940 Geschichte Europas
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Akten haben ihre eigene Schwerkraft. Stets entscheidet ihr Vorkommen oder Nichtvorkommen mit über das, was Geschichte wird. Und so erklärt sich, warum die Fülle an Prozessakten, die das Reichskammergericht hinterließ (man schätzt ungefähr 75 000), eine ebensolche Fülle an Untersuchungen nach sich gezogen hat. Gute "Aktenerfassung und Zugänglichkeit der Quellen" seien dafür verantwortlich, so die beiden Autoren der Einleitung (Sigrid Westphal und Stefan Ehrenpreis) zu dem Sammelband Prozessakten als Quelle, dass die Reichsgerichtsbarkeit zu einem der meist beforschten Gebiete der Frühen Neuzeit wurde. ...
On Claude Dupuy (1545-1594)
(1991)
In his edition of Jansen Enikel’s "Weltchonik", which first appeared in 1891, Philipp Strauch briefly noted the similarity between a detail in Enikel’s creation story and a couplet in a short verse narrative printed in a collection by Adelbert von Keller. Strauch never elaborated on this parallel, and subsequent scholarship has not pursued it, but the manuscript from which von Keller’s material was drawn, now known as Codex Karlsruhe 408, is an important document and the relationship between it and Jansen Enikel deserves to be explored. Enikel’s "Weltchonik" (Vienna, c. 1272) is a 30,000-line history of the world from the creation to the death of the Emperor Frederick II. Immediately after his prologue, Enikel tells of the creation of the angels and their subsequent rebellion and fall, and only then comes the Biblical story of the creation of the world and of Adam and Eve. Most of this is standard material for the 13th century, but Enikels narrative has one striking and rather unusual feature. While some of the angels rebelled against God and others stood by him, there was a third group who refused to show their colours [...]
The Kaiserchronik is generically puzzling. In essence it is a spiritual world chronicle, but it lacks the usual historiographical systematisations of its theological content. However it does have three disputations, an unusual feature in a chronicle which has to date not been adequately explained. This essay argues, on the basis of comparisons with works in other literary forms, that these passages function as key expressions of the controlling idea of the entire work, namely the progress of the Gospel from the heathen to the Christian Empire, and that they are strategically located within the chronicle at the turning points in the success of Christian mission.
In recent publications Otto Hahn, last president of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft, is charged with having favoured the Nazi regime, before World War II by politically purging institutes and suppressing Lise Meitner’s contribution to the discovery of nuclear fission, and during the war by contributing to the German war efforts, mainly to the development of nuclear weapons. These charges, however, which partly concern also the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft and some of their institutes are based on ignorance or disregard of the historical sources.
Ottokar Lorenz
(1905)
This article explores the liturgical functions of cross-shaped staurothekes, reliquaries of the True Cross, in twelfth-century Sicily. These luxurious objects were once at the centre of the devotion of the growing Christian communities on an island undergoing dramatic social changes. This contribution examines the figuration of these crosses and the messages they conveyed to their audiences, focusing on documented processions as displays of public piety. To this end, the contents of two liturgical manuscripts from Palermo, evidence in contemporary pictorial arts and coinage, and the urban layout of the Norman capital will shed light on the reception of the symbol of the cross in the cosmopolitan, yet increasingly intolerant Sicilian kingdom.
Als 1848/49 die Deutsche Nationalversammlung in der Frankfurter Paulskirche tagte, konnte sie auf Wissensbestände zurückgreifen, die parlamentarische Versammlungen im Vormärz in verschiedenen Teilstaaten des Deutschen Bundes hatten sammeln können. Wenn auch viele Abgeordnete keine oder nur wenig parlamentarische Erfahrung besaßen, so fanden sich unter ihnen doch erfahrene und bekannte Köpfe wie Friedrich Bassermann, Heinrich von Gagern, Friedrich Dahlmann, Gustav von Mevissen und Karl Mathy. In Abgrenzung zu ihren Vorgängerinstitutionen verstand sich die Nationalversammlung dezidiert als eine öffentliche Versammlung. Aus diesem Grund lohnt es sich, einen genaueren Blick auf die Ständeversammlungen des Vormärz zu werfen.
Das Ausmaß der parlamentarischen Öffentlichkeit im Vormärz variierte in den deutschen Staaten stark. Die rechtlichen Grundlagen der Parlamente, der obrigkeitliche Umgang mit ihnen, die unterschiedlich strenge Umsetzung der Karlsbader Beschlüsse sowie die Stärke respektive Schwäche der liberalen Bewegung definierten den Rahmen. Die süddeutschen Staaten, allen voran das Großherzogtum Baden, galten dabei als am liberalsten, Preußen als reaktionärster Staat. Baden und Preußen sind somit das klassische Gegensatzpaar, mit dem der Umgang mit parlamentarischer Öffentlichkeit verglichen und Schlaglichter auf die Entwicklung des deutschen Parlamentarismus geworfen werden kann.
During the transition from early-modern societies to the nation states of the 19th and 20th centuries, the formation of the territorial state performed an important function. The combining of dominions to form a geographical and political unit could occur through the annexation of the weaker territory by the stronger one, but it could also occur with the mutual agreement of the political decision-makers of both territories. In the case of a union, a distinction emerged very early on between a real union and a personal union (or union of crowns). While in a real union agreements under international law were equally binding for both partners, the personal union assumed a special status, in which the person of the ruler was the only connection between the two states. However, this strictly legal definition only applied to the political institutions. Below the state level, there were forms of transfer that could give a personal union a special, transnational character. Academic opinion remains divided on the extent to which these connections, which are referred to using the term "composite statehood", constitute a Europe-wide development.