea, is evident first of all in the total exhaustion of viable systemic alternatives to Western liberalism.' It was in this respect that history had reached its 'end': the course of history in the sense of 'mankind's logical evolution' had arrived at 'the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government'. [...] A look at some of the historical fiction written in the 1980s might suggest ways out of this potential imaginative impasse, offering up alternative possibilities, or 'Gegenwelten', in place of the dispiriting spectacle of history-on-repeat. Fukuyama himself does not mention literature. In fact, the historical fiction of the 1980s reveals a space in which the meaning of 'history' is still very much contested and where the threat of the 'end of history' in its more obvious sense - in the form of nuclear war or climate apocalypse - emerges as a force that speaks powerfully to the anxiety of our present moment. Two evocative novels that have much to tell us in these respects are Christa Wolf's "Kassandra" and Jeanette Winterson's "Sexing the Cherry". Published in 1984 and 1989, these two texts challenged the idea of rational progress and 'mankind's logical evolution' by raising the prospect of a distinctive feminist poetics - of 'écriture féminine' and 'what it will do' as Hélène Cixous had put it in her 1975 essay "The Laugh of the Medusa". The 'Gegenwelten' they propose suggest ways out of the macho strait jacket of violence, destruction and impending nuclear war.
Teaching empathy and emotions : J. M. Coetzee's "The lives of animals" and human-animal studies
(2022)
In "Teaching Empathy and Emotions: J. M. Coetzee's 'The Lives of Animals' and Human-Animal Studies," Alexandra Böhm focuses on one of the most influential novels in the field of HAS. In her article, she delineates the two main difficulties in teaching Coetzee's text: firstly, the text's protagonist, fierce and fearless Australian author Elizabeth Costello, is often less-than-lovable and offers few grounds for identification; secondly, the text's multilayered structure further problematizes the authorial voice. However, by focusing on Costello's reassessment of emotion and empathy, Böhm convincingly demonstrates that Coetzee's text offers possibilities for understanding the key concepts of HAS, such as animal agency, alterity, and the necessity of assuming a non-anthropocentric perspective. In the narrative, Costello employs empathy in her approach to animals, but is this also true of the metadiegetic level of Coetzee's text? Does the text itself suggest how to teach empathy? Alexandra Böhm demonstrates that it is possible to elicit affective responses to these questions through emotion journals and role-playing.
This study explores literary representations of gender and sexuality in contemporary Malaysian Popular Fiction in English (MPFE) written by Malay Muslim authors that are published in between the years 2010 to 2020. It questions why gender and sexuality are considered sensitive topics and the public discussion of these topics is deemed taboo by some Malay Muslim traditionalists and contemporary scholars of Malay literature. Previous studies suggests that Islamic rules and regulations influence the Malaysian Malays worldview. Its sacred book, the Quran, has established clear-cut prohibitions against any sexual indulgence among its believers. Muslim writers must learn to restrict themselves from indulging in sexual writings in order to prevent them from intentionally or unintentionally arousing their readers’ sexual fantasies that may lead both parties to sinning. However, at the end of the twentieth century, many factors such as the impact of modernisation through scientific and industrial revolution on Malaysian society, the influence of Western Humanities theories among local intellects, and the introduction of Internet culture have contributed tremendously to the dramatic social changes in Malaysia. These changes are reflected heavily in its literary culture. In recent years, the Malay people’s awareness of their body and individuality is heightened. There is a surge of curiosity among contemporary Malay Muslims about their gender and sexuality and they would want a discussion. Following this development, the first objective of this study is to provide the latest discussion on gender and sexuality in MPFE by Malay Muslim authors. The second objective is to provide observations on how MPFE authors employ their literary strategies to approach aspects of gender and sexuality in their literary works. It pays attention to how writers express their acceptance, negotiations, and/or rejections towards the dominant “normative” or “common” values in the Malay society with regards to their body and sexuality. Using textual analysis to examine one novel and six short stories from the MPFE genre, this paper cross-examines Malay literary theories on sexual and erotic literature available in Pengkaedahan Melayu (Malay Methodology), Persuratan Baru (Genuine Literature), as well as Western theoretical approaches in Postcolonialism, Postmodernism and Feminism on gendering system and sexuality, in its aim to explain the growing interest in the topics in spite of the red-tape around sexual taboos in Malaysian literature.
In "The Book of Margery Kempe", the protagonist shifts between identities and geographies as a nomadic subject, dispersed across compassionate responses to violence that unusually include a recognition of animal suffering. The "Life" of Christina the Astonishing also seizes on the nonhuman aspects of extreme affective experience as her bodily transformations participate in a process of becoming animal. Both texts reflect a medieval fascination with the devotional body as a zone of closure and opening where transhuman and interspecies associations can be safely explored.