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During the height of the Second World War pressure from Great Britain resulted in the transfer of thousands of German prisoners of war (PoWs) from British to Canadian control. To house them, Canada built a system of PoW camps, including Riding Mountain Camp in southwestern Manitoba. The PoWs sent there soon realized their good fortune: they lived in warm barracks, ate abundant food, and were able to purchase goods from a mail order catalog. But while the PoWs were well treated, they were at the same time subjected to a concerted reeducation campaign organized by the Allies. This reveals that these Canadian camps were not merely warehouses for the PoWs, but in fact, classic reforming institutions.
Initially subjected to ideological training under Nazism, the PoWs were next subjected to another kind of education under the Canadians. Evidence collected from oral history interviewing, archival research, and three seasons of field archaeology combine to reveal that material culture was a key nexus in this competition for the minds of the PoWs. In addition to providing books and teaching courses on history and political science, the Canadians introduced the PoWs to a democratic, capitalistic way of life by familiarizing them with North American consumer goods and by allowing them to fraternize with Canadian civilians. The Nazi bureaucracy, in turn, used material things to try to keep the PoWs from turning to the other side. For example, by sending them crisp new Wehrmacht uniforms from Germany, heartening Christmas cards, and packages filled with German goods adorned with Nazi symbolism.
The history of the Lombards could well be designated a history of warfare, for in the course of the 206-year existence of their realm in Italy the Lombards constantly carried out warfare of varying intensity, whether in their own defence or to expand their territory. Even the time prior to their invasion of Italy, especially their advances from Pannonia, were already marked by numerous military conflicts. Of particular interest here are the questions with reference to the background and the course of these conflicts, and also to the weaponry that was utilised. In the following contribution the weapons of Lombard warriors – or more specifically – the weapons used by warriors in Lombardian Italy will be examined. This specification is necessary because Lombard warriors experienced many interactions with other powers, for example, with Byzantine forces stationed in Italy (until 751 AD), and with foreign enemies like the Franks and Avars, who however could always turn into cooperative partners for the Lombards. Thus, it can be assumed that ultimately through contacts with enemies as well as with allies, the different types of Lombard weaponry depended upon the respective situation. Aside from use in real battles, weapons of the Lombards also had other functions: They were of symbolic significance in that they could demonstrate power and social differences. Certain types of weapons can be interpreted as signs of rank – which of course applies to the early Middle Ages on the whole. In principal, three groups of source material are at disposal for study: 1) references in written sources, 2) contemporary depictions of Lombard warriors, and 3) archaeological evidence, that is, weapons and pieces of armament found in graves, settlements and also occasional finds – including those without a find context. An overall picture of Lombard weaponry can only be gained when all possible source groups are evaluated.
Wir wissen nicht, was König Adolf von Schweden in seiner Satteltasche trug, als er im 30jährigen Krieg hoch zu Ross in die Schlacht zog. Angeblich soll es ein Exemplar des Buches "De iure belli ac pacis" gewesen sein, des völkerrechtlichen Hauptwerks von Hugo Grotius. Spätestens seit Louis Aubéry du Mauriers "Memoires pour servir a l’histoire de Hollande et des autres Provinces-unies" (1688) gehört diese Anekdote zum festen Bestandteil des Grotius- Mythos. Erzählt wird sie meist dann, wenn es um die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis im Völkerrecht und ihrer Geschichte geht. Umdiese Frage dreht es sich auch in dermit Spannung erwarteten Arbeit von Martine Julia van Ittersum über die Verstrickungen des jungen Grotius in die Überseepolitik des ebenfalls noch jungen niederländischen Staates. ...
This conference report comprises the contributions of European and American specialists in Fascism on the topic of networks, promises for the future and cultures of violence in Europe, 1922–1945. It was concluded that a much more in-depth examination of fascist networks, as well as their learning and acquisition processes is required, especially after 1939 and in the currently under-researched regions of Eastern and Southern-Eastern Europe. Secondly, the concept of a ‘New Man’ should be applied in more detailed studies on population and educational policies. Thirdly, there is a need to counter the frequently lamented asymmetrical state of research between Italian fascism and National Socialism.
The monastic enclosure
(2022)
The moral and physical enclosure of monks and nuns is central to the founding documents of Western monasticism. But even there it encountered the need for monasteries to interact with their societies, through recruits, hospitality, and the monastic economy. The increasing intensity of this tension is traced through key reforming texts, until later English visitations open up religious houses to closer scrutiny, ironically aided by inmates' quandary over whether to conceal or reveal their secrets.
If the Bosnian crisis of 1908-9 may properly be described as the dress rehearsal for 1914, the Austrian project, announced early in 1908, to construct a railway from the Bosnian border through the Sandjalc of Novibazar helped to set the stage. Part of the original program to link up the Ottoman realm with central Europc by iron highways, this line had been overlooked for decades as finance, engineering, and diplomacy spent themselves on the great trunk line, the Orientbahn, running like a backbone down the Balkans to Constantinople, with a branch connecting Nish with Salonica via Uskub. From Uskub a spur penetrated northward to Mitrovitza; another linked Salonica with Monastir. Though small in itself, the reappearance of the Novibazar scheme heralded the revival of the perennial Austro-Russian rivalry over the Near East in an acute form, sharpened international animosities generally, strengthened latent dreads of Teutonic hegemony over the Balkans, and gave an impetus to a plethora of competing railway projects. In spite of Austria's renunciation of her rights in the Sandjak as part of the settlement attendant upon the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the railway plan was not abandoned, and until well along in 1909 hopes were cherished that the Sandjak road - even today unconstructed - would be built.
To understand the development of public health in Croatia, there are newer insights into the life and work of John the Baptist Lalangue. John the Baptist Lalangue is most valued for implementation of the imperial law on public health and promotion of midwifery in Croatia during the second half of the 18th century. Lalangue is the author of the first printed medical textbook in Croatian, published in 1776, entitled Medicina ruralis iliti Vrachtva ladanyszka, za potrebochu musev, y sziromakov Horvatczkoga orszaga y okolu nyega, blisnesseh mest, Trattnern, Varaždin. In the same period, Lalangue published the first Croatian midwifery textbook entitled Brevis institute de reobstetritia iliti kratek navuk od mestrie pupkorezne za potrebochu muskeh y sziromaskeh ladanovskaya horvatskoga orszaga y okolo nyega blisnesseh sztrankih, Trattnern, Zagreb. In 1779, Lalangue published his balneological debut in Croatian, the book Tractatus de aquis medicati Regnorum Croatiae et Slavoniae Iliti Izpiszavanye vrachtvenih vod Horvatzkoga y Slavonskoga orszaga y od nachina nye vsivati za potrebochu lyudih, Trattnern, Zagreb. Lalangue’s works were used in systematic training and education of midwives and they, as well as Lalangue, have an inevitable place in the history of Croatian midwifery. During his life and work, John the Baptist Lalangue made immeasurable contribution to the development of Croatian public health.
The article analyses how the decrees of the Council of Trent regarding marriage were used by the Church of Rome as a tool to contrast mixed marriages in Early Modern Europe. It investigates how these decrees were evaded by local churches in order to administer a practice of confessional coexistence impossible to eradicate, and how they were manipulated by actors – even Protestants – to put an end to undesirable unions. It also presents the interpretation that the Church of Rome made of the Tametsi to resolve the age-old issue of mixed marriages in the Low Countries, issuing the Benedictine Declaration, later applied to other contexts with a strong Protestant presence – above all out-side Europe. Although the Council of Trent claimed to have fixed a homogeneous and flawless nuptial ritual, the various local practices did not always adapt to it. Indeed, they bypassed it; sometimes refused it. This led parish priests and missionaries to turn to Rome for the resolution of concrete cases. The decisions taken for individual cases became a normative reference point. It was produced by the continuous interaction and negotiation with local churches and went on in fact to profoundly influence the sacramental rituality of marriages, which Tametsi had claimed were fixed and immutable.
In seinem in mehrfacher Hinsicht gewichtigen Buch 'Europe. A History' hat der Oxforder Polen-Historiker Norman Davies 1996 die Formulierung eines "'tidal Europe', whose frontiers ebb and flow", geprägt, eines Europas also, dessen Fläche der Tidenhub beziehungsweise die etymologisch ja verwandte Zeit mal größer, mal kleiner werden läßt. Das ist eine Metapher, die sich gewinnbringend auch und gerade auf das östliche Europa anwenden lässt, hier vor allem auf den Teil, der seit 1918 mit dem politischen Begriff "Zwischeneuropa" belegt wurde - einem Neologismus, der sodann in der Wissenschaftssprache zu "Ostmitteleuropa" gerann. [...] In den folgenden Ausführungen soll lediglich auf zwei Dinge hingewiesen werden: Erstens, nicht die einzelnen Merkmale, sondern ihre Kombination macht die Spezifik der Region aus. Libertäre Ständegesellschaften, ethnokonfessionelle Pluralität und Großmachtdominanz finden sich in der Neuzeit nicht nur im historischen Polen und Ungarn, sondern auch in anderen Teilen Europas. Aber in Kombination mit Magdeburger Recht, Sprachnationalismus und politischer Dissidenz entsteht eben doch eine historisch ganz besondere und damit "kartierbare" Mischung, eine ostmitteleuropäische "Grundordnung". Zweitens, auch hier ist das Spezifische nicht ohne ein abgrenzbares und andersartiges Umfeld denkbar: Die eine Geschichtsregion ist daher nur im Kontext anderer - benachbarter oder weiter entfernter - zu fassen.
Als Band zwei der neuen Reihe Religion and Law in Medieval and Muslim Societies (von der inzwischen schon mehrere Titel vorliegen) erschien dieser bemerkenswerte Band. Die Rolle der Juden im Recht des frühen Mittelalters ist natürlich schon mehrfach untersucht worden, doch ist man dankbar für einen Band, der die Forschung widerspiegelt und an vielen Punkten weiter voranbringt. Die einzelnen Beiträge sind in der Regel auch bibliographisch à jour, so dass dieser Sammelband durchaus auch die Eigenschaften eines Handbuchs aufweist. ...
Beim Übergang von der frühneuzeitlichen Ständegesellschaft hin zu den Nationalstaaten des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts kommt der Herausbildung eines geographisch und politisch definierten Territoriums, des Territorialstaats, eine wichtige Funktion zu. Ein Zusammenschluss von Herrschaftsgebieten zu einer geographisch-politischen Einheit konnte sich in Form der Annexion des Schwächeren durch den Stärkeren vollziehen, war aber auch im gegenseitigen Einverständnis der politischen Entscheidungsträger denkbar. Im Fall einer Union unterschied man bereits sehr früh zwischen den Typen der Realunion und der Personalunion. Während in einer Realunion völkerrechtliche Vereinbarungen für beide Partner gleichermaßen galten, nahm die Personalunion einen besonderen Status ein, in der allein die Person des Herrschers die Verbindung zwischen beiden Staaten darstellte. Diese streng juristische Definition galt jedoch lediglich für die politischen Institutionen. Jenseits der staatlichen Ebenen fanden sich Formen des Transfers, die einer Personalunion einen besonderen, transnationalen Charakter verleihen konnten. Inwiefern solche Verbindungen, die unter dem Begriff des "composite statehood" zusammengefasst werden, eine gesamteuropäische Entwicklung darstellten, bleibt innerhalb der Forschung umstritten.
Transylvanian Saxons' migration from Romania to Germany: the formation of a 'return' diaspora?
(2013)
Processes and patterns of migration on a global scale have changed in profound ways during the last two decades (Smith and King, 2012). In the European context, this is exemplified by transformations to the traditional mobility patterns from East to West Europe (Koser and Lutz, 1998), with migrants more likely to be involved in temporary circular and transnational mobility (Favell, 2008). Since the end of the Second World War, historical and political events in Europe have facilitated the mobility of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe to Germany. Subsequently, the fall of the Iron Curtain has permitted unrestrained East-West movements, which resulted in mass migrations towards the West and diaspora fragments in the East. However, after settlement in the West, ethnic Germans have also been absorbed within wider temporary and transnational movements (Koser, 2007). Within this context, this thesis examines the post-migratory lives of three generations of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany by exploring the cultural, social, economic and political dimensions of this community. This thesis aims to contribute to on-going academic debates about diasporas by explicitly responding to Hoerder s (2002) call for more studies on ethnic German diasporas. It shows that Transylvanian Saxons, who relocated to the ancestral homeland, do not disrupt identities and lives forged in diaspora, but rather, they negotiate complex identities and belongings in relation to both home and homeland . It reveals a double diaspora and the necessity to perceive identity and diaspora as dynamic processes and constantly evolving in relation to time, space and place. This double diasporic allegiance in the case of the Transylvanian Saxons suggests interrogating the formation of a return diaspora and its importance for processes of international migration.
Since the turn of the millennium, historical research has become increasingly interested in knowledge-based societies and their cultures, not least medieval ones. Whereas legal historical medieval studies have joined the interdisciplinary discussion about the notion of order as well as that of law, the notion of knowledge, and especially that of legal knowledge, has not been in the focus of interest. This observation serves as the starting point for Stephan Dusil’s habilitation thesis, which he submitted in 2016 at the Faculty of Law of the University of Zurich and which is now available as a monograph. ...
"Ungerechtigkeit" und "Ungleichheit" waren zwei Schlüsselworte der nationalen wie internationalen Frauenbewegung im Hinblick auf die rechtliche Situation von Frauen zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Ein von Stephan Meder und Christoph-Eric Mecke 2013 herausgegebener, ausgesprochen lesenswerter und sehr übersichtlich konzipierter Sammelband rückt nun ein bis dato in der Forschung eher vernachlässigtes Thema und Tätigkeitsfeld der Frauenbewegungen des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts in den Mittelpunkt: das Familienrecht. Mit diesem Interesse stehen die beiden Herausgeber keinesfalls alleine da. Zwei weitere im selben Jahr erschienene Sammelbände, die ebenfalls sehr lohnende Lektüre bieten, lenken ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf die Bedeutung des Familienrechts für Frauen. Die in Married Women and the Law zusammengestellten Aufsätze gehen der normativen und praktischen Bedeutung des für verheiratete Frauen in England und Nordamerika zentralen Rechtskonzepts der coverture vom Mittelalter bis zur "Flut von Reformen im späten 19. Jahrhundert" (4) auf den Grund. Unter coverture verstanden common law-Juristen die Idee, dass Frauen mit der Heirat ihre eigene rechtliche Identität verlören und von der ihres Mannes "bedeckt" (covered) würden. Daraus folgten hauptsächlich personen- und eigentumsrechtliche Einschränkungen für Ehefrauen. Sie verloren u.a. das Recht, Eigentum zu besitzen oder zu verwalten, Verträge einzugehen oder ohne ihren Ehemann eine Klage anzustrengen. Die Artikel in Gender Difference in European Legal Cultures weisen demgegenüber eine breitere thematische Vielfalt auf, was in der Fragestellung des Bandes begründet liegt. Im Fokus stehen hier "die rechtlichen Normen, die sich explizit auf Männer und Frauen beziehen" (11). Es wird danach gefragt, "was die Funktion von Geschlecht in der Schaffung von Recht; und umgekehrt, was die Funktion von Recht in der Schaffung von Geschlecht" sei (11). Dabei geraten der europäische Subkontinent mit Ausnahme Russlands und der weitere Mittelmeerraum vom Mittelalter bis zur Neuzeit in den Blick. Die Fallbeispiele fallen zum Teil sehr unterschiedlich aus (u.a. jüdische Juristinnen, Abtreibung, Inter- und Transsexualität), ein Schwerpunkt zeigt sich aber im Bereich des Güterrechts. ...